nan Ch.24 Test Bank The Nervous System And The Senses

Biology: The Essentials, 3e (Hoefnagels)

Chapter 24 The Nervous System and the Senses

1) In humans, what receptor is used primarily to detect sharp blows and excessive heat?

A) mechanoreceptor

B) chemoreceptor

C) photoreceptor

D) thermoreceptor

E) pain receptor

2) The three major components of the human nervous system are

A) sensory integration, glandular response, and motor response.

B) seeing, feeling, and hearing.

C) sensory input, sensory integration, and motor response.

D) smooth muscle response, cardiac muscle response, and skeletal muscle response.

E) None of the answer choices is correct.

3) The division of the nervous system that integrates sensory information and coordinates the body's response is the

A) peripheral nervous system.

B) central nervous system.

C) somatic nervous system.

D) autonomic nervous system.

E) sympathetic nervous system.

4) The rounded part of a neuron containing the nucleus and mitochondria is the

A) myelin sheath.

B) axon.

C) synapse.

D) dendrite.

E) cell body.

5) The part of the neuron that is usually highly branched and receives input from other neurons is the

A) dendrite.

B) axon.

C) synapse.

D) cell body.

E) myelin sheath.

6) The part of the neuron that is usually a single long extension that conducts an impulse to a muscle or another neuron is the

A) synapse.

B) cell body.

C) axon.

D) dendrite.

E) myelin sheath.

7) The junctions between one neuron and another neuron are called

A) axons.

B) dendrites.

C) synapses.

D) cell bodies.

E) myelin sheaths.

8) If you wanted to study the part of a neuron that carries electrical signals away from the cell body, you would look for what part?

A) dendrite

B) axon

C) myelin sheath

D) cell body

E) hemisphere

9) The three types of neurons in the nervous system of humans are

A) interneurons, synaptic neurons, and neuroglia.

B) synaptic neurons, motor neurons, and neuroglia.

C) sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.

D) interneurons, sensory neurons, and neuroglia.

E) synaptic neurons, motor neurons, and sensory neurons.

10) The type of neuron that brings information toward the central nervous system is the

A) synaptic neuron.

B) interneuron.

C) motor neuron.

D) sensory neuron.

E) neuroglia.

11) The type of neuron that conducts its message from the central nervous system toward an effector is the

A) synaptic neuron.

B) interneuron.

C) motor neuron.

D) sensory neuron.

E) neuroglia.

12) The type of neuron that connects one neuron to another within the central nervous system is the

A) synaptic neuron.

B) interneuron.

C) sensory neuron.

D) motor neuron.

E) neuroglia.

13) A motor neuron's ________ and ________ reside in the central nervous system, but its ________ extend(s) into the peripheral nervous system.

A) cell body; dendrites; axon

B) dendrites; cell body; axon 

C) dendrites; axon; cell body

D) axon; cell body; dendrites

E) None of the answers are correct.

14) An atom or molecule with an electrical charge is a(n)

A) isomer.

B) isotope.

C) ion.

D) neurotransmitter.

E) acid.

15) If you were using electrodes and chemical tests to find a resting neuron, you would look for a neuron in which 

A) active transport is not occurring.

B) sodium ions are more concentrated inside the cell than outside.

C) very little metabolism is taking place.

D) the inside of a neuron is positively charged as compared to the outside.

E) potassium ions are more concentrated inside the cell than outside.

16) A nerve impulse travels about ________ times faster when it leaps between gaps in the myelin sheath than when it travels along an unmyelinated axon.

A) 5

B) 10

C) 20

D) 100

E) 50

17) In myelinated axons

A) potassium ions can diffuse into the axon only at sections that are myelinated.

B) sodium ions can diffuse into the axon only at gaps in the myelin.

C) sodium ions can diffuse out of the axon only at sections that are myelinated.

D) All of the answer choices are correct.

18) If you wanted to stop transmission from one neuron to another, you would want to destroy all 

A) neurotransmitters.

B) T tubules.

C) resting potentials.

D) sarcomeres.

E) myelin sheaths.

19) A chemical that travels from a sending neuron to a receiving neuron is called a(n)

A) synaptic cleft.

B) action potential.

C) hormone.

D) neurotransmitter.

E) neurotoxin.

20) The condition that develops when GABA levels in the brain are deficient is

A) epilepsy.

B) insomnia.

C) Huntington disease.

D) Alzheimer disease.

E) Parkinson disease.

21) The condition that develops when acetylcholine levels in the brain are deficient is

A) epilepsy.

B) insomnia.

C) Parkinson disease.

D) Huntington disease.

E) Alzheimer disease.

22) The condition that develops when dopamine levels in the brain are deficient is

A) epilepsy.

B) insomnia.

C) Alzheimer disease.

D) Huntington disease.

E) Parkinson disease.

23) The condition that develops when there is excess GABA leading to excess dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain is

A) insomnia.

B) epilepsy.

C) Alzheimer disease.

D) Parkinson disease.

E) Huntington disease.

24) The division of the peripheral nervous system that carries signals to voluntary muscles is the

A) somatic system.

B) autonomic system.

C) sympathetic system.

D) parasympathetic system.

E) None of the answer choices are correct.

25) The part of the central nervous system that conducts information to and from the brain is the

A) motor neuron.

B) spinal cord.

C) sensory neuron.

D) cerebellum.

E) medulla oblongata.

26) The nervous tissue of the central nervous system that consists of neuron cell bodies and synapses is the

A) white matter.

B) white reflex.

C) gray matter.

D) gray reflex.

E) red matter.

27) The nervous tissue that consists of myelinated axons transmitting information throughout the central nervous system is the

A) white reflex.

B) gray matter.

C) red reflex.

D) red matter.

E) white matter.

28) If you were working with a patient with brain damage who had serious problems with homeostasis, you would suspect that the brain damage included the 

A) cerebellum.

B) hypothalamus.

C) hippocampus.

D) pons.

E) cerebrum.

29) If asked to point to the place on a model of the brain where subconscious muscular movements are coordinated, you would point to the 

A) cerebellum.

B) hypothalamus.

C) medulla oblongata.

D) pons.

E) cerebrum.

30) If asked to point to the place on a model of the brain where essential functions such as breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and swallowing are regulated, you would point to the

A) cerebellum.

B) thalamus.

C) medulla oblongata.

D) pons.

E) cerebrum.

31) The part of the brain that controls the qualities of what we consider the "mind" is the

A) cerebellum.

B) hypothalamus.

C) cerebrum.

D) medulla oblongata.

E) pons.

32) The layered membranes that jacket the central nervous system are the

A) gray matter.

B) meninges.

C) white matter.

D) epidermis.

E) myelin sheaths.

33) What best describes how a neuron fires?

A) Na+ ions cross the plasma membrane initiating a wave that travels down the axon.

B) Vesicles carry neurotransmitters from the nucleus to the other end of the neuron.

C) Na+ ions enter one end of the neuron and diffuse to the other end down the axon.

D) Neurotransmitters enter one end of the neuron and diffuse to the other end down the axon.

E) Neurotransmitters cross the plasma membrane creating a wave that travels down the axon.

34) A neuron fires when Na+ ions

A) move against their concentration gradient spontaneously.

B) are actively pumped down their concentration gradient.

C) move down their concentration gradient spontaneously.

D) are actively pumped against their concentration gradient.

E) None of the answer choices is correct.

35) A neuron recharges when Na+ ions

A) are actively pumped against their concentration gradient.

B) spontaneously move down their concentration gradient.

C) spontaneously move against their concentration gradient.

D) are actively pumped down their concentration gradient.

Reminyl, known chemically as galantamine, works like the nation's three other Alzheimer's medications. It modestly slows cognitive (mental ability) decline by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical vital for nerve cells to communicate, by the enzyme acetylcholineesterase.

36) Acetylcholine is what?

A) an enzyme

B) a neurotransmitter

C) a voltage gated ion channel

D) a receptor

E) a source of fuel for neurons

37) What effect would Reminyl have on a neuron's ability to release neurotransmitters?

A) It would decrease.

B) It would stay the same.

C) It would increase.

D) It would increase, then decrease.

E) None of the answer choices are correct.

Tetrodotoxin is a heat-stable molecule produced by puffer fish that blocks the entry of sodium ions into neurons. About 10-45 minutes after ingestion of tetrodotoxin, tingling of the tongue and inner surface of the mouth begins. An ascending paralysis develops, and death can occur within 6-24 hours, after respiratory muscle paralysis.

38) What does the puffer fish neurotoxin tetrodotoxin directly inhibit?

A) proteins involved in active transport

B) channel proteins involved in osmosis

C) proteins involved in ATP synthesis

D) channel proteins involved in diffusion

E) relaxation of muscles

39) Why would this lead to paralysis and death?

A) Neurons run out of energy.

B) Neurons swell because of increased osmosis.

C) Neurons can't recharge.

D) Neurons can't fire without a voltage change.

E) Neurons cannot release neurotransmitters.

40) Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which a person produces antibodies against myelin. How would this affect the nervous system?

A) Nerve impulses would travel faster.

B) Nerves would fire continuously.

C) Nerves would be unable to fire.

D) Nerve impulses would travel more slowly.

E) Nerves cannot release neurotransmitters to pass the signal to muscles.

41) Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter released into neuromuscular synapses. Patients with Parkinson disease have decreased dopamine and therefore will exhibit

A) hyperactive voluntary movements.

B) slowed senses.

C) slowed voluntary movements.

D) decreased mental ability and memory loss.

E) excessive sleeping.

42) Drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) block reuptake of serotonin and are used to treat depression. Which of the following would occur in a patient given a SSRI?

A) Serotonin levels would decrease in the synapse.

B) Serotonin levels would increase in the synapse.

C) More serotonin would be released by the neuron.

D) Less serotonin would be released by the neuron.

E) None of the answer choices is correct.

43) A mutant fruit fly with poor nerve transmission proves to have poor reception of signals sent by one neuron to another. This is probably due to mutated dendrite formation.

44) The dendrite is the receiving end of a synapse.

45) Unmyelinated regions are critical parts of synapses.

46) If you wanted to disrupt transmission of nervous signals from the brain to skeletal muscles, you could use a drug to destroy interneurons.

47) If a neuron is at rest, the concentration of potassium ions is greatest outside the cell and the concentration of sodium ions is greatest inside the cell.

48) During an action potential, sodium ions enter the cell.

49) The reason that we can tell light from sound is because different neurons transmit these different stimuli.

50) Neurotransmitters released from a "sending" cell must travel across a tiny space called a synaptic cleft.

51) Which of the following is NOT one of the general senses?

A) pain

B) vision

C) touch

D) temperature

52) Receptors for the general senses are

A) limited to the head.

B) limited to the legs.

C) found only in the brain and spinal cord.

D) found throughout the body.

E) found only on the surface of the body.

53) In humans, which type of receptor is used primarily to detect light?

A) photoreceptor

B) pain receptor

C) chemoreceptor

D) mechanoreceptor

E) thermoreceptor

54) In humans, if you wanted to eliminate the ability to smell dung, which type of receptor should be changed?

A) photoreceptor

B) chemoreceptor

C) thermoreceptor

D) pain receptor

E) mechanoreceptor

55) If you were studying mutant rabbits which seem unable to sense and move away from a harmful heat source, you would look for a gene coding for what kind of protein?

A) photoreceptor

B) pain receptor

C) thermoreceptor

D) mechanoreceptor

E) chemoreceptor

56) A phenomenon in which sensations become less noticeable with prolonged exposure is called

A) gradient adaptation.

B) an action potential.

C) a graded potential.

D) radiating adaptation.

E) sensory adaptation.

57) Chemical substances that elicit specific responses in other members of the same species are referred to as

A) hormones.

B) pheromones.

C) neuroglia.

D) meninges.

E) cochleas.

58) The size of the opening for light coming into the eye is regulated by the

A) cornea.

B) pupil.

C) iris.

D) cone.

E) lens.

59) The opening for light to enter into the eye is the

A) cornea.

B) retina.

C) pupil.

D) iris.

E) lens.

60) Working with a patient with eye problems, you discover that the patient cannot focus images. You suspect that there may be a defect in the 

A) lens.

B) cone.

C) pupil.

D) retina.

E) iris.

61) While in the treatment room at your eye doctor, you bump a model of the eye, and the sheet-like, innermost layer of the eye falls out into your hand. When you replace it, you have put back the 

A) cornea.

B) retina.

C) pupil.

D) iris.

E) lens.

62) The layer of the wall of the eye that contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the sheet of photoreceptors at the back of the eye and becomes the iris at the front of the eye is the

A) sclera.

B) retina.

C) vitreous humor.

D) aqueous humor.

E) choroid.

63) At the snail-shaped ________ of the inner ear, sound is transduced into nerve impulses.

A) auditory canal

B) eardrum

C) auditory nerve

D) cochlea

E) oval window

64) The nerve that conducts impulses to the area of the brain that determines sound is the

A) olfactory nerve.

B) auditory nerve.

C) optic nerve.

D) retinal nerve.

E) pons.

65) When a snake flicks its tongue, the tips of the forked tongue pass through openings in the palate and contact sensory cells in the snout. How would this help a snake detect its prey?

A) The snout touches the prey, stimulating mechanoreceptors that let the snake identify the prey.

B) The snake can taste its prey when it bites it to tell if it is edible.

C) The motion of the tongue moves air over the snake's snout, helping it to smell.

D) The tongue touches the prey, stimulating mechanoreceptors that let the snake identify the prey.

E) Odor molecules from the prey are brought to the snake's receptors.

66) In conductive deafness, the middle ear fails to move sound to the inner ear. By amplifying sounds in the auditory canal, the hearing aid moves the ________ more than normal, helping the person hear more clearly.

A) cochlea

B) eardrum

C) round window

D) utricle

E) auditory nerve

67) Bone-conduction aids transmit sound waves directly to the oval window. This would bypass the

A) inner ear.

B) auditory nerve.

C) round window.

D) middle ear.

E) cochlea.

68) In the cochlea, sound is transmitted into nerve signals that reach the brain through

A) photoreceptors.

B) thermoreceptors.

C) pain receptors.

D) mechanoreceptors.

E) chemoreceptors.

69) What is true of olfactory cells and taste buds?

A) Olfactory receptors are chemoreceptors that detect odor molecules, while taste buds contain mechanoreceptors that allow the sense of taste in the mouth.

B) Olfactory receptors are mechanoreceptors that detect odor molecules, while taste buds contain chemoreceptors that allow the sense of taste in the mouth.

C) Olfactory receptors are chemoreceptors that detect odor molecules, and taste buds are chemoreceptors that allow the sense of taste in the mouth.

D) Olfactory receptors are mechanoreceptors that detect odor molecules, and taste buds are mechanoreceptors that allow the sense of taste in the mouth.

You are lying on a sand dune looking over the water, listening to the waves, and enjoying the feel of the sun and wind on your skin. You also smell the salty ocean air and seaweed that has washed ashore.

70) When you look at the water, what is being activated?

A) thermoreceptor

B) pain receptor

C) photoreceptor

D) mechanoreceptor

E) chemoreceptor

71) When you feel the sun on your skin, what is being activated?

A) mechanoreceptor

B) photoreceptor

C) pain receptor

D) thermoreceptor

E) chemoreceptor

72) When you hear the waves, what is being activated?

A) mechanoreceptor

B) thermoreceptor

C) photoreceptor

D) chemoreceptor

E) pain receptor

73) When you smell the salty air and seaweed, what is being activated?

A) mechanoreceptor

B) thermoreceptor

C) photoreceptor

D) chemoreceptor

E) pain receptor

74) The diagram shows a

A) neuron cell body.

B) synapse.

C) neuroglial cell.

D) myelin sheath.

E) meninge.

75) In the diagram, the squares which are transported from a neuron, through the synaptic cleft, and received by the receptors of another cell are called

A) sodium ions.

B) potassium ions.

C) neurotransmitters.

D) oxygen molecules.

E) neuroglia.

76) An action potential is not generated by mechanoreceptors of the general senses when

A) you taste a sour lemon.

B) you get a paper cut on your finger.

C) a bee stings you.

D) you remove frozen foods from the freezer.

E) you put on a shirt.

77) An action potential is generated when the general senses detect

A) warm bath water.

B) a cold pool.

C) a kiss.

D) a cut or scrape.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

78) Odorous molecules are first detected in the nose and are transduced into receptor potentials, which travel to the olfactory bulb and then to the cerebral cortex.

79) A pheromone is a chemical substance that elicits a specific response in members of a different species.

80) In humans, taste buds are most highly concentrated on the inside surface of the lips of the mouth.

81) Which is not controlled by the nervous system?

A) breathing

B) heartbeat

C) removing your hand from a hot surface

D) removing your hand from a cold surface

E) diffusion of water into cells

82) The nervous system controls

A) conscious decisions, like what shirt to wear.

B) subconscious reactions, like burping.

C) emotional reactions, like crying.

D) the reception of environmental stimuli, like hearing a loud sound.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

83) In a reflex, the ________ receives the signal that your finger is too hot and sends the message to move the finger away from the stove. 

A) spinal cord

B) peripheral nervous system

C) brain

D) hypothalamus

E) thermoreceptor

84) An action potential will occur only if

A) sodium ions are released into the interior of the axon.

B) the interior of the axon becomes less negative than the resting potential.

C) the threshold potential is reached.

D) a stimulus triggers a neuron to fire.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

85) What is detected with the general senses?

A) the sound of someone's voice

B) a tap on the shoulder

C) the smell of a campfire

D) the taste of a new food

E) the colors of a painting

86) The myelin sheath around an axon is continuous.

87) A threshold potential is like a tipping point past which an action potential starts.

88) ATP is used to power the creation of a neuron's resting potential.

89) The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions into the neuron and potassium ions out of the neuron.

90) In the "Investigating Life" section at the end of the chapter it is shown that toxins produced by scorpions cause sodium ion channels to become stuck open. These toxins cause pain by

A) depolarizing motor neurons.

B) polarizing sensory neurons.

C) polarizing motor neurons.

D) polarizing interneurons.

E) depolarizing sensory neurons.

91) In the "Investigating Life" section at the end of the chapter, grasshopper mice have fewer action potentials when bitten by scorpions.

92) Grasshopper mice are resistant to exhibiting pain from scorpion stings. This is due to the scorpion venom ________ the action potential in the pain receptors.

A) activating

B) inhibiting

C) reestablishing

D) speeding up

E) slowing down