Ch23 Full Test Bank Respiratory System

Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology, 12e (VanPutte)

Chapter 23 Respiratory System

1) Ventilation refers to the

A) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

B) gas exchange between the blood and the tissues.

C) transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

D) gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood.

E) respiration at the cellular level.

2) Systemic (internal) respiration refers to

A) atmospheric air coming into the lungs.

B) gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.

C) gas exchange in the atmosphere.

D) gas exchange between the blood and body tissues.

E) cellular respiration.

3) Pulmonary (external) respiration refers to

A) atmospheric air coming into the lungs.

B) gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.

C) gas exchange in the atmosphere.

D) gas exchange between the blood and body tissues.

E) cellular respiration.

4) A protective function of the respiratory system would be

A) altering blood pH by changing blood CO2 levels.

B) olfaction by drawing molecules into the nasal cavity.

C) producing ACE which helps regulate blood pressure.

D) preventing microorganisms from entering the body.

5) Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

A) Olfaction

B) Taste

C) Production of chemical mediators

D) Voice production

E) Regulation of blood pH

6) Which of the following is NOT a process of respiration?

A) Voice production

B) Systemic respiration

C) Ventilation

D) Pulmonary respiration

E) Transport of blood gases in the blood

7) Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract?

A) Lungs

B) Pharynx

C) Trachea

D) Bronchi

E) Bronchioles

8) The nasal septum

A) divides the nose into superior and inferior chambers.

B) forms the floor of the nasal cavity.

C) is the opening of the nose to the outside environment.

D) is the part of the nose responsible for the sense of smell.

E) divides the nose into right and left chambers.

9) Which of the following functions is associated with the nose?

A) Initiating the cough reflex

B) Systemic respiration

C) Warming inhaled air

D) Producing mucus to trap debris from the air

E) Both "Warming inhaled air" and "Producing mucus to trap debris from the air" are correct.

10) Which of the following structures opens directly into the nasal cavity?

A) Paranasal sinuses

B) Auditory tubes

C) Lacrimal glands

D) Fauces

E) Epiglottis

11) Whenever people cry, their nose runs. This is because the ________ drain tears into the nose.

A) nasolacrimal ducts

B) paranasal sinuses

C) lacrimal glands

D) Wharton's ducts

E) auditory tube

12) The olfactory epithelium responsible for the sense of smell is located in the ________.

A) floor of the nasal cavity

B) wall of the nasal septum

C) lining of the nasopharynx

D) cavity of the paranasal sinuses

E) roof of the nasal cavity

13) A molecule of air enters the nose through the external nares. Which of the following is the correct pathway to the trachea?

A) Nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea

B) Oral cavity, nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea

C) Nasopharynx, nasal cavity, laryngopharynx, trachea

D) Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea

E) Nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, pharynx

14) Which of the following is NOT a function of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the nasal cavity?

A) Traps dirt and removes it from the air

B) Moisturizes the air

C) Exchanges O2 and CO2

D) Warms the air

15) Which of the following describes the function of the nasal conchae?

A) Increases turbulence in the airflow

B) Olfaction

C) Increases surface area for cleaning, warming, and moisturizing the air

D) Increases turbulence and surface area for cleaning, warming, and moisturizing the air

16) Which of the following is a passageway for both air and food?

A) Trachea

B) Larynx

C) Pharynx

D) Bronchus

E) Esophagus

17) The portion of the pharynx that extends from the internal nares to the level of the uvula is the ________.

A) glottis

B) nasopharynx

C) oropharynx

D) laryngopharynx

E) glottopharynx

18) The auditory tubes open into the ________.

A) fauces

B) oropharynx

C) nasopharynx

D) laryngopharynx

E) nasal cavity

19) The largest of the laryngeal cartilages is ________.

A) epiglottis

B) thyroid cartilage

C) cricoid cartilage

D) corniculate cartilage

E) cuneiform cartilage

20) The ring of cartilage that forms the base of the larynx is the ________.

A) epiglottis

B) thyroid cartilage

C) cricoid cartilage

D) arytenoid cartilage

E) cuneiform cartilage

21) Which of the following statements concerning the larynx is correct?

A) The larynx contains four unpaired cartilages.

B) When the glottis closes, air is prevented from leaving the lungs.

C) Unlike other portions of the larynx, the epiglottis consists of some bony tissue.

D) The inferior laryngeal cartilage is the thyroid cartilage.

E) The epiglottis is also called "Adam's apple".

22) During swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the ________.

A) epiglottis

B) thyroid cartilage

C) cricoid cartilage

D) arytenoid cartilage

E) the "Adam's apple"

23) Which of the following laryngeal cartilages are paired?

(1) Epiglottis

(2) Thyroid cartilage

(3) Corniculate cartilage

(4) Arytenoid cartilage

(5) Cuneiform cartilage

(6) Cricoid cartilage

A) 1, 2, 6

B) 3, 5, 6

C) 2, 4, 5

D) 3, 4, 5

E) 2, 3, 4

24) When these ligaments or folds come together, they prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract.

A) Vocal folds

B) Vestibular folds

C) Cricothyroid ligaments

D) Epiglottic folds

E) Both "Vocal folds" and "Vestibular folds" are correct.

25) When air passes through the glottis, which structures vibrate to produce sound?

A) Thyroid folds

B) Ventricular folds

C) Epiglottal cords

D) Cricohyoid folds

E) Vocal folds (cords)

26) The pitch of the sound produced by the vocal folds is controlled by the

A) frequency of the vibrations.

B) amplitude of the vibrations.

C) thickness of the thyroid cartilage.

D) size of the glottis.

E) force of air moving past them.

27) The trachea

A) is located in the pleural cavity.

B) has "C" shaped cartilages that form its anterior and lateral sides.

C) is lined with keratinized squamous epithelium.

D) bifurcates to form the bronchioles.

E) collapses when not in use.

28) The respiratory zone of the tracheobronchial tree includes which of the following?

A) Trachea

B) Alveoli

C) Primary bronchi

D) Larynx

E) Tertiary bronchi

29) Each lobe of each lung is supplied by a ________.

A) primary bronchus

B) secondary bronchus

C) tertiary bronchus

D) bronchiole

E) segmental bronchus

30) Of the following structures, the largest in diameter is the ________.

A) primary bronchus

B) secondary bronchus

C) respiratory bronchiole

D) trachea

E) tertiary bronchus

31) Arrange the following structures in the order air passes through them during inhalation.

(1) Alveolar ducts

(2) Alveolus

(3) Respiratory bronchiole

(4) Terminal bronchiole

A) 1, 2, 3, 4

B) 2, 1, 3, 4

C) 4, 3, 1, 2

D) 3, 2, 1, 4

E) 4, 3, 2, 1

32) When people aspirate liquids or food into their lungs, the liquid or food most commonly enters the right lung rather than the left lung. This is because the right primary bronchus is ________ than the left primary bronchus.

A) longer

B) thinner

C) more vertical

D) less ciliated

E) shorter

33) The diameter of bronchioles can change because their walls contain ________.

A) smooth muscle

B) skeletal muscle

C) fibrous cartilage

D) hyaline cartilage

E) elastic cartilage

34) From largest to smallest, the correct sequence for the following passageways is

A) bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveoli.

B) bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli.

C) alveoli, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, bronchi.

D) bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli.

E) terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

35) Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place in the ________.

A) alveoli

B) primary bronchi

C) terminal bronchioles

D) trachea

E) respiratory bronchi

36) Constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles

A) occurs during periods of exercise.

B) restricts the flow of air into the lungs.

C) decreases ciliary action.

D) increases airflow out of the lungs.

E) does not affect airflow.

37) What is the function of the ciliated epithelium of the tracheobronchial tree?

A) To cause coughing

B) A mucus-cilia escalator

C) Move dirt toward the alveoli

D) All of the choices are correct.

38) The walls of the alveoli

A) are composed of simple squamous epithelium.

B) contain several layers of smooth muscle.

C) contain goblet cells.

D) are surrounded by cartilage.

E) are ciliated.

39) A person has severe damage or disease in the upper area of their right lung. Surgery is necessary. The doctor would need to remove

A) the entire right lung.

B) the superior lobe of the right lung.

C) the apical bronchopulmonary segment of the right lung.

D) only the damaged area of the apical bronchopulmonary segment.

E) the apical, anterior, and posterior segments of the superior lobe.

40) Which of the following statements regarding the lungs is correct?

A) The left lung is larger than the right lung.

B) The left lung contains two lobes, while the right lung contains three lobes.

C) The left lung has more bronchopulmonary segments than the right lung.

D) Only the right lung has a hilum.

E) The left lung contains three lobes, while the right lung contains two lobes.

41) Which type of cell makes up about 90% of the alveolar surface?

A) Ciliated simple squamous epithelial cells

B) Type I pneumocytes

C) Type II pneumocytes

D) Macrophages

42) Which type of alveolar cells produce surfactant?

A) Ciliated simple cuboidal epithelial cells

B) Type I pneumocytes

C) Type II pneumocytes

D) Macrophages

43) What occurs at the respiratory membrane?

A) Mucus removes debris.

B) Gas exchange between the air and blood takes place.

C) Macrophages accumulate to remove debris.

D) Gas exchange between the blood and tissues takes place.

44) Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane?

A) Simple squamous epithelium of the alveolus and its basement membrane

B) Interstitial space

C) Pulmonary capillary simple squamous epithelium and its basement membrane

D) Thick layer of mucus lining the alveolus

45) Which of the following muscles increases the volume of the thorax during a normal inhalation?

(1) Diaphragm

(2) External intercostals

(3) Internal intercostals

(4) Rectus abdominis

A) 1, 2

B) 1, 3

C) 2, 3

D) 2, 4

E) 3, 4

46) Contraction of the ________ will increase the superior-inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity.

A) rectus abdominis

B) internal intercostals

C) diaphragm

D) external intercostals

E) sternocleidomastoid

47) Expiration during quiet breathing

A) is an active process.

B) requires more muscle contractions than inspiration.

C) is due to contraction of the diaphragm and elevation of the ribs.

D) occurs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax.

E) is not affected by the elastic properties of the lungs.

48) Which of the following statements concerning the lungs and the pleura is true?

A) Each lung is suspended in a separate pleural cavity.

B) Parietal pleura covers the surface of each lung.

C) The space between the visceral and parietal pleurae is called the mediastinum.

D) The pleural fluid assists in gas exchange.

E) The pleural membranes adhere, but cannot slide past each other.

49) The serous membranes that surround the lungs are called the ________ membranes.

A) mucous

B) synovial

C) pleural

D) peritoneal

E) pulmonary

50) Oxygenated blood is carried to the tissues of the lungs via the ________.

A) pulmonary veins

B) bronchial arteries

C) pulmonary artery

D) abdominal aorta

E) pleural arteries

51) The lungs have

A) one blood flow route and one lymphatic supply.

B) two blood flow routes and one lymphatic supply.

C) one blood flow route and two lymphatic supplies.

D) two blood flow routes and two lymphatic supplies.

E) three blood flow routes and one lymphatic supply.

52) When the inspiratory muscles contract,

A) thoracic volume increases.

B) pleural pressure increases.

C) the alveolar pressure increases.

D) expiration occurs.

E) thoracic volume decreases.

53) Which of the following statements concerning thoracic volume is true?

A) As thoracic volume increases, alveolar pressure (Palv) increases.

B) In expiration, the thoracic volume increases.

C) Constriction of bronchioles assists breathing.

D) As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure (Palv) decreases.

E) Pressure is directly proportional to volume.

54) For air to flow into or out of the lungs, there must be

A) a volume gradient established between the atmosphere and the alveoli.

B) a temperature gradient between the atmosphere and the alveoli.

C) a pressure gradient established between the atmosphere and the alveoli.

D) a diffusion gradient between the atmosphere and the alveoli.

E) None of the choices are correct.

55) During expiration, the alveolar pressure must be

A) greater than atmospheric pressure.

B) less than atmospheric pressure.

C) equal to atmospheric pressure.

D) greater than pleural pressure.

E) None of these choices is correct.

56) Surfactant facilitates alveolar ventilation by

A) decreasing the surface tension between water molecules on the lining of the alveoli.

B) decreasing thoracic compliance.

C) attracting water to the alveolar surface.

D) increasing the surface area for gas exchange.

E) increasing the surface tension between fluid and the alveoli.

57) During inspiration, contraction of the diaphragm causes the volume of Mr. Jones' thoracic cavity to increase and the pleural pressure to decrease. The pressure in his alveoli (Palv) will

A) decrease below atmospheric pressure (PB), causing air to move out of his lungs.

B) become greater than atmospheric pressure (PB), causing air to move into his lungs.

C) decrease below atmospheric pressure (PB), causing air to move into his lungs.

D) become greater than atmospheric pressure (PB), causing air to move out of his lungs.

E) does not change.

58) Which of the following factors keeps the alveoli expanded?

A) A pneumothorax

B) Negative pleural pressure

C) Alveolar pressure being equal to atmospheric pressure

D) A reduction in surfactant

E) Negative intra-alveolar pressure

59) Air in the pleural cavity is called

A) emphysema.

B) respiratory distress syndrome.

C) a pneumothorax.

D) pneumonia.

E) forced expiration.

60) Which law explains that an increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure?

A) Henry's Law

B) Dalton's Law

C) Charles Law

D) Boyle's Law

61) Which law explains why a gas will move from one area to another area?

A) Dalton's Law

B) Henry's Law

C) Charles Law

D) Boyle's Law

62) True or False? Contraction of respiratory muscles are responsible for the movement of air out of the lungs in quiet expiration.

63) Which factors are responsible for the decrease in the volume of the alveoli?

A) Compliance and lung recoil

B) Lung recoil and surface tension of water

C) Compliance and surface tension of water

D) Perfusion and lung recoil

64) In which of the following situations is compliance greatest?

A) Collapse of the alveoli

B) Airway obstruction

C) Emphysema

D) Pulmonary fibrosis

E) Pulmonary edema

65) Which of the following individuals will have the highest vital capacity?

A) A well-trained athlete (male or female)

B) A middle-aged, short female

C) An 80-year-old male

D) A young, obese male

E) An adult female

66) Marcus exhales normally; then, using forced expiration, he exhales as much air as possible. The volume of air still remaining in his lungs is called ________.

A) expiratory reserve volume

B) tidal volume

C) inspiratory reserve volume

D) vital capacity

E) residual volume

67) The volume of air available for gas exchange per minute is called the ________.

A) vital capacity

B) alveolar ventilation

C) minute respiratory volume

D) functional residual capacity

E) respiratory rate

68) Physiological dead air space is anatomic dead space plus

A) the residual volume.

B) the volume of any alveoli where gas exchange is diminished.

C) the volume of blood flowing to the lungs.

D) the respiration rate.

E) tidal volume.

69) Calculate the alveolar ventilation if the tidal volume is 500 ml, the respiratory rate is 12/minute, and the anatomical dead space is 100 ml.

A) 1200 ml

B) 1800 ml

C) 4800 ml

D) 6000 ml

E) 7200 ml

70) The volume of air inspired or expired with each breath is the ________.

A) residual volume

B) inspiratory reserve volume

C) tidal volume

D) expiratory reserve volume

71) What is the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after expiration of the tidal volume?

A) Residual volume

B) Inspiratory reserve volume

C) Vital capacity

D) Expiratory reserve volume

72) Paul is getting ready to blow up a pool float because he can't find the air pump. He takes a big breath in after exhaling normally. The air he takes in is the ________.

A) inspiratory reserve volume

B) vital capacity

C) inspiratory capacity

D) tidal volume

73) If the total pressure of a mixture of gases was 760 mm Hg and its composition is 20% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, 75% nitrogen, and 5% water vapor, then the partial pressure of oxygen would be ________.

A) 740 mm Hg

B) 20 mm Hg

C) 148 mm Hg

D) 152 mm Hg

E) 200 mm Hg

74) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the respiratory membrane by the process of ________.

A) active transport

B) diffusion

C) filtration

D) osmosis

E) cotransport

75) Which of the following increases the rate of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?

A) Increased fluid in the alveoli

B) Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane

C) Increased surface area of the respiratory membrane

D) Increased connective tissue in the alveolar wall

E) Decreased surface area of the respiratory membrane

76) Which of the following respiratory membrane layers is closest to air in the alveolus?

A) Alveolar epithelium

B) Alveolar basement membrane

C) Capillary basement membrane

D) Capillary endothelium

E) Alveolar fluid (with surfactant)

77) Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the rate of gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane?

A) The partial pressure gradient of the gases

B) The thickness of the respiratory membrane

C) The diffusion coefficient of the gases

D) The temperature of the gases

E) The surface area of the membrane

78) Pulmonary edema will cause the rate of gas diffusion to ________.

A) increase

B) decrease

C) remain the same

79) Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than is oxygen. Which gas has the higher rate of diffusion?

A) Carbon dioxide

B) Oxygen

C) Both will have the same rate of diffusion.

80) A decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane will cause the diffusion rate to ________.

A) increase

B) decrease

C) remain unchanged

81) Which of the following will cause a decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane?

A) emphysema

B) tuberculosis

C) pneumonia

D) All of the choices will reduce surface area of the respiratory membrane

82) Normally, the partial pressure of oxygen gas is higher in the ________.

A) blood of the pulmonary capillaries

B) bronchioles

C) alveoli

D) venous blood

83) True or False? Increasing ventilation will increase the PO2 and decrease the PCO2, which promotes gas exchange.

84) Which of the following results in an increase in shunted blood (blood not completely oxygenated)?

A) Exercise

B) Pulmonary edema

C) Increased heart rate

D) Increased respiration rate

E) None of the choices are correct.

85) As the result of an asthmatic attack,

A) ventilation exceeds the ability of blood to pick up oxygen.

B) ventilation is inadequate to oxygenate blood.

C) pulmonary blood flow is reduced while ventilation remains normal.

D) the surface area available for gas exchange increases.

E) bronchioles dilate.

86) Arrange the following in order from highest to lowest PO2.

(1) PO2 of pulmonary veins

(2) PO2 of pulmonary artery

(3) PO2 of alveolar air

A) 1, 2, 3

B) 2, 1, 3

C) 2, 3, 1

D) 3, 1, 2

E) 3, 2, 1

87) Oxygen diffusion from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillary occurs because

A) alveolar PO2 is greater than capillary PO2.

B) oxygen diffuses faster than carbon dioxide.

C) alveolar PCO2 is greater than capillary PCO2.

D) alveolar PO2 is less than capillary PCO2.

E) carbon dioxide diffuses faster than oxygen.

88) In which of the following sequences does PO2 progressively decrease?

A) Body tissue, arterial blood, alveolar air

B) Body tissue, alveolar air, arterial blood

C) Blood in aorta, atmospheric air, body tissues

D) Atmospheric air, blood in aorta, body tissues

E) Body tissue, aorta, alveolar air

89) Oxygen is transported in the blood

A) bound to hemoglobin.

B) bound to albumin.

C) dissolved in the plasma.

D) as part of the bicarbonate ion.

E) dissolved in the plasma and bound to hemoglobin.

90) During exercise, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

A) shifts to the right.

B) shifts to the left.

C) doesn't shift.

91) The Bohr effect refers to the

A) mechanism involved in diffusion of nitrogen into the blood.

B) physical laws governing the solubility of gases in fluids.

C) effect of pH on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.

D) chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate in the blood.

E) effect of temperature on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.

92) Most O2 is carried in the blood ________; but most CO2 is ________.

A) dissolved in plasma; associated with salt or acid

B) bound to hemoglobin; associated with bicarbonate ions in the plasma

C) combined with albumin; associated with carbonic acid

D) bound to hemoglobin; bound to albumin

E) bound to plasma proteins; carried as CO2

93) Mr. Jones has a blood pH of 7.00 and a temperature of 100.5°F. His oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve would

A) shift to the right, causing more O2 to be released to his cells.

B) shift to the left, allowing less O2 to be released to his cells.

C) show no change, allowing the O2 concentration to remain stable.

94) When 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) levels increase, hemoglobin

A) releases less O2 to tissues.

B) releases more CO2 to tissues.

C) releases more O2 to tissues.

D) releases less CO2 to tissues.

E) None of the choices are correct.

95) How does an increase in body temperature affect the oxyhemoglobin-dissociation curve?

A) It causes a shift to the left.

B) It causes a shift to the right.

C) There is no effect.

D) None of the choices are correct.

96) Hemoglobin that has oxygen attached is called ________.

A) hemoglobin-oxygen complex

B) carbaminohemoglobin

C) oxyhemoglobin

D) deoxyhemoglobin

E) globoxygen

97) As acidity increases, how does this affect the affinity of hemoglobin for the oxygen it carries?

A) Oxyhemoglobin affinity decreases.

B) Oxyhemoglobin affinity increases.

C) Oxyhemoglobin affinity remains the same.

D) Hemoglobin loses its affinity for oxygen.

E) None of the choices are correct.

98) How does carbon monoxide affect red blood cells (RBCs)?

A) It causes them to shrivel.

B) The hemoglobin within the RBC bind to carbon monoxide.

C) The hemoglobin rejects carbon monoxide.

D) The RBCs clump together.

E) The carbon monoxide converts to carbon dioxide.

99) Why is transfused blood discarded after about 6 weeks of storage? 

A) It cannot bind to oxygen anymore.

B) It becomes too thick.

C) The BPG levels are too low for adequate release of oxygen to tissues.

D) The percent oxygen saturation is too low.

100) Why is fetal hemoglobin very efficient at picking up oxygen?

A) The BPG levels are much higher than in maternal hemoglobin.

B) The fetal oxygen-dissociation curve is to the right of the maternal oxygen-dissociation curve.

C) The concentration of fetal hemoglobin is 10% greater than the concentration of maternal hemoglobin.

D) The fetal oxygen-dissociation curve is to the left of the maternal oxygen-dissociation curve.

101) Most CO2 is transported in the blood

A) in the form of bicarbonate ions.

B) bound to hemoglobin.

C) dissolved in the plasma.

D) by the leukocytes.

E) in the form of carbonic acid.

102) Hemoglobin that has released its O2

A) loses its affinity for O2.

B) will dissolve in the plasma.

C) will bind more readily to CO2.

D) is broken down to heme and globin and excreted.

E) will bind more readily to O2.

103) The chloride shift refers to the

A) effect of Cl− on the O2 dissociation curve.

B) exchange of Cl− for bicarbonate ions across the red blood cell membrane.

C) exchange of Cl− for CO2 across alveolar cell membranes.

D) effect of Cl− on H+ diffusion from red blood cells.

E) exchange of Cl− for hemoglobin across the red blood cell membrane.

104) Which of the following events in the chloride shift occurs last?

A) Carbon dioxide diffuses into a red blood cell.

B) Carbonic acid dissociates to form bicarbonate and H+.

C) Bicarbonate ions diffuse into the plasma.

D) CO2 and H2O → H2CO3

E) Carbonic acid dissociates to form water and CO2.

105) Which of the following molecules acts as a buffer during the chloride shift?

A) CO2

B) Hemoglobin

C) Carbonic anhydrase

D) Water

E) Bicarbonate ion

106) The Haldane effect means that

A) as hemoglobin releases CO2, the ability to pick up O2 increases.

B) as hemoglobin releases bicarbonate ions, the ability to pick up chloride ions increases.

C) as hemoglobin releases O2, the ability to pick up CO2 increases.

D) as hemoglobin releases O2, the ability to pick up CO2 decreases.

107) If there is an accumulation of acidic products in the plasma, one would expect ________.

A) an increase in respiration rate

B) a decrease in respiration rate

C) no influence on respiration rate

D) an increase in residual volume

E) apnea

108) Direct stimulation of neurons within the dorsal respiratory group would cause an increase in the frequency of action potential in the

A) glossopharyngeal nerve that innervates the pharyngeal muscles.

B) phrenic nerve that innervates the diaphragm.

C) vagus nerve that innervates the smooth muscle of the bronchioles.

D) intercostal nerves to internal intercostals muscles.

E) intercostal nerves to external intercostals muscles.

109) Which of the following statements concerning the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups is false?

A) They are located in the reticular activating system.

B) There is cross communication between these two groups.

C) These groups establish the basic rate and depth of breathing.

D) These groups increase the number of action potentials to the respiratory muscles during inspiration.

E) Two dorsal and two ventral respiratory groups make up the medullary respiratory center.

110) The ventral respiratory group

A) is located in the pons.

B) stimulates the intercostal and abdominal muscles.

C) is part of the pontine respiratory group.

D) is active only in exhalation.

E) stimulates the diaphragm.

111) The pontine respiratory neurons

A) are located in the medulla oblongata in the brain.

B) are active only during inspiration.

C) are active only during expiration.

D) play a role in switching between inspiration and expiration.

E) is essential for respiratory rhythm.

112) Rhythmicity of breathing involves

A) conscious effort and control.

B) stimulation of inspiration. Expiration is automatic.

C) pontine respiratory group as a necessary part.

D) a set pattern of inspiration—expiration that is always the same.

E) the pre-Bötzinger complex of the ventral respiratory group.

113) A baby holding its breath will

A) be termed a "blue baby".

B) have brain cells damaged because of low blood oxygen levels.

C) suffer heart damage because of increased pressure in the aorta.

D) automatically start to breathe when the CO2 levels in the blood reach a high enough value.

E) automatically start to breathe when oxygen levels decrease slightly.

114) True or False? It is possible to consciously control the rate and depth of respiration.

115) Apnea is the slowing of respiration as occurs during sleep.

116) The chemosensitive area of the brain is located in the ________.

A) pons

B) cerebral peduncles

C) cerebellum

D) hypothalamus

E) medulla oblongata

117) Mr. Smith hypoventilates and retains too much CO2. Which of the following receptors is stimulated by an increase in CO2?

A) Irritant receptors

B) Pressure receptors

C) Osmoreceptors

D) Peripheral chemoreceptors

E) Baroreceptors

118) When CO2 levels in the blood increase, the

A) condition is called hypocapnia.

B) pH of the blood increases.

C) blood becomes more acidic.

D) number of hydrogen ions in the blood decreases.

E) blood becomes more alkaline.

119) After hyperventilating for several minutes, a person may develop short periods of apnea because

A) blood pH would drop and inhibit inspiration.

B) oxygen in the lungs has not had time to diffuse into the blood.

C) the level of oxygen has increased and inhibits the inspiratory center.

D) the level of CO2 decreases below the level necessary to stimulate the inspiratory center.

E) blood pH will rise and stimulate expiration.

120) Blood O2 levels

A) are more important than CO2 levels in the regulation of respiration.

B) need to change only slightly to cause a change in respiration rate.

C) within the normal PO2 range have little effect on regulation of respiration.

D) in venous blood and arterial blood are about the same.

E) never change enough to influence respiration.

121) The major regulator of respiration is the plasma concentration of ________.

A) oxygen

B) carbon dioxide

C) water vapor

D) nitrogen

E) chloride

122) A greater than normal amount of CO2 in the blood is called ________.

A) hypercapnia

B) hypoxia

C) hyperdioxemia

D) hypodioxemia

123) The Hering-Breuer reflex

A) causes erratic respirations.

B) helps prevent overinflation of the lungs.

C) has its sensory components in the sympathetic nerves.

D) is a normal response to increased O2 content in the blood.

E) limits how much air a person can expire.

124) During exercise, ventilation initially increases due to

A) increased blood CO2 levels, stimulating baroreceptors.

B) decreased blood O2 levels, stimulating chemoreceptors.

C) decreased blood pH levels, stimulating baroreceptors.

D) limb movements that stimulate the respiratory center.

E) abrupt changes in metabolism or blood gases.

125) The highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in blood pH is called the ________.

A) Hering-Breuer reflex

B) aerobic threshold

C) anaerobic threshold

D) lactate tolerance level

126) Which of the following is NOT a respiratory adaptation to exercise training?

A) Vital capacity increases

B) Tidal volume at maximal exercise will increase

C) Increased minute ventilation after training

D) After training, respiratory rate at rest is lower

127) Which of the following is mismatched?

A) Bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchi

B) Emphysema – destruction of the alveolar walls

C) Pulmonary fibrosis – loss of elastic recoil in the lung

D) Cystic fibrosis – replacement of lung tissue with fibrous connective tissue

E) Smokers – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

128) A patient has severe pneumonia, which has thickened the respiratory membrane. Despite oxygen therapy, he still has rapid respiration and feels as if he is not getting enough air. This is because

A) the O2 increases the stimulation of the carotid and aortic bodies.

B) the O2 stimulates the respiratory center to increase the respiratory rate.

C) his blood pH increased and stimulated an increase in his respiratory rate.

D) even though he is receiving enough O2, CO2 and H+ accumulate in his blood and cause the respiratory rate to continue to increase.

E) O2 cannot diffuse across the thickened membrane.

129) Which of the following is an effect of aging on the respiratory system?

A) Vital capacity is unchanged.

B) Minute ventilation rates increase.

C) Residual volume increases.

D) Gas exchange in the lungs remains unchanged.

Use the following key to determine the best answer.

A. First item is greater than the second item.

B. First item is less than the second item.

C. First item is equal or nearly equal to the second item.

130) (1) Alveolar pressure during inspiration

(2) Alveolar pressure during expiration

131) (1) PO2 in alveolar air

(2) PO2 in venous blood

132) (1) PO2 of arterial blood

(2) PO2 of intracellular fluid

Match the term with the appropriate description. Answer with the letter preceding the description.

A. The floor of the nasal cavity

B. Superior portion of pharynx

C. A soft process that extends inferiorly from the posterior edge of the soft palate

D. The opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx

E. External openings of the nasal cavity

133) External nares

134) Internal nares

135) Hard palate

136) Nasopharynx

137) Uvula

Match the term with the appropriate description or definition.

A. Sum of the inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, tidal, and residual volumes

B. Volume of air inspired during a normal inspiration

C. Volume of air remaining in lungs after the most forceful expiration

D. Sum of the expiratory reserve, inspiratory reserve, and tidal volumes

E. The amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the normal tidal volume

138) Expiratory reserve volume

139) Tidal volume

140) Residual volume

141) Vital capacity

142) Total lung capacity

Use the table to determine the best answer.

143) Which of the patients above does not have any abnormal respiratory values?

144) Which of the patients above is suffering from emphysema?

145) Which of the patients above might have a depression of the respiratory center due to drugs?

146) Which of the patients above has a severe case of "test anxiety"?

Match the disorder of the respiratory system with the best description.

A. Destruction of the alveolar walls

B. Inflammation of the bronchi

C. Inherited disease that affects secretory cells lining the lungs

D. Replacement of lung tissue with fibrous connective tissue

E. Infant stops breathing during sleep

147) Pulmonary fibrosis

148) Emphysema

149) Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

150) Cystic fibrosis

Use the following two choices.

A. Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right

B. Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the left

151) Decrease blood pH

152) Decrease in CO2

153) Decrease in body temperature

154) Increase in body temperature

155) Increase in pH

156) The posterior wall of the trachea contains smooth muscle called the ________ muscle.

157) The ________ zone extends from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles.

158) Gas exchange between the air and the blood takes place in the ________.

159) The thyroid cartilage is part of the ________.

160) Contraction of the ________ muscles will elevate the ribs and move the sternum.

161) ________ is the volume of air inspired during a normal inspiration.

162) The part of the respiratory system where gas exchange does not occur is called ________ space.

163) One of the functions of the respiratory system is to alter the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood; thus regulating ________.

A) blood glucose levels

B) O2 levels

C) blood pressure

D) blood volume

E) blood pH

164) The nasal vestibule is located in the ________ portion of the nasal cavity.

A) posterior

B) exterior

C) upper

D) external

E) anterior

165) Which of the paired cartilages of the larynx articulate with the cricoid cartilage?

A) Thyroid

B) Corniculate

C) Cuneiform

D) Epiglottis

E) Arytenoid

166) Which of the following are mechanisms to prevent food from entering the larynx? (Check all that apply.)

A) Contraction of the thyroid cartilage, pinching closed the larynx

B) Movement of the tongue over the inlet to the larynx

C) Closure of the glottis

D) Tipping of epiglottis over glottis

167) As air moves down through the tracheobronchial tree, the FIRST segment that will contain alveoli will be ________.

A) terminal bronchioles

B) alveolar duct

C) alveolar sac

D) bronchioles

E) respiratory bronchioles

168) The largest division of each lung are ________, which are divided into ________.

A) lobules; segments

B) segments; lobules

C) lobes; lobules

D) segments; lobes

E) lobes; segments

169) Two opposing mechanisms determine alveolar expansion: ________ leads to alveolar expansion, while ________ opposes alveolar expansion.

A) lung recoil; positive pleural pressure

B) positive pleural pressure; lung recoil

C) lung recoil; negative pleural pressure

D) negative pleural pressure; lung recoil

170) With a respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute and a tidal volume of 500mL, what would the minute ventilation be?

A) 500 mL per minute

B) 41.6 mL per minute

C) 600 mL per minute

D) 60 liters per minute

E) 6 liters per minute

171) Why is the PO2 of the blood leaving pulmonary capillaries 104 mm Hg, but the blood leaving the lungs to enter the left atrium is 95 mm Hg?

A) Some O2 diffuses out of the blood as it travels through the pulmonary veins.

B) Some O2 is incorporated into bicarbonate ion, removing it from solution and reducing PO2.

C) Some CO2 in the alveoli is mixed with oxygenated blood from alveolar circulation.

D) Deoxygenated blood from bronchial circulation is mixed with blood from oxygenated alveolar circulation.

172) The composition of alveolar air differs from atmospheric air. Indicate all of the factors that account for this difference.

A) Nitrogen does not enter alveoli

B) Difference in overall (total) pressure

C) Presence of water vapor

D) Gas exchange adds CO2

E) Gas exchange removes O2

173) Hyperventilation ________ plasma CO2 levels which ________ plasma pH.

A) decreases; decreases

B) increases; decreases

C) increases; increases

D) decreases; increases

174) If you exercise with enough intensity that the blood pH is changed, you have exceeded the ________.

A) aerobic threshold

B) acidity point

C) base point

D) pH threshold

E) anaerobic threshold

175) Indicate the statement that describes respiratory function in a highly trained athlete at maximal exercise.

A) Unchanged minute ventilation; increased respiratory rate; decreased vital capacity

B) Increased residual volume; increased respiratory rate; decreased alveolar ventilation

C) Increased tidal volume; unchanged minute ventilation; unchanged alveolar ventilation

D) Increased minute ventilation; increased alveolar ventilation; unchanged tidal volume

E) Increased tidal volume; increased minute ventilation; increased alveolar ventilation

176) All of the following are changes seen in the respiratory system with aging, except

A) decreased vital capacity.

B) decreased maximum minute ventilation.

C) increased dead space.

D) decreased inspiratory reserve volume.

E) decreased lung compliance.

177) Which of the following is not part of the thoracic wall?

A) Diaphragm

B) Sternum

C) Ribs

D) Thoracic vertebrae

178) True or False? Muscles of the thoracic wall are important for changing thoracic volume during expiration only.

179) Which of the following statements concerning the pleura is correct?

A) The pleural fluid between the the parietal pleura and visceral pleura ensure that as the thorax expands, the lungs expand as well.

B) The parietal pleura separates from the visceral pleura as the thorax expands.

C) The fluid secreted by the pleural membranes compresses the lungs causing them to collapse.

D) All of the choices are correct.

180) Which of the following situations would decrease the oxygenation of fetal blood?

A) A decrease in fetal hemoglobin

B) A decrease in maternal hemoglobin

C) An increase in fetal hemoglobin

D) A decrease in binding affinity of maternal hemoglobin

181) True or False? Increased blood flow to alveoli is a common factor that disrupts normal ventilation-perfusion coupling.

182) True or False? Hering-Breuer reflex is important in adults to regulate the basic rhythm of breathing.