VanPutte Ch.24 Test Bank Answers Digestive System

Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology, 12e (VanPutte)

Chapter 24 Digestive System

1) Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract?

A) Pharynx

B) Stomach

C) Liver

D) Large intestine

2) Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract?

A) Esophagus

B) Salivary glands

C) Pancreas

D) Gallbladder

3) Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior?

A) Pharynx, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine

B) Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

C) Stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine

D) Anus, large intestine, stomach, esophagus

4) Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract?

A) Salivary gland

B) Liver

C) Gallbladder

D) Stomach

E) Pancreas

5) Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

A) Cellular respiration

B) Food selection

C) Elimination of undigested food

D) Regulation of blood pH

E) Integration and coordination of other systems

6) The movement of food through the digestive is ________.

A) segmentation

B) propulsion

C) mixing

D) mastication

7) Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract?

A) Peristalsis

B) Mass movement

C) Deglutition

D) Segmental contraction

8) A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called ________.

A) peristalsis

B) segmental contraction

C) deglutition

D) mass movement

9) The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is ________.

A) secretion

B) peristalsis

C) chemical digestion

D) absorption

10) Which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location?

A) Killing microorganisms with lysozyme – stomach

B) Digestion of carbohydrates – mouth

C) Absorption of nutrients – small intestine

D) Production of mucus – esophagus

11) Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

A) Storage

B) Protein digestion

C) Absorption of aspirin

D) Segmental contractions

12) Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine?

A) Mastication of food

B) Absorption of nutrients

C) Complete digestion of food

D) Mixing by segmental contractions

13) Arrange the following in proper sequence as they occur first in the body.

(1) Digestion

(2) Elimination

(3) Ingestion

(4) Absorption

A) 3, 4, 2, 1

B) 1, 4, 3, 2

C) 4, 1, 2, 3

D) 3, 4, 1, 2

E) 3, 1, 4, 2

14) Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in

A) mastication of food.

B) absorption of food.

C) elimination of undigested food.

D) propulsion of food through the digestive tract.

E) mixing of food.

15) Which of the following occurs in the large intestine?

A) Chemical digestion

B) Mass movements

C) Mastication

D) Mixing waves

E) Neutralization

16) In order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut through the ________.

A) lamina propria

B) submucosa

C) serosa

D) mucosa

17) The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is

A) skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine.

B) the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries.

C) in direct contact with the food that is consumed.

D) composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.

E) connective tissue and the peritoneum.

18) The enteric plexus

A) is found in the mucosa.

B) consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus.

C) contains sympathetic neurons and fibers.

D) controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.

E) is a valve in the GI tract.

19) Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with ingested food?

A) Mucosa

B) Muscularis

C) Submucosa

D) Serosa

20) Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) Mucosa – controls peristalsis

B) Serosa – contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels

C) Submucosa – lamina propria

D) Serosa – increased surface area

E) Muscularis – responsible for peristalsis

21) The myenteric plexus is found in the ________ of the digestive tract wall.

A) mucosa

B) serosa

C) submucosa

D) muscularis

E) adventitia

22) The enteric plexus

A) is found in the mucosa.

B) consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus.

C) helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract.

D) contains parasympathetic neurons.

E) Both "Helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract" and "Contains parasympathetic neurons" are correct

23) Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is

A) submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis.

B) muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa.

C) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

D) peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria.

E) submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis.

24) What is the function of interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus?

A) Chemoreceptors that detect the chemical composition of food

B) Production of mucus for lubrication and protection

C) Pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle

D) Release of enzymes for chemical digestion

25) Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in

A) liquefying and digesting the food.

B) vitamin A and D production and storage.

C) distribution of nutrients throughout the body.

D) insulin production.

E) bile production.

26) What is the function of enteric sensory neurons?

A) Detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents

B) Stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction in the digestive tract

C) Stimulate or inhibit glandular secretion in the digestive tract

D) Detect stretch of the digestive tract wall

E) Both "Detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents" and "Detect stretch of the digestive tract wall" are correct.

27) Parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the ________ nerve.

A) gastric

B) cardiac

C) vagus

D) accessory

28) True or False?  The enteric nervous system acts independently of the CNS to control local reflexes in the digestive tract.

29) Which disease is caused by the absence of enteric neurons in the distal large intestine?

A) Hirschsprung disease

B) Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2

C) Spastic colon

D) Gastroenteritis

30) What are the two major neurotransmitters of the enteric nervous system?

A) Epinephrine and serotonin

B) Epinephrine and norepinephrine

C) Acetylcholine and epinephrine

D) Norepinephrine and acetylcholine

31) The role of acetylcholine in the digestive tract is to ________, while the role of norepinephrine is to ________.

A) stimulate; stimulate

B) stimulate; inhibit

C) inhibit; inhibit

D) inhibit; stimulate

32) What is the role of serotonin in the digestive tract?

A) Decrease nausea

B) Stimulate motility

C) Hormone release

D) Inhibit motility

33) The abdominal cavity is lined with ________.

A) the omental bursa

B) mesenteries

C) the greater omentum

D) parietal peritoneum

E) superficial fascia

34) Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal?

A) Pancreas

B) Ascending colon

C) Duodenum

D) Descending colon

E) All of the choices are correct.

35) Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be ________.

A) retroperitoneal

B) antiperitoneal

C) falciperitoneal

D) hyperperitoneal

E) mesoperitoneal

36) A large amount of adipose tissue accumulates in the ________.

A) greater omentum

B) lesser omentum

C) coronary ligament

D) sigmoid mesocolon

E) visceral peritoneum

37) A man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. The bullet passed through his anterior body and lodged inside the transverse colon. Which layers did the bullet pass through to arrive at the location?

(1) Parietal peritoneum

(2) Visceral peritoneum

A) 1, 2

B) 1, 2, 1, 2

C) 1, 2, 2, 1

D) 1, 2, 2, 2

E) 2, 1, 1, 1

38) Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

A) Greater omentum

B) Lesser omentum

C) Transverse mesocolon

D) Falciform ligament

E) Round ligament

39) The oral cavity

A) opens into the nasopharynx.

B) directly connects with the esophagus.

C) contains the parotid salivary glands.

D) has boundaries that include the lips, palate, and cheeks.

E) is lined with cuboidal epithelium.

40) The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in ________.

A) speech and swallowing

B) mastication, speech, and swallowing

C) mastication and swallowing

D) mastication and sense of taste

E) deglutition and peristalsis

41) The tongue

A) secretes saliva.

B) plays a major role in swallowing.

C) contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues.

D) is attached to the hard palate.

E) functions in deglutition apnea.

42) Which of the following is associated with the tongue?

A) Uvula

B) Constrictor muscles

C) Papillae and taste buds

D) Periodontal ligament

E) Fauces

43) What muscle forms the lips?

A) Buccinator muscle

B) Orbicularis oculi muscle

C) Orbicularis oris muscle

D) Labial frenulum muscle

44) What muscle forms the cheek?

A) Buccinator

B) Orbicularis oculi

C) Orbicularis oris

D) Zygomaticus

45) Which of the following would inhibit normal movements of the tongue?

A) Swollen lips

B) Lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue

C) Decrease in number of taste buds

D) Loss of all teeth

E) Swollen tonsils

46) Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue

A) are more easily swallowed.

B) can be detected by taste buds.

C) are quickly dissolved and absorbed.

D) are then easy to chew.

E) are not readily absorbed.

47) A swollen uvula might interfere with which of the following?

A) Mastication

B) Deglutition and breathing

C) Chemical digestion

D) Olfaction

48) What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A) Sticking the tongue out

B) Moving the tongue side to side

C) Changing the tongue shape during swallowing

D) Retracting the tongue

49) Which of the following is NOT a necessary function of the tongue?

A) Swallowing

B) Chewing

C) Taste

D) Speech

50) Which of the following pairs describing structures of teeth is mismatched?

A) Crown – enamel

B) Root – root canal

C) Alveoli – periodontal ligament

D) Pulp cavity – cementum

E) Apical foramen – blood supply

51) Teeth in adults

A) are replaced by osteoblast activity if they are extracted.

B) are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.

C) are all of the same type—molars.

D) are composed of living cells called enamel cells.

E) do not play a role in speech.

52) The ________ helps hold a tooth in its socket.

A) crown

B) pulp cavity

C) periodontal ligament

D) dental arch

E) alveoli

53) Inflammation of the gums is called ________.

A) dental caries

B) pyorrhea

C) halitosis

D) gingivitis

54) Which of the following is NOT a muscle of mastication?

A) Temporalis

B) Masseter

C) Medial and lateral pterygoids

D) Buccinator

55) Saliva

A) is produced only when there is food in the mouth.

B) increases ulceration in the mouth.

C) is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth.

D) moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.

E) does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth.

56) The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the ________ glands.

A) parotid

B) sublingual

C) submandibular

D) labial

E) lacrimal

57) The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the ________ glands.

A) parotid

B) submandibular

C) buccal

D) labial

E) sublingual

58) Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function?

A) Mucin – lubricant

B) Lysozyme – antibacterial properties

C) Bicarbonate – neutralizes acid

D) IgA – prevents infection

E) Salivary amylase – begins protein digestion

59) The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are ________.

A) flushing and protein digestion

B) swallowing and lipid digestion

C) peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion

D) moistening and starch digestion

E) None of the choices are correct.

60) Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the

A) facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.

B) vagus nerve.

C) taste centers of the medulla.

D) intercostal nerves.

E) trigeminal nerve.

61) How much saliva is generally produced each day?

A) ½ - 1 L

B) 1 - 1½ L

C) 2 - 3 L

D) 4 - 5 L

62) Mastication

A) increases the surface area of food particles.

B) decreases the efficiency of digestion.

C) occurs in both the mouth and stomach.

D) is never under voluntary control.

E) decreases the surface area of food particles.

63) Which part of the pharynx is NOT involved with food transport?

A) Nasopharynx

B) Oropharynx

C) Laryngopharynx

64) Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the ________.

A) epiglottis

B) palatine tonsils

C) tongue

D) soft palate

E) hard palate

65) The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during the ________ phase of swallowing.

A) voluntary

B) pharyngeal

C) esophageal

D) gastric

E) oral

66) Which structure moves food from the pharynx to the stomach?

A) Larynx

B) Laryngopharynx

C) Esophagus

D) Epiglottis

67) How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract?

A) It is all skeletal muscle.

B) The superior part is skeletal muscle.

C) The inferior part is skeletal muscle.

D) It has alternating smooth and skeletal muscle sections.

68) Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle?

A) The first phase of swallowing is under involuntary control.

B) The second phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.

C) The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.

D) The second phase of swallowing is under involuntary control.

69) Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition?

A) Pharyngeal, voluntary, esophageal

B) Esophageal, pharyngeal, voluntary

C) Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

D) Voluntary, esophageal, pharyngeal

70) Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true?

A) The voluntary phase begins in the pharynx.

B) In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.

C) The uvula rises during the esophageal phase.

D) Peristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing.

E) Breathing occurs during swallowing.

71) What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition?

A) Pharyngeal constriction

B) Peristalsis

C) The tongue

D) Segmentation

72) What prevents the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition?

A) Epiglottis

B) Uvula

C) Tongue

D) Upper esophageal sphincter

73) Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid?

A) Laryngeal constriction forces liquid through the pharynx.

B) Relaxation of the soft palate allows liquid to enter the nasal cavity.

C) The tongue might be swallowed.

D) Nothing; swallowing will be normal.

E) Peristalsis will not begin.

74) The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the ________.

A) nasopharynx

B) oropharynx

C) laryngopharynx

D) esophagus

E) larynx

75) The esophagus

A) extends from the fauces to the stomach.

B) has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing.

C) produces two enzymes that digest proteins.

D) has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.

E) has thin walls of connective tissue.

76) Which of the following cell types of the stomach is correctly matched with its function?

A) Mucous cells – produce intrinsic factor

B) Parietal cells – produce hydrochloric acid

C) Chief cells – produce mucus

D) Endocrine cells – produce enzymes

E) Chief cells – produce hormones

77) Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description?

A) Body - portion closest to the esophagus

B) Pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach

C) Fundus - opening from the stomach into the duodenum

D) Cardiac region - the largest portion of the stomach

E) Pyloric opening - opening from the esophagus

78) Inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is most appropriately referred to as ________.

A) esophagitis

B) a duodenal ulcer

C) a hiatal hernia

D) gastric ulcer

E) indigestion

79) Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of

A) relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.

B) contraction of the pyloric sphincter.

C) spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall.

D) increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells.

E) increased amounts of mucus produced by the stomach.

80) Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent

A) food from entering the stomach.

B) stomach acid from being released.

C) digestive enzymes from being released.

D) food from entering the small intestine.

E) the making of chyme.

81) Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?

A) Amylase and lipase

B) Pepsinogen and intrinsic factor

C) Bile and lipase

D) Trypsin and amylase

E) Bicarbonate and secretin

82) Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?

A) Muscularis - two layers; both circular

B) Rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa

C) Mucosa - gastric glands

D) Gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa

E) Lining - simple columnar epithelium

83) Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?

A) The stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won't attack it.

B) The digestive enzymes in the stomach aren't efficient enough.

C) The stomach lining is too tough to be digested.

D) The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.

E) The stomach is protected by HCl.

84) Intrinsic factor

A) increases gastric motility.

B) causes the release of stomach acid.

C) facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.

D) protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid.

E) stimulates the synthesis of DNA.

85) Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?

A) Activation of salivary amylase

B) Enhanced carbohydrate digestion

C) Proper environment for functioning of pepsin

D) Protein synthesis

E) Lipid digestion

86) The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the

A) active transport of H+ from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.

B) exchange of Na+ for H+ in the transport process.

C) active transport of Cl− from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.

D) exchange of Na+ and bicarbonate ions.

E) the combination of CO2 and water.

87) Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. Which of the following would be consistent with inserting a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat?

(1) Decreased gastric acid secretion

(2) Increased bile production

(3) Increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion

(4) Increased secretin and cholecystokinin

A) 1, 2, 3, 4

B) 1, 2, 3

C) 2, 3, 4

D) 1, 3, 4

E) 1, 2, 4

88) Pepsinogen

A) is secreted by parietal cells.

B) is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food.

C) is packaged in zymogen granules.

D) operates optimally at a pH of 5 or more.

E) helps to form peptide bonds.

89) Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the ________ phase.

A) cephalic

B) gastric

C) intestinal

D) pancreatic

E) conscious

90) The gastric phase of gastric secretion

A) decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach.

B) is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food.

C) is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves.

D) leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.

E) leads to the least volume of gastric secretion.

91) The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the ________ phase of gastric secretion.

A) cephalic

B) gastric

C) intestinal

D) cystic

E) hepatic

92) The intestinal phase of gastric secretion

A) is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.

B) leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2.

C) only stimulates gastric secretion.

D) will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum.

E) is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestines.

93) Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility?

A) Vagal stimulation

B) Chewing and swallowing food

C) Cholecystokinin (CCK)

D) Gastrin

E) Large amounts of fiber in the diet

94) Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion?

A) Acidic chyme in duodenum

B) Secretin

C) Gastrin

D) Cholecystokinin

E) Pepsin

95) Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of ________.

A) secretin and gastrin

B) cholecystokinin (CCK)

C) gastrin and histamine

D) somatostatin and CCK

E) insulin and glucagon

96) The enterogastric reflex can be triggered by

A) distention of the duodenal wall.

B) the presence of food in the stomach.

C) increased pH in the duodenum.

D) the cerebral cortex.

E) the hormone secretin.

97) Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called ________.

A) bolusin

B) chyme

C) bile

D) phlegm

E) feces

98) The pyloric pump

A) mixes stomach contents for digestion.

B) causes hunger contractions.

C) moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.

D) causes rugae to flatten.

E) opens the pyloric sphincter completely.

99) Duodenal gland secretion prevents

A) digestive enzyme release.

B) release of bile from the liver.

C) irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.

D) the release of insulin.

E) peristalsis.

100) Gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer can all be caused by

A) Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium.

B) increased secretion of gastric bicarbonate.

C) pH of the stomach contents continuously greater than 4.

D) increased mucus production by the neck cells.

E) None of the choices are correct.

101) Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include ________.

A) disaccharidases

B) secretin

C) cholecystokinin

D) bile

E) histamine

102) The villi, microvilli, and plicae circularis function to

A) liberate hormones.

B) promote peristalsis.

C) produce bile.

D) increase surface area for absorption.

E) stimulate chemical digestion.

103) The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the

A) pancreatic duct with the lacteals.

B) greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla.

C) common bile duct and pancreatic duct.

D) cystic duct and interlobular duct.

E) hepatic ducts and cystic ducts.

104) Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?

A) Submucosa

B) Mucosa

C) Muscularis

D) Serosa

E) Adventitia

105) Which portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?

A) Jejunum

B) Duodenum

C) Ileum

D) Common bile duct

E) Hepatopancreatic ampulla

106) Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?

A) Endocrine cells – produce mucus

B) Absorptive cells – produce digestive enzymes

C) Granular cells – absorb nutrients

D) Goblet cells – produce hormones

E) Granular cells – produce granules

107) Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent

A) pancreatic juice from entering the duodenum.

B) bile from entering the duodenum.

C) lymph from entering the jejunum.

D) chyme from entering the ileum.

E) chyme from entering the large intestine.

108) What is found in an intestinal villus?

A) Brush border

B) Digestive enzymes

C) Blood capillaries and a lacteal

D) Peyer patches and a lacteal

109) Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

A) The stomach and duodenum 

B) The duodenum and ileum

C) The jejunum and duodenum

D) The ileum and jejunum

110) What is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine?

A) Propelling the chyme forward

B) Mixing of intestinal contents

C) Moving intestinal contents into the colon

D) Stretching the intestinal wall

111) Which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility?

A) Distension of the intestinal wall

B) Low pH

C) Presence of amino acids

D) All of the choices are correct.

112) The gallbladder ________.

A) produces bile

B) is attached to the pancreas

C) stores bile

D) produces secretin

E) breaks down red blood cells

113) The pancreatic islets ________.

A) are found in the wall of the stomach

B) excrete mucus

C) produce digestive enzymes

D) are exocrine glands

E) are endocrine glands

114) Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true?

A) The head of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the ileum.

B) The pancreatic duct carries both enzymes and hormones.

C) The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.

D) The pancreas assists the stomach in the absorption of digested food.

E) The pancreas digests sugar.

115) Bile would flow directly from the

A) gallbladder into the hepatic duct.

B) hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.

C) bile canaliculus into the cystic duct.

D) common bile duct into the gallbladder.

E) cystic duct into the hepatic ducts.

116) Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder.

(1) Common bile duct

(2) Common hepatic duct

(3) Cystic duct

(4) Left and right hepatic ducts

A) 3, 4, 2

B) 3, 2, 1

C) 4, 2, 1

D) 4, 1, 2

E) 1, 4, 2

117) The liver

A) has two major lobes—caudate and quadrate.

B) is located on the superior surface of the diaphragm.

C) is not vascular.

D) is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen.

E) consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.

118) Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the ________.

A) hepatic artery

B) hepatic portal vein

C) hepatic vein

D) inferior vena cava

E) celiac trunk

119) Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?

A) Produce digestive enzymes

B) Synthesize hormones

C) Produce hydrochloric acid

D) Synthesize bile

E) Regulate pH

120) An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the ________.

A) pancreas

B) spleen

C) liver

D) stomach

E) gallbladder

121) The hepatic sinusoids

A) transport bile.

B) have phagocytic cells in their lining.

C) are part of the portal triad.

D) connect to the gallbladder.

E) do not have a function.

122) Bile is produced by cells of the ________.

A) duodenum

B) liver

C) gallbladder

D) pancreas

E) hepatopancreatic ampulla

123) Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of ________.

A) carbohydrates

B) lipids

C) proteins

D) disaccharides

E) All of the choices are correct.

124) The liver

A) produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.

B) produces several digestive enzymes.

C) stores vitamin C.

D) receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein.

E) cannot synthesize new molecules.

125) Bile secretion is

A) performed continuously by the liver.

B) is stimulated by sympathetic nerves.

C) is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts.

D) stimulated by increased vitamin B12 storage.

E) controlled by the gallbladder.

126) Bile

A) digests proteins in the small intestine.

B) emulsifies fats in the small intestine.

C) is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver.

D) activates trypsin in the small intestine.

E) activates the pancreas.

127) Functions of the liver include ________.

A) production of many blood proteins

B) interconversion of nutrients

C) detoxification of harmful chemicals

D) bile production

E) All of the choices are correct

128) Hepatocytes

A) phagocytize cells.

B) form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D.

C) convert ammonia to urea.

D) remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen.

E) All of the choices are correct.

129) Which of the following is NOT part of a portal triad?

A) Hepatic artery

B) Hepatic duct

C) Hepatic portal vein

D) Central vein

130) Where does bile enter the duodenum?

A) Cystic duct

B) Hepatopancreatic ampulla

C) Hepatic duct

D) Duodenal ampulla

131) What connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct?

A) Hepatic duct

B) Gallbladder duct

C) Cystic duct

D) Portal duct

132) What is the function of the gallbladder?

A) Produce bile

B) Store bicarbonate

C) Add pigment to bile

D) Store and concentrate bile

133) What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder?

A) Cholecystokinin (CCK)

B) Vagal stimulation

C) Secretin

D) Large amounts of protein in the chyme

134) Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue?

A) Colon

B) Liver

C) Pancreas

D) Gallbladder

E) Spleen

135) Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum.

(1) Ascending colon

(2) Descending colon

(3) Sigmoid colon

(4) Transverse colon

A) 1, 2, 3, 4

B) 1, 4, 2, 3

C) 2, 3, 1, 4

D) 2, 4, 1, 3

E) 1, 4, 3, 2

136) Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?

A) Ascending colon

B) Descending colon

C) Transverse colon

D) Sigmoid colon

E) Cecum

137) A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the ________.

A) ileocecal valve

B) hepatic flexure

C) splenic flexure

D) cardiac sphincter

E) gastric flexure

138) The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the ________.

A) teniae coli

B) haustra

C) coli longitudini

D) omental appendages

E) rugae

139) The major secretion of the large intestine is ________.

A) bile

B) hormones

C) mucus

D) vitamins

E) bacteria

140) The anal canal

A) begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum.

B) has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.

C) contains many goblet cells.

D) contains tubular glands called crypts.

E) has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle.

141) Which of the following apply to the small intestine?

A) Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ.

B) Segmentation contractions occur in this organ.

C) Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ.

D) Mixing and propulsion of chyme.

E) All of the choices are correct.

142) Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the ________.

A) stomach

B) small intestine

C) pancreas

D) large intestine

E) liver

143) Which of the following is mismatched?

A) Segmental contractions – mix intestinal contents

B) Peristaltic contractions – propel intestinal contents along G.I. tract

C) Sympathetic nerve fibers – increase intestinal motility

D) Distention of intestinal wall – increases intestinal motility

E) Parasympathetic nerve fibers – stimulate secretion of pancreatic juices

144) Which of the following statements applies to the ileocecal sphincter?

A) Cecal distention enhances relaxation of this sphincter.

B) Closure of this sphincter inhibits absorption in the small intestine.

C) Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax.

D) This sphincter is usually relaxed.

E) This sphincter stays contracted.

145) The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone ________.

A) secretin

B) cholecystokinin (CCK)

C) gastrin

D) somatostatin

E) insulin

146) When chyme enters the duodenum, ________ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates.

A) gastrin

B) secretin

C) insulin

D) cholecystokinin

E) glucagon

147) The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is ________.

A) gastric juice

B) biliary juice

C) salivary juice

D) pancreatic juice

E) hepatic juice

148) Which of the following enzymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic juice?

A) Bile

B) Trypsin

C) Sucrase

D) Pepsin

E) Lipase

149) Which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate?

A) Pepsin – protein

B) Amylase – starch

C) Trypsin – nucleic acids

D) Lipase – fat

E) Deoxyribonucleases – DNA

150) Enterokinase ________.

A) is a hormone

B) triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder

C) activates trypsinogen

D) increases duodenal motility

E) digests proteins

151) Trypsin can activate

A) pepsinogen.

B) chymotrypsinogen.

C) angiotensinogen.

D) endopeptidase.

E) lipase.

152) A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is ________.

A) ribonuclease

B) chymotrypsin

C) amylase

D) enterogastrone

E) pancreatic lipase

153) Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct?

A) Cholecystokinin stimulates relaxation of the gallbladder.

B) Cholecystokinin stimulates secretion of mucus by the gastric glands.

C) Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich solution.

D) Cholecystokinin stimulates the intestine to secrete trypsin.

E) Cholecystokinin stimulates gastric secretions.

154) The mucosa of the colon

A) contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells.

B) exchanges Na+ for Cl−.

C) actively secretes Na+ and Cl−.

D) produces enzymes that complete lipid digestion.

E) consists of stratified columnar epithelium.

155) One of the major functions of the large intestine is to

A) produce vitamin C.

B) regulate the release of bile.

C) break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin.

D) convert chyme to feces.

156) Feces consist of ________.

A) water

B) undigestible food

C) bacteria

D) sloughed-off epithelial cells

E) All of the answers are correct

157) Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that

A) empty the stomach.

B) release gastric secretions into the stomach.

C) cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.

D) lead to mass movements of the colon in response to food in the duodenum.

E) stop movement in the colon.

158) Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called ________.

A) segmental contractions

B) churning contractions

C) mass movements

D) rectal propulsions

E) defecation

159) The defecation reflex

A) is stimulated by distention of the rectum.

B) inhibits further peristalsis in the rectum and lower colon.

C) constricts the internal anal sphincter.

D) lasts several hours.

E) None of the choices are correct.

160) Which of the following does NOT illustrate digestion?

A) Polysaccharides → disaccharides

B) Fat → fatty acids and glycerol

C) CO2 and H2O → carbohydrates

D) Protein → amino acids

E) Disaccharides → monosaccharides

161) Enzymes for the digestion of disaccharides are produced in the ________.

A) mouth

B) stomach

C) pancreas

D) small intestine

E) liver

162) Insulin increases the rate of ________ transport into cells.

A) sucrose

B) fructose

C) glucose

D) galactose

E) lactose

163) Enzymes that digest carbohydrates include ________.

A) peptidases

B) amylase, maltase, and sucrase

C) lipase

D) maltase and lipase

E) trypsin and chymotrypsin

164) Monosaccharides

A) are emulsified before absorption.

B) are absorbed into lacteals.

C) use a symport process in their absorption.

D) need vitamin C to be absorbed.

E) cannot be absorbed.

165) If the thoracic duct were tied off, which of the following classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate?

A) Amino acids

B) Glucose

C) Lipids

D) Disaccharides

E) Monosaccharides

166) Emulsification

A) converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets.

B) occurs in the gallbladder.

C) chemically digests lipids.

D) increases surface area for lipid digestion.

E) involves enzymes.

167) Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called ________.

A) chylomicrons

B) micelles

C) monoglycerides

D) diglycerides

E) lacteals

168) Chylomicrons

A) are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells.

B) enter capillaries in the small intestine.

C) help emulsify fats.

D) are a rich source of carbohydrate.

E) are synthesized in the lumen of the small intestines.

169) Arrange the following events involving lipids in the correct order.

(1) Absorption of lipids

(2) Emulsification

(3) Micelle formation

(4) Digestion of lipids

A) 1, 2, 3, 4

B) 3, 4, 2, 1

C) 4, 1, 2, 3

D) 2, 4, 1, 3

E) 2, 4, 3, 1

170) In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains ________.

A) less lipid

B) less protein

C) more cholesterol

D) more carbohydrate

E) more amino acids

171) Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

A) LDL

B) HDL

C) VLDL

D) Chylomicron

E) CDL

172) True or False? Serum cholesterol levels are solely dependent on a person's dietary intake of cholesterol.

173) LDLs are taken into a cell by the process of ________.

A) simple diffusion

B) osmosis

C) receptor mediated endocytosis

D) HDL carrier molecules

E) facilitated diffusion

174) A cell needs a receptor in order to absorb LDLs. A disease that interferes with the functioning of these LDL receptors would

A) increase serum cholesterol levels.

B) decrease serum cholesterol levels.

C) halt endocytosis.

D) promote endocytosis.

E) have no effect on serum cholesterol or endocytosis.

175) Which of the following enzymes digests protein?

A) Bile

B) Pepsin

C) Isomaltose

D) Sucrase

E) Lipase

176) Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest.

(1) Dipeptide

(2) Protein

(3) Amino acid

(4) Polypeptide

A) 3, 1, 4, 2

B) 4, 1, 2, 3

C) 2, 4, 1, 3

D) 1, 2, 3, 4

E) 2, 4, 3, 1

177) Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion?

A) Glucose

B) Amino acids

C) LDL molecules

D) Micelles

E) Nucleic acids

178) Which of the following statements concerning proteins is true?

A) Peptidases are made in the large intestine.

B) Intestinal epithelial cells absorb more dipeptides and tripeptides than single amino acids.

C) The hepatic artery transports amino acids from the small intestine to the liver.

D) Amino acids leave intestinal epithelial cells and enter the lacteals.

E) Protein digestion starts in the duodenum.

179) When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated,

A) water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.

B) water moves by osmosis from the intestinal lumen into the blood.

C) water moves by endocytosis from intestinal lumen into interstitial spaces.

D) water moves by exocytosis from interstitial spaces into the stomach.

E) water does not move.

180) How are ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transported from the intestinal lumen?

A) Passive transport

B) Osmosis

C) Diffusion

D) Active transport

181) True or False? Most of the water that enters that digestive tract is removed by the body in urine.

182) Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system?

A) Blood supply decreases

B) More likely to develop ulcerations and cancers

C) Enamel on teeth becomes thinner

D) All of the choices are correct.

Use the key to choose the best answer.

A. First item is greater than the second item.

B. First item is less than the second item.

C. First item is equal or nearly equal to the second item.

183) (1) pH in the stomach during digestion

(2) pH in the duodenum during digestion

184) (1) Number of villi in small intestine

(2) Number of villi in large intestine

185) (1) Amount of bicarbonate in the aqueous component of pancreatic juice

(2) Amount of bicarbonate in the enzymatic portion of pancreatic juice

Match the secretion with the correct cell type.

A. Endocrine cells

B. Hepatocyte

C. Parietal cells

D. Acinar cells

E. Goblet cells

186) Hydrochloric acid

187) Bile

188) Gastrin

189) Trypsin

190) Mucus

Match the function with its appropriate description.

A. Movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood

B. Chewing of food

C. Muscular contractions that propel food

D. Removal of undigested wastes from body

E. Breakdown of organic molecules with digestive enzymes

191) Mastication

192) Peristalsis

193) Elimination

194) Chemical digestion

195) Absorption

Match the cell type with its function.

A. Produce hormones

B. Produce mucus

C. May protect intestinal epithelium

D. Synthesize bile

E. Produce digestive enzymes

196) Absorptive cells

197) Goblet cells

198) Granular cells

199) Endocrine cells

200) Hepatocytes

Match the mesentery or membrane with its appropriate description.

A. Mesentery of the small intestine

B. Serous membrane that covers organs

C. Attaches the liver to the diaphragm

D. Connects lesser curvature of stomach to the liver

E. Mesentery of the colon

201) Lesser omentum

202) Transverse mesocolon

203) Coronary ligament

204) Mesentery proper

205) Visceral peritoneum

Match the enzyme or hormone with the organ that produces it.

A. Salivary glands

B. Stomach

C. Liver

D. Small intestine

E. Pancreas

206) Gastric lipase

207) Trypsin

208) Pepsinogen

209) Lactase

210) Salivary amylase

211) Carboxypeptidase

212) Peptidases

213) Secretin

214) Cholecystokinin (CCK)

215) Disaccharidase

Match the enzyme with the products of its digestive activity.

A. Glucose and galactose

B. Amino acids

C. Fatty acids and glycerol

D. Maltose and isomaltose

E. Polysaccharides and disaccharides

216) Pancreatic lipase

217) Salivary amylase

218) Lactase

219) Pancreatic amylase

220) Carboxypeptidase

221) Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominantly in the ________.

A) oral cavity

B) large intestine

C) esophagus

D) stomach

E) small intestine

222) The enteric plexus is composed of the ________ and the ________.

A) submucosal plexus; myenteric plexus

B) submucosal plexus; colonic plexus

C) myenteric plexus; pancreatic portal

D) submucosal plexus; pancreatic portal

E) colonic plexus; pancreatic plexus

223) The major types of enteric neurons include all of the following, except

A) neurons that detect changes in chemical composition.

B) neurons that stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contractions.

C) neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons.

D) neurons that suppress epithelial secretions.

224) What is ascites?

A) The excess accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

B) The increased absorption of water from the chyme in the colon

C) The increased secretion of digestive enzymes due to nervous stimulation

D) The rapid elimination of feces due to toxin production

225) Which of the following is not a substance found in saliva?

A) Hydrochloric acid

B) Bicarbonate ion

C) Amylase

D) Mucin

E) Lysozymes

226) The hepatic lobule is a ________ -sided structure with a/an ________ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.

A) 6; portal

B) 5; portal

C) 6; venous

D) 5; arterial

E) 6; arterial

227) True or False? Cholecystokinin and the glossopharyngeal nerve stimulate the release of bile into the small intestine.

228) What is the function of bicarbonate when it is secreted by the large intestine?

A) It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions.

B) It aids in the digestion of proteins.

C) It decreases the pH of feces, which are alkaline because of bacterial secretions.

D) It aids in the digestion of cellulose.

229) The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the ________.

A) small intestine

B) large intestine

C) mouth

D) stomach

E) esophagus

230) The enterogastric reflex serves to ________.

A) relax the stomach in preparation for swallowed food

B) stimulate acid and enzyme secretion when food enters the stomach

C) stimulate intestinal motility when there is food in the stomach

D) inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine

E) relax the ileocecal valve when chyme is on its way to the colon

231) The ________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing ________.

A) duodenum; neutral fats

B) ileum; bilirubin

C) gallbladder; cholesterol

D) pancreas; bile salts

E) liver; cholesterol

232) Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?

A) Salivary amylase

B) Pancreatic amylase

C) Pepsin

D) Trypsin

E) Dipeptidase

233) Contact digestion takes place in/at the ________.

A) gastric pits

B) surface of the gastric mucosa

C) intestinal crypts

D) brush border of the small intestine

E) cytoplasm in the cells of the small intestine

234) Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?

A) Circular folds (plicae circulares)

B) Intestinal length

C) Microvilli

D) Villi

E) Rugae

235) The enzyme(s) called ________ break(s) down the substrate called ________.

A) lactase; glucose

B) peptidases; proteins

C) lipases; micelles

D) lactose; lactase

E) nucleases; nucleotides

236) Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the ________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the ________.

A) small intestine; large intestine

B) small intestine; liver

C) stomach; small intestine

D) stomach; large intestine

E) small intestine; small intestine

237) True or False? Without a properly functioning large intestine a person will have chronic diarrhea. 

238) Sammy is a 67-year-old man that has the following digestive issues: GERD, peptic ulcers, and diarrhea. Which of the following is least likely to be a consequence of Sammy's age?

A) Diarrhea

B) GERD

C) Peptic ulcer

D) Both "GERD" and "peptic ulcer" are correct.

239) Harrison loves to entertain his classmates with his strange talents. His newest "trick" is to roll his tongue into a tube shape. Which muscles are important for Harrison to perform this trick?

A) Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

B) Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

C) Buccinator

D) Both "Intrinsic muscles of the tongue" and "Buccinator" are correct.

240) True or False? During mastication, food molecules are digested as the teeth break chemical bonds.

241) Oliver received a blow to the left side of his head, just anterior to his ear. Which of the following digestive structures was likely affected?

A) Parotid salivary gland

B) Submandibular salivary gland

C) Pharynx

D) Sublingual salivary gland

242) Nancy has several dental caries on the visible surface of one of her molars. The caries have eroded through to the pulp cavity. Which of the following accurately lists the layers affected by the caries?

A) Dentin, enamel, cementum

B) Enamel, dentin

C) Cementum, dentin

D) Enamel only

243) True or False? A cracker will "melt in your mouth" because of the action of lingual lipase.

244) If gases are released as digestion of food begins in the stomach, where is it most likely to accumulate?

A) Body

B) Fundus

C) Pyloric

D) Both "Fundus" and "Pyloric" are correct.

245) Celiac disease causes degeneration of the villi of the small intestine. What is a likely affect of this degeneration?

A) Decrease in absorption due to reduced surface area

B) Increased permeability of the lining of the digestive tract, allowing more material to move into the blood

C) Lack of lipid absorption as the villi are important for lipid absorption

D) None of the choices are correct.

246) George has to have his gallbladder removed. His friend told him he can no longer eat fats because he will no longer produce bile. Is this an accurate description of George's future diet?

A) No; the gallbladder only stores the bile that is produced by the liver.

B) No; bile is involved in protein digestion only.

C) Yes; the gallbladder is the organ that produces bile.

D) Yes; bile must first be stored in the gallbladder before it is functional.

247) A gallstone has completely blocked flow of bile into the small intestine. Where is the stone most likely lodged?

A) Common bile duct

B) Cystic duct

C) Hepatic duct

D) Pancreatic duct

248) Defecation following a meal is usually the result of

A) mass movements stimulated by the gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflexes moving feces towards the rectum.

B) segmentation movements stimulated by the duodenocolic reflexes.

C) peristalsis in the small intestine initiated by entry of chyme into the duodenum.

249) Which of the following statements concerning digestion in the stomach is not true?

A) Salivary amylase will eventually be inactivated in the stomach, halting carbohydrate digestion.

B) Gastric lipase is produced in large volumes, allowing for high levels of lipid digestion.

C) Proteins are digested by HCl only.

D) All of the choices are correct.