Ch25 | Verified Test Bank – Nutrition, Metabolism, And

Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology, 12e (VanPutte)

Chapter 25 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation

1) Nutrition includes the study of

A) the nutrients in foods.

B) the body's utilization of nutrients.

C) how nutrients play a role in your body's health.

D) digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients.

E) All of these choices are correct.

2) Which of the following are energy nutrients?

A) Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

B) Proteins, water, and minerals

C) Lipids, minerals, and vitamins

D) Vitamins, lipids, and carbohydrates

E) Water, minerals, and vitamins

3) Essential nutrients

A) are important in the diet but not necessary for life.

B) are the only nutrients required by the body.

C) cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body.

D) are needed to make food taste good.

E) are manufactured by the body.

4) What is the measurement of the energy content of food?

A) Grams

B) Calories

C) BTUs

D) Joules

5) The MyPlate icon suggests that

A) you eat as many sweets as you want.

B) your diet should contain a variety of foods, with a large portion being vegetables.

C) meats are the most important part of your diet.

D) milk and cheese should be the main part of your diet.

E) you should only eat one or two vegetables per day.

6) A kilocalorie (kcal) is a measure of the

A) protein content of food.

B) acidity of food.

C) fat content of food.

D) energy content of food.

E) heat content of food.

7) One gram of carbohydrate, one gram of lipid, and one gram of protein yield ________, ________, and ________ kilocalories respectively.

A) 4, 4, 4

B) 9, 9, 9

C) 4, 9, 4

D) 4, 9, 9

E) 9, 9, 4

8) Starches and sugars are examples of ________.

A) carbohydrates

B) lipids

C) proteins

D) vitamins

E) minerals

9) Complex carbohydrates include

A) glucose and fructose.

B) maltose and sucrose.

C) starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

D) cellulose and glucose.

E) glucose and lactose.

10) Which of the following statements concerning carbohydrates is true?

A) The primary role of carbohydrates is to serve as an energy source.

B) Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and amino acids.

C) Maltose is a complex carbohydrate.

D) Sucrose is the primary source of energy for most cells.

E) Most carbohydrates come from animal products.

11) Carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood as ________.

A) disaccharides

B) monosaccharides

C) oligosaccharides

D) polysaccharides

E) glycoproteins

12) The primary source of energy for most cells is ________.

A) sucrose

B) fructose

C) glucose

D) maltose

E) lactose

13) The most common monosaccharides in the diet are ________ and ________.

A) glucose; fructose

B) galactose; fructose

C) glucose; glycerol

D) glycogen; glucose

E) lactose; maltose

14) Excess glucose in animals is stored as ________.

A) starch

B) sucrose

C) glycogen

D) galactose

E) cellulose

15) Which of the following organs can store glycogen?

A) Spleen and pancreas

B) Kidney and adrenal gland

C) Large and small intestines

D) Liver and muscles

E) Stomach and pancreas

16) Which of the following statements regarding cellulose is true?

A) Cellulose can be digested by human digestive enzymes.

B) Cellulose provides fiber or "roughage."

C) Cellulose is another name for glucose.

D) Cellulose is one of the units of a sucrose molecule.

E) Cellulose is a source of energy.

17) If your daily diet is deficient in carbohydrates, the result might be

A) obesity.

B) increased subcutaneous fat.

C) decrease of muscle mass.

D) constipation.

E) sensation of thirst.

18) A compound composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule would be a ________.

A) monoglyceride

B) diglyceride

C) triglyceride

D) phospholipid

E) cholesterol

19) If the fatty acid portion of a fat molecule has ten double covalent bonds, the fat is said to be ________.

A) hydrogenated

B) polyunsaturated

C) monounsaturated

D) saturated

E) disaturated

20) Olive and peanut oils are both examples of ________.

A) solid fats

B) polyunsaturated fats

C) monounsaturated fats

D) fatty acids

E) hydrogenated

21) Polyunsaturated vegetable oils can be changed from liquids to solids by

A) adding more unsaturated fatty acids to the molecules.

B) removing the glycerol portion of the molecules.

C) decreasing the number of double covalent bonds in their fatty acids.

D) removing hydrogens from the molecules.

22) Phospholipids

A) are found in plasma membranes.

B) are used as an energy source by cells.

C) can be modified to form cholesterol.

D) are involved in the process of inflammation.

E) are found inside organelles.

23) About 95% of the lipids in the human diet are ________.

A) cholesterol derivatives

B) lecithins

C) triglycerides

D) starches and other complex polysaccharides

E) phospholipids

24) Cholesterol

A) must be obtained from plants.

B) can be manufactured by most tissues.

C) is a hormone.

D) is necessary for blood clotting.

E) has no constructive function in the body.

25) A student's dietary intake includes 100 grams of fat and a total of 2000 kilocalories. What percentage of the total kilocalories in this student's diet comes from fat?

A) 10%

B) 20%

C) 37%

D) 45%

E) 50%

26) Excess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue. Which of the following is a function of adipose tissue?

A) To assist the body in temperature homeostasis

B) Padding and protection

C) Energy storage

D) Insulation

E) All of the choices are correct.

27) Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?

A) Lecithin

B) Linoleic acid

C) Stearic acid

D) Butyric acid

E) Hydrochloric acid

28) Eicosanoids are involved in ________.

A) inflammation

B) blood clotting

C) tissue repair

D) smooth muscle contraction

E) All of the choices are correct.

29) An essential amino acid

A) can be formed from lipids in the body.

B) can be synthesized by the body if there is enough nitrogen.

C) must be made from glucose.

D) must be supplied in the diet.

E) cannot be converted to nonessential amino acids.

30) Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by ________.

A) acting as buffers

B) releasing nitrogen

C) transporting iron

D) binding Na+

E) removing CO2 from the blood

31) Which of the following recommendations regarding daily requirements is correct?

A) Fats should account for 45% of total caloric intake.

B) Carbohydrate intake should be around 500 grams daily.

C) Protein consumption should be 10-35% of total kilocalorie intake.

D) Cholesterol intake should be about 300 milligrams per day.

E) Protein consumption should be about 45% of total kilocalorie intake.

32) A food that contains all nine essential amino acids is called a/an ________ protein.

A) plasma

B) incomplete

C) complete

D) intracellular

E) adequate

33) Which of the following is an example of an incomplete protein food?

A) Eggs

B) Meat

C) Milk

D) Leafy green vegetables

E) Cheese

34) Proteins that function in immunity include ________.

A) enzymes

B) antibodies

C) hormones

D) collagens

E) fibrin

35) Functions of proteins include

A) providing structural strength in connective tissue.

B) serving as a part of the cholesterol molecule.

C) serving as the primary energy source of cells.

D) transport of nitrogen gas in the blood.

E) padding and insulation.

36) Which of the following is an example of a water-soluble vitamin?

A) vitamin A

B) vitamin C

C) vitamin D

D) vitamin K

E) vitamin E

37) Which of the following individuals is most likely to be in a negative nitrogen balance?

A) A healthy pregnant woman

B) A 10-year-old child

C) An adult woman with adequate protein intake

D) An elderly homeless man

E) A healthy adult man who exercises

38) Fat soluble vitamins can be toxic in large doses because they

A) do not dissolve in water.

B) can be stored and accumulate in body tissues.

C) are rapidly excreted.

D) release free radicals.

E) are flushed out of the body.

39) Excessive bleeding due to slowed blood clotting is a symptom of vitamin ________ deficiency.

A) A

B) D

C) E

D) K

E) C

40) Vitamin E and vitamin C

A) both release free radicals.

B) are needed in RBC production.

C) are both antioxidants.

D) are formed from provitamins.

E) are required for blood clotting.

41) Which of the following vitamins is mismatched with its function?

A) Vitamin D – bone growth

B) Vitamin A – rhodopsin synthesis

C) Folate – synthesis of clotting factors

D) Vitamin C – collagen synthesis

E) Vitamin B12 – red blood cell production

42) What would happen to a vitamin if its chemical structure is destroyed by catabolism?

A) It could be recycled.

B) It would become nonfunctional.

C) It becomes a provitamin.

D) It becomes a coenzyme.

E) Nothing; this is normal.

43) Minerals

A) are organic nutrients.

B) can be manufactured by the body if the diet does not supply enough.

C) can serve as buffers and components of enzymes.

D) are found in high concentrations in refined cereals and breads.

E) are not necessary for normal metabolic function.

44) Which of the following minerals is important in acid-base balance?

A) Calcium

B) Chlorine

C) Iron

D) Manganese

E) Sodium

45) Which of the following minerals is part of the hemoglobin molecule?

A) Calcium

B) Iodine

C) Iron

D) Zinc

E) Fluorine

46) Which of the following minerals is mismatched with its function?

A) Calcium – bone formation

B) Zinc – hemoglobin synthesis

C) Potassium – muscle and nerve function

D) Cobalt – erythrocyte production

E) Selenium – component of many enzymes

47) The Daily Values appearing on food labels are based on a ________ kilocalorie reference diet.

A) 1200

B) 1500

C) 2000

D) 2500

48) The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body is known as ________.

A) absorption

B) metabolism

C) digestion

D) catabolism

E) anabolism

49) Which of the following statements concerning metabolic reactions is true?

A) Catabolic reactions are synthesis reactions.

B) Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids.

C) The energy derived from anabolism is used to drive catabolism.

D) Anabolic reactions release energy.

E) Catabolic reactions consume energy.

50) The digestion of complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides is an example of ________.

A) anabolism

B) synthesis

C) absorption

D) catabolism

51) The production of protein by cells is an example of ________.

A) anabolism

B) catabolism

C) glycolysis

D) phosphorylation

E) decomposition

52) The energy currency of the cell is a molecule called ________.

A) glucose

B) pyruvate

C) fat

D) ADP

E) ATP

53) In which of these cells would you expect the ATP concentration to be the highest?

A) Active cells

B) Resting cells

C) Exhausted cells

D) Dead cells

54) Which type of reactions are involved in ATP production?

A) Single replacement reactions

B) Combustion reactions

C) Oxidation-reduction reactions

D) Neutralization reactions

55) Which atom is a major player in the production of energy from nutrient molecules?

A) Carbon

B) Oxygen

C) Hydrogen

D) Nitrogen

56) Glycolysis is best defined as the breakdown of

A) glucose to carbon dioxide and water.

B) glucose to two molecules of pyruvate.

C) pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water.

D) glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate.

E) glucose to glycogen.

57) Which of the following steps in glycolysis occurs last?

A) Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

B) Production of ATP from phosphoenolpyruvic acid

C) Phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate

D) Cleavage of fructose 1, 6 diphosphate

E) Input of 2 ATP molecules

58) In glycolysis,

A) NAD+ is reduced to form NADH.

B) more energy is used than produced.

C) glucose is formed as an end product.

D) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is used as an enzyme.

E) oxygen must be present for it to start.

59) When glucose is metabolized in the absence of oxygen, one of the end products is ________.

A) pyruvate

B) ketone bodies

C) lactate

D) citric acid

E) nitric acid

60) One difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration is that

A) anaerobic respiration utilizes the citric acid cycle, but aerobic respiration does not.

B) aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

C) anaerobic respiration takes place inside cells, while aerobic respiration takes place in the extracellular fluid.

D) aerobic respiration does not require oxygen.

E) aerobic respiration takes place after anaerobic respiration.

61) A series of metabolic reactions in the liver that converts lactate into glucose is called ________.

A) the electron transport system

B) the Cori cycle

C) the citric acid cycle

D) beta oxidation

E) sugar cleavage

62) What is the net yield of ATP and NADH produced by glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

A) 2 ATP and 1 NADH

B) 4 ATP and 4 NADH

C) 2 ATP and 2 NADH

D) 1 ATP and 2 NADH

63) Where does glycolysis take place?

A) In the inner compartment of the mitochondrion

B) On the surface of the mitochondrion

C) In the cytoplasm of the cell

D) Along the cristae of the mitochondrion

64) The citric acid cycle begins by combining

A) carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid.

B) pyruvate and acetic acid to form acetoacetic acid.

C) pyruvate and carbon dioxide to form lactate.

D) oxaloacetic acid and acetyl-CoA to form citric acid.

E) pyruvate and citric acid.

65) Which of the following is the correct sequence?

A) Acetyl-CoA formation, glycolysis, electron-transport chain, citric acid cycle

B) Acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis

C) Citric acid cycle, glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain

D) Glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

E) Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain

66) Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is false?

A) The process occurs in the mitochondria.

B) The major end product of the cycle is lactate.

C) At several steps, NADH molecules are formed.

D) Carbon dioxide is produced at several steps in the cycle.

E) Two ATP are formed in the cycle from one glucose.

67) The result of five turns of the citric acid cycle would be

A) 5 ATP, 5 NADH, 5 FADH2, 5 carbon dioxide.

B) 5 ATP, 15 NADH, 5 FADH2, 10 carbon dioxide.

C) 10 ATP, 30 NADH, 10 FADH2, 20 carbon dioxide.

D) 10 ATP, 10 NADH, 5 FADH2, 10 carbon dioxide.

E) 15 ATP, 15 NADH, 15 FADH2, 15 carbon dioxide

68) The mitochondrion is the site of ________.

A) glycolysis

B) the citric acid cycle

C) electron-transport chain

D) lactate formation

E) Both "the citric acid cycle" and "the electron-transport chain" are correct.

69) Activity at the electron transport chain

A) results in the formation of ATP.

B) converts acetate to ketone bodies.

C) converts glucose to fatty acids.

D) converts fatty acids to glucose.

E) removes a phosphate from ATP.

70) If oxygen is present, what is the net yield of ATP produced by the oxidation of one molecule of glucose?

A) 4

B) 18

C) 22

D) 36

E) 40

71) A molecule that moves electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain is ________.

A) pyruvate

B) CO2

C) ADP

D) NADH

E) H2O

72) Each NADH molecule fed into the electron transport chain produces approximately ________ ATPs.

A) 2

B) 3

C) 4

D) 5

E) 6

73) Which of the following statements concerning the electron-transport chain is true?

A) Hydrogen ions are pumped across the plasma membrane.

B) Electrons pass from one electron carrier to another in the electron transport chain.

C) Water serves as the final electron acceptor.

D) Chemiosmosis forms carbon dioxide.

E) The chemiosmosis model refers to movement of water.

74) The name of the process that couples the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane to ATP production is ________.

A) the citric acid cycle

B) the glycolytic pathway

C) chemiosmosis

D) Cori cycle

E) hydrosmotic model

75) Which of the following events at the electron-transport chain occurs last?

A) Hydrogen ions diffuse into inner mitochondrial compartment.

B) Hydrogen ions are moved from inner to outer mitochondrial compartment.

C) The movement of hydrogen ions through special channels is coupled to ATP production.

D) A hydrogen ion concentration gradient is established.

E) NADH transfer electrons to the electron-transport chain.

76) How many ATP are made from each FADH2 that transfers electrons to the electron transport chain?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

77) What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain?

A) Water

B) NADH

C) Oxygen

D) Carbon dioxide

78) The body's main energy storage molecules are ________.

A) sugars

B) proteins

C) lipids

D) vitamins

E) carbohydrates

79)  Which of the following is the correct sequence of events that occurs when fatty acids are used to generate ATP?

A) Beta oxidation, electron transport chain, deamination.

B) Electron transport chain, beta oxidation, glycolysis.

C) Beta oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain.

D) Glycolysis, beta oxidation, citric acid cycle.

E) Citric acid cycle, glycolysis, beta oxidation.

80) Beta oxidation results in the formation of ________.

A) pyruvate

B) acetyl CoA

C) carbon monoxide

D) oxaloacetate

E) ketone bodies

81) Acetyl CoA

A) can enter the electron transport system directly.

B) is a by product of glycolysis.

C) might be used in ketogenesis.

D) is needed to start oxidative deamination.

E) is converted to pyruvate.

82) The formation of triglycerides is called ________.

A) glycogenesis

B) lipogenesis

C) gluconeogenesis

D) ketogenesis

E) beta-oxidation

83) Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called ________.

A) glycolysis

B) lipogenesis

C) beta oxidation

D) gluconeogenesis

E) ketogenesis

84) The presence of ketone bodies in the urine indicates increased metabolism of ________.

A) amino acids

B) lactate

C) fatty acids

D) nucleic acids

E) citric acids

85) Tim has been on a low-fat, no carbohydrate diet for two months. Which of the following would you expect to find in large quantities in his urine?

A) Glucose

B) Lactate

C) Pyruvate

D) Ketone bodies

E) Proteins

86) Amino acids can be used as a source of energy

A) by converting them into nucleic acids.

B) by subjecting them to oxidative deamination.

C) in the process of transamination.

D) by converting them to ethanol.

E) and can be stored in the body.

87) Transamination

A) results in free fatty acids.

B) requires glucose.

C) can be used to synthesize essential amino acids.

D) involves removing an amine group from an amino acid.

E) directly produces urea.

88) Oxidative deamination is a chemical process in which

A) protein is synthesized.

B) amino acids are buffered in the kidney.

C) the amine group is removed from an amino acid.

D) fatty acids are broken down to yield acetyl CoA.

E) glutamic acid is produced.

89) When the amine (NH2) group is stripped off of an amino acid, this amine group is converted to ________.

A) lactate

B) glucose

C) ammonia

D) glycerol

E) urea

90) Arrange the following steps of protein metabolism in correct sequence.

1. Ammonia is converted to urea in the liver.

2. Oxidative deamination of an amino acid.

3. Urea is eliminated by the kidney.

4. Ammonia and keto acids are formed.

A) 1, 3, 4, 2

B) 2, 4, 1, 3

C) 3, 1, 4, 2

D) 4, 1, 3, 2

E) 2, 3, 1, 4

91) Which amino acid is usually formed from the transamination of another amino acid?

A) Serine

B) Glycine

C) Aspartic acid

D) Glutamic acid

92) What is the glutamic acid made from transamination used for?

A) It enters the citric acid cycle.

B) It is used to make other nonessential amino acids.

C) It is used to produce ATP.

D) None of the choices are correct.

93) Which of the following is/are possible uses of amino acids in energy production?

A) Forming a ketoacid that can enter the citric acid cycle

B) Forming intermediate molecules of carbohydrate metabolism

C) Forming NADH that enters the electron-transport chain

D) All of the choices are correct.

94) Which process prepares glutamic acid for use in energy production?

A) Transamination

B) Oxidative deamination

C) Protein synthesis

D) Ketogenesis

95) The formation of glycogen from glucose is called ________.

A) glycolysis

B) glycogenesis

C) glycogenolysis

D) gluconeogenesis

E) glucogenesis

96) The process that uses amino acids and glycerol to form glucose is ________.

A) ketogenesis

B) glycogenesis

C) lipogenesis

D) gluconeogenesis

E) glycolysis

97) Glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids can be metabolized within the cell to liberate ________.

A) oxygen

B) energy

C) carbon dioxide

D) hydrogen

E) nitrogen

98) There is a need for glucose in the body. Which of the following reactions will yield glucose directly?

A) Beta oxidation

B) Glycogenolysis

C) Glycolysis

D) Deamination

E) Glucogenesis

99) Why is it important that glucose be converted to glucose-6-phosphate once glucose enters a cell?

A) This form is easier for cells to metabolize.

B) Glucose can't diffuse out of the cell if it is in this form.

C) The cells can easily excrete this molecule.

D) It becomes a long-term storage molecule for glucose.

E) It can now cross the plasma membrane.

100) Which of the following events takes place during the absorptive state?

A) Protein is converted into glucose in the process of deamination.

B) Glucose is converted into energy, glycogen, or lipids.

C) Ketones are produced from fatty acids.

D) Lipids are converted into glucose via beta oxidation.

E) Glycogen is converted to glucose.

101) The absorptive state

A) occurs immediately to about 4 hours after meals.

B) is when glycogenolysis usually occurs.

C) has gluconeogenesis as one of its main events.

D) occurs in the large intestine.

E) occurs just before breakfast.

102) Arrange the following events so that they indicate a possible metabolic sequence the body might use to interconvert a protein to a lipid.

1. Glycerol and three fatty acids combine to form triglycerides.

2. Fatty acids are formed from acetyl CoA.

3. Protein is digested to release amino acids.

4. Amino acids are converted to acetyl CoA.

A) 2, 3, 4, 1

B) 3, 4, 2, 1

C) 4, 2, 3, 1

D) 2, 4, 3, 1

E) 4, 3, 2, 1

103) During the postabsorptive state, the first source of glucose is ________.

A) lipids.

B) sugars.

C) glycogen.

D) amino acids.

E) carbohydrates.

104) The events that occur in the postabsorptive state collectively ________.

A) decrease lipid metabolism

B) maintain blood glucose levels

C) interconvert proteins to lipids

D) assure adequate lipogenesis

E) maintain protein levels

105) Which of the following is least likely to occur late in the postabsorptive state?

A) Hydrolysis of triglycerides

B) Use of acetyl-CoA and ketones for energy

C) Formation of glycogen

D) Use of proteins as an energy source

E) Reduced removal of glucose from the blood

106) Metabolic rate is the total amount of

A) glucose absorbed by the small intestine each hour.

B) heat produced by body cells in an hour.

C) energy produced and used by the body per unit of time.

D) carbon dioxide exhaled per unit of time.

E) kilocalories consumed.

107) If a person cuts their daily caloric intake by 500 Kcal, how long will it take to lose 1 pound?

A) 5 days

B) 1 week

C) 10 days

D) 2 weeks

E) 12 days

108) The BMR (basal metabolic rate) can increase

A) during fasting.

B) during pregnancy.

C) as a result of decreased thyroid hormone production.

D) while resting instead of studying for a test.

E) during dieting.

109) The energy cost for assimilation of food is called ________.

A) the thermic effect of food

B) the basal metabolic rate

C) the caloric intake

D) homeothermy

E) free energy

110) Which of the following will increase metabolic rate?

A) Exercise

B) Fasting

C) Malnutrition

D) Reduced caloric intake

E) Dieting

111) Which of the following groups has the highest basal metabolic rate?

A) Older individuals

B) Young, active males

C) Middle age females

D) Young, active female

E) They all have the same rates.

112) If energy intake is greater than energy output, an individual will tend to

A) gain weight.

B) lose weight.

C) neither gain nor lose weight.

113) Total energy expenditure is estimated from

A) basal metabolic rate.

B) thermic effect of food.

C) physical activity.

D) All of the choices are correct

114) Which of the following events would occur when the environmental temperature is considerably lower than body temperature?

A) Sweating

B) Vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the skin

C) Increased heat loss through the skin

D) Decreased muscular activity to maintain heat

E) Vasodilation of the blood vessels of the skin

115) The portion of the brain that regulates body temperature is the ________.

A) cerebral cortex

B) hypothalamus

C) medulla oblongata

D) pons

E) hypophysis

116) If an increase in blood temperature were detected, one would probably observe

A) increased sweat production.

B) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels.

C) increased muscular activity.

D) shivering.

E) decreased sweat production.

117) Which of the following is an example of convection?

A) Infrared radiation

B) Sweating

C) Exposure of the body to cold air

D) Warming a chair by sitting in it

E) Losing water to the air

Match the function or term with the appropriate organic molecule.

A. Carbohydrates

B. Lipids

C. Proteins

D. Nucleic acids

118) Primary energy source

119) Vitamins A, E, D, K

120) Enzymes

121) Padding and insulation

122) Hemoglobin

123) Cellulose

124) Adipose tissue

125) Structural component of plasma membrane

126) Antibodies

127) Functional component of plasma membrane

128) Actin and myosin

129) Glycogen

130) Steroids

131) Collagen

132) DNA and RNA

Use the following key to choose the best answer.

A. The first item is greater than the second item.

B. The first item is less than the second item.

C. The first item is equal or nearly equal to the second item.

133) (1) Number of ATPs produced in aerobic respiration

(2) Number of ATPs produced in anaerobic respiration

134) (1) Basal metabolic rate for a female

(2) Basal metabolic rate for a male

135) (1) Heat loss wearing a hat

(2) Heat loss without a hat

Match the vitamin with its function in the body.

A. Required for the synthesis of clotting factors (prothrombin)

B. Is a component of the coenzyme FAD

C. Promotes calcium and phosphorus use

D. Involved in amino acid metabolism

E. Primary constituent of coenzyme A

136) Riboflavin

137) Pantothenic acid

138) Pyridoxine (B6)

139) Vitamin D

140) Vitamin K

Match the vitamin with its associated disease.

A. Scurvy

B. Night blindness

C. Beriberi

D. Pellagra

E. Pernicious anemia

141) Vitamin A

142) Thiamin

143) Niacin

144) Vitamin C

145) Vitamin B12

Match the mineral with its function.

A. Functions in carbon dioxide metabolism and transport, also needed for protein metabolism

B. Component of hemoglobin

C. A constituent of coenzymes; needed for bone formation and proper function of nerve and muscle

D. Needed for the production of thyroxine

E. Component of nucleic acids and ATP; used in bone formation

146) Iodine

147) Iron

148) Magnesium

149) Phosphorus

150) Zinc

151) ________ are chemicals that are taken into the body and used to produce energy or provide building blocks for new molecules.

152) In the process called ________, glucose is broken down to two pyruvate molecules.

153) Catabolism within cells liberates energy, which is then captured and used to phosphorylate ADP to form ________.

154) The formation of lipids from excess glucose is called ________.

155) The chemical formation of ATP is coupled to a diffusion force in ________.

156) When glucose enters a cell, it is phosphorylated to form ________.

157) Which class of nutrients do we require the least of?

A) Vitamins

B) Water

C) Carbohydrates

D) Lipids

E) Proteins

158) Small dietary organic compounds that are necessary for metabolism are called ________.

A) vitamins

B) minerals

C) water

D) lipids

E) proteins

159) Which of the following is an example of catabolism?

A) Glycolysis

B) Synthesis of ATP

C) Production of hormones

D) Maintaining cell structure

E) Protein synthesis

160) When is NAD+ reduced to form NADH in glycolysis?

A) After cleavage of sugar

B) First step of the process

C) Right before the cleavage step

D) Right before conversion to pyruvic acid

161) During the steps of glycolysis, ________ ATPs, ________ NADHs, and ________ molecules of pyruvate are produced.

A) 4; 2; 2

B) 6; 4; 2

C) 3; 4; 5

D) 2; 4; 6

E) 4; 6; 8

162) In the first step of the citric acid cycle, ________ acid combines with acetyl-CoA to produce citric acid.

A) oxaloacetic

B) pyruvic

C) lactic

D) alpha ketoglutaric

E) ketoglutaric

163) Each complex in the electron transport chain collectively acts as a ________ pump that removes H+ from the mitochondrial matrix and pumps it into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

A) proton

B) electron

C) neutron

D) sodium-potassium

E) calcium

164) The yield of ATP in aerobic respiration is usually lower than the theoretical 36 molecules due to all of the following, except

A) production of lactate.

B) cost to shuttle NADH into the mitochondrion.

C) getting ATP out of the mitochondrion.

D) different yields per NADH molecule.

165) With uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the increased lipid metabolism will cause an increase in ________ formation.

A) ketone bodies

B) carbohydrates

C) fatty acids

D) oxygen

E) ATP

166) True or False? The body synthesizes nonessential amino acids in a process called oxidative deamination.

167) The transformation of acetyl-CoA to free fatty acids is a process called ________.

A) lipogenesis

B) ketogenesis

C) cellular respiration

D) glucogenesis

E) fermentation

168) Which of the following are events of the absorptive state? (Check all that apply.)

A) Triglycerides stored in adipose tissue

B) Glucose converted to glycogen

C) Lipids and proteins used for fuel

D) Synthesis of proteins

E) Glycogenolysis

169) Which of the following does NOT contribute to basal metabolism?

A) Exercise programs

B) Muscle tone

C) Heart contractions

D) Thermoregulation

E) Plasma membrane transport

170) If air temperature is higher than skin temperature, ________ becomes a means of heat loss through evaporation.

A) sweating

B) shivering

C) fever

D) chills

E) vasoconstriction

171) True or False? Both glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis are examples of catabolic reactions.

172) Which of the following are macronutrients?

A) Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphorous

B) Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

C) Sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

D) Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water

E) Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, but not water

173) Carbohydrates function as structural components in all of the following except ________.

A) glycolipids

B) glycoproteins

C) nucleic acids

D) amino acids

E) ATP

174) Which of the following is not a function of proteins in the body?

A) Muscle contraction

B) Transport of blood lipids

C) Maintaining blood viscosity and osmolarity

D) Catalyzing enzymatic reactions

E) Serving as cofactors for enzymes

175) Where is most protein in the body found?

A) In the skeletal system

B) In the muscular system

C) In the the cardiovascular system

D) In the integumentary system

E) In the lymphatic system

176) Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?

A) Glucose

B) Carbon dioxide

C) Lactate

D) Pyruvate

E) Acetyl-CoA

177) Which of the following is true concerning oxygen in regards to aerobic respiration?

A) It transports electrons to the mitochondrion.

B) It directly transfers electrons and protons to NAD+ and FAD.

C) It directly receives electrons and protons from NAD+ and FAD.

D) It is the only substrate of aerobic respiration.

E) It is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

178) What is the synthesis of glucose from amino acids called?

A) Glycogenesis

B) Glycogenolysis

C) Glycolysis

D) Gluconeogenesis

E) Glycogen catabolism

179) Which of the following is a final product of aerobic respiration?

A) Carbon dioxide

B) Pyruvate

C) Lactate

D) Glucose

E) Oxygen

180) What process produces most of the NADH that contributes to ATP synthesis in the cell?

A) Glycolysis

B) The citric acid cycle

C) Anaerobic fermentation

D) The mitochondrial proton pumps

E) The electron transfer from FADH2

181) Which of the following compounds yields the most ATP per molecule?

A) Glucose

B) Pyruvate

C) Acetyl-CoA

D) Lactate

E) Glycogen

182) The inner membrane of a mitochondrion contains the protein ________, which harnesses the energy created by H+ flow to produce ATP by a process called ________.

A) enzyme complex; reduction

B) ATP synthase; oxidation

C) enzyme complex; proton pumping

D) ATP synthase; the chemiosmotic mechanism

E) cytochrome c; reduction

183) Most of the lipids in the body are stored in what form?

A) LDL

B) HDL

C) Cholesterol

D) Triglycerides

E) Fatty acids

184) Which of the following does not explain why people on weight-loss diets often lose weight quickly at first, but then more slowly over time?

A) Water is lost quickly but other weight is harder to lose.

B) The initial weight loss is mostly fat.

C) As a diet progresses, the body produces more fat even with the same caloric intake.

D) The body lowers its metabolic rate when it loses weight.

E) Will power often weakens as the diet progresses.

185) During periods of fasting, why is fat said to have a protein-sparing effect?

A) The body oxidizes its spare protein before it depletes its fat reserves.

B) The body metabolizes fats and proteins through the same metabolic pathways.

C) The body must have an adequate fat intake in order to absorb and metabolize proteins.

D) The body must have an adequate protein intake in order to absorb and metabolize fats.

E) The body does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves first.

186) Shivering warms the body because it increases the rate of what?

A) Radiation

B) Conduction

C) ATP hydrolysis

D) Vasodilation

E) Glycolysis

187) True or False? MyPlate was established by the USDA to help remind consumers of how to build a healthful meal.

188) True or False? Theoretically, 7 NADH molecules provide enough energy to produce 28 molecules of ATP at the electron-transport chain.

189) A cell that metabolizes 4 molecules of glucose would complete ________ rounds of the citric acid cycle and produce ________ CO2 molecules.

A) 4; 24

B) 8; 24

C) 4; 32

D) 8; 32

190) Francis has a wound on his left arm that is not healing. His physician has diagnosed him with vitamin deficiency. Which vitamin should Francis increase in his diet?

A) Vitamin C

B) Vitamin B1

C) Vitamin E

D) Vitamin D