Ch21 – Cardiovascular System Blood Vessels And | Exam Prep

Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology, 12e (VanPutte)

Chapter 21 Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

1) Systemic blood vessels transport blood

A) from the left ventricle through the body to the left atrium.

B) from the left ventricle through the body to the right atrium.

C) from the right ventricle through the body to the left atrium.

D) from the right ventricle through the body to the right atrium.

E) from the left ventricle to the lungs.

2) Blood is moved through the vascular system by

A) valves in the wall of the blood vessels.

B) peristalsis caused by smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls.

C) pressure gradients created by the heart.

D) osmotic pressure.

E) viscosity of the blood.

3) Which function does the circulatory system share with the heart?

A) Directs blood flow to tissues

B) Exchanges nutrients and wastes with cells

C) Transports hormones to all areas of the body

D) Regulates blood pressure

4) What is the order of the blood vessels that a red blood cell would pass through as the blood leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and then returns to the heart?

A) Arteriole, artery, capillary, vein, venule

B) Capillary, arteriole, artery, vein, venule

C) Artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

D) Vein, capillary, artery, arteriole, venule

E) Artery, venule, capillary, arteriole, vein

5) Which of the following enhances the exchange between capillary walls and the interstitial spaces?

A) The thinness of the capillary wall

B) Minimal branching in the capillary bed

C) Increased blood velocity through the capillaries

D) The high pressure in the interstitial spaces

E) The stratification of the capillary wall

6) The lining of a capillary is called the ________.

A) endothelium

B) adventitia

C) pericapillary layer

D) thoroughfare layer

E) tunica adventitia

7) The exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.

A) veins

B) arteries

C) arterioles

D) capillaries

E) venules

8) Which of the following is NOT a pericapillary cell found in capillaries?

A) Macrophages

B) Neurons

C) Undifferentiated smooth muscle cells

D) Fibroblasts

9) Continuous capillaries

A) have many thin areas called fenestrae.

B) are freely permeable to large molecules such as hormones.

C) have a wall where the endothelial cells fit very tightly together.

D) are more permeable than fenestrated capillaries but not as permeable as sinusoidal capillaries.

E) are characterized by continuous pores.

10) Which of the following organs would be most likely to contain fenestrated capillaries?

A) Spleen

B) Kidney

C) Bone marrow

D) Muscle

E) Pancreas

11) Which type of capillaries have large fenestrae and are found in endocrine glands?

A) Sinusoidal capillaries

B) Continuous capillaries

C) Fenestrated capillaries

D) Sinusoids

12) Which type of capillary has the largest diameter?

A) Sinusoids

B) Continuous capillaries

C) Sinusoidal capillaries

D) Venous sinuses

E) Fenestrated capillaries

13) Capillary walls serve as effective permeability barriers for ________.

A) oxygen and carbon dioxide

B) electrolytes

C) glucose

D) proteins

E) small water-soluble molecules

14) Precapillary sphincters

A) serve as valves in veins.

B) are found in the tunica media.

C) carry blood under high pressure.

D) control the blood flow into capillary beds.

E) are voluntary structures.

15) Which statement about arteries and veins is CORRECT?

A) For an artery and vein of the same diameter, the vein would have a thicker wall.

B) Veins contain valves and arteries do not.

C) Blood pressure is lower in arteries than in veins.

D) When empty, an artery is more likely to be collapsed (flattened) than a vein.

E) Both arteries and veins are under pressure.

16) Which kind of vessel provides a bypass for a capillary bed?

A) Sinusoid

B) Portal vein

C) Thoroughfare channel

D) Vasa vasorum

E) Metarteriole

17) Which statement about precapillary sphincters is CORRECT?

A) They contract when oxygen levels in the tissue are low.

B) They can close off the capillaries by contracting.

C) They are openings that allow large molecules and blood cells to leave the capillary.

D) When the precapillary sphincters are open, blood flows only through the thoroughfare channels.

E) They are voluntary.

18) In a capillary bed, relaxation of the precapillary sphincter

A) causes more blood flow through thoroughfare channels.

B) causes less blood to flow through capillaries.

C) occurs when the tissue in the area does not need more oxygen.

D) is voluntary.

E) occurs when the tissue in the area needs more oxygen.

19) A direct connection between an arteriole and a venule without an intervening capillary bed is a/an ________.

A) venous sinus

B) arteriovenous anastomosis

C) metarteriole

D) arterial capillary

20) Which of the following structures helps to regulate body temperature?

A) Glomus

B) Tunic

C) Fenestrae

D) Metarteriole

21) Which layer of an artery wall contains endothelium?

A) Tunica intima

B) Tunica media

C) Tunica adventitia

D) Tunica elastica

E) Tunica intermedia

22) Which of the following functions is associated with vessels that carry blood directly from arterioles to veins without passing through capillaries?

A) Thermoregulation

B) Nutrient supply to tissues

C) Removal of metabolic waste products from tissues

D) Oxygen supply to tissues

E) pH regulation

23) Arteries can constrict or dilate as needed because of the smooth muscle found in the ________.

A) tunica intima

B) tunica media

C) tunica adventitia

D) tunica externa

E) tunica interna

24) Which of the following statements concerning blood vessel walls is true?

A) The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall.

B) The tunica media is found in all blood vessels except veins.

C) The tunica adventitia is composed of smooth muscle and endothelium.

D) Capillaries have both a tunica intima and a tunica media.

E) Vessel diameter is controlled primarily by the tunica intima.

25) The blood vessels that are under the greatest pressure are the ________.

A) arterioles

B) capillaries

C) elastic arteries

D) veins

E) venules

26) Which of the following best describes arteries?

A) Strong, rigid vessels that carry blood under high pressure

B) Thin, elastic vessels that transport blood under low pressure

C) Elastic vessels that connect arterioles and venules

D) Fragile vessels that are prone to rupture

E) Strong, elastic vessels that carry blood under high pressure

27) Distributing arteries

A) contain a lot of elastic tissue.

B) contain a thick tunica media.

C) are strong, rigid vessels.

D) transport blood from arterioles to capillaries.

E) do not contain smooth muscle in their walls.

28) From the heart to body tissues, which of the following sequences of vessels is correct?

A) Muscular artery, arteriole, elastic artery, capillary

B) Arteriole, muscular artery, elastic artery, capillary

C) Elastic artery, muscular artery, arteriole, capillary

D) Elastic artery, arteriole, muscular artery, capillary

E) Distributing artery, muscular artery, medium artery, capillary

29) Valves similar to the semilunar valves of the heart are found in medium and large ________.

A) arteries

B) arterioles

C) capillaries

D) venules

E) veins

30) When contrasting arteries and veins, which of the following statements is true?

A) Veins have thicker walls than arteries.

B) Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins.

C) Veins have a tunica media, while arteries do not.

D) Arteries have valves, but veins do not.

E) Arteries have smooth muscle in their walls, but veins do not.

31) Veins

A) carry blood away from the heart.

B) carry blood under very high pressure.

C) may contain valves and are lined with endothelium.

D) are described as strong, rigid vessels that always carry oxygenated blood.

E) have thick, many layered walls.

32) The structure of a capillary wall differs from that of a vein or artery because

A) the capillary wall has only two tunics.

B) capillaries have more smooth muscle.

C) capillary walls have only endothelium and a basement membrane.

D) capillaries can constrict or dilate.

E) capillaries are impermeable to all substances.

33) The vasa vasorum

A) are incompetent valves in the large veins.

B) are special capillaries that supply nutrients to the walls of arteries and veins.

C) are the blood vessels that supply blood to the vas deferens.

D) are blood vessels that directly connect arteries to veins.

E) supply blood to skeletal muscle.

34) Which type of veins connect two primary capillary networks?

A) Portal veins

B) Venous sinuses

C) Venules

D) Vaso vasorum

35) Sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate blood vessel walls are found primarily in the ________.

A) tunica intima

B) tunica media

C) tunica adventitia

D) tunica externa

E) tunica interna

36) Arteriosclerosis is characterized by

A) a thickening of the tunica adventitia.

B) increased elasticity of the tunica media.

C) decreased resistance to blood flow.

D) an enlargement of the lumen of the vessel.

E) Both "thickening of the tunica intima" and "loss of elasticity in the tunica media" are correct.

37) Atherosclerosis is the

A) hypertrophy of the tunica intima.

B) stretching of arterial walls.

C) inflammation of veins.

D) deposition of plaques in arterial walls.

38) In the pulmonary circulation, the ________ carry blood to the lungs.

A) carotid sinuses

B) pulmonary arteries

C) coronary arteries

D) superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

E) aorta

39) Systemic circulation

A) carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

B) includes all arteries, but the veins are part of the pulmonary circulation pathway.

C) includes the aorta and all of its branches.

D) ends in the capillaries of the toes.

E) includes blood flow to the body, but not the brain.

40) The first blood vessels that branch from the ascending aorta are the ________.

A) coronary arteries

B) brachiocephalic arteries

C) common carotid arteries

D) subclavian arteries

E) pulmonary arteries

41) Which of the following arteries branches directly from the aortic arch?

A) Brachiocephalic artery

B) Coronary artery

C) Pulmonary artery

D) Right subclavian artery

E) Right common carotid artery

42) A thrombus in the first branch (not including coronary arteries) off of the aortic arch might affect the flow of blood to which of the following structures?

A) Right arm

B) Right side of the brain

C) Left side of the brain

D) Left arm

E) Both "right arm" and "right side of the brain" are correct.

43) A thrombus in the second branch (not including coronary arteries) off of the aortic arch would affect the flow of blood to the

A) left side of the head and neck.

B) myocardium of the heart.

C) right side of the head and neck and right upper extremity.

D) left upper extremity.

E) right arm.

44) Which of the following arteries is part of a circulatory pathway to the brain?

A) Radial artery

B) Cephalic artery

C) Internal carotid artery

D) External jugular vein

E) Axillary artery

45) Which artery is missing in the following sequence?

Tracing the blood from the heart to the right hand, blood leaves the heart, passes through the ascending aorta, aortic arch, right subclavian artery, axillary and brachial arteries, either the radial or ulnar arteries and palmar arches to arrive at the hand.

A) Cephalic

B) Jugular

C) Brachiocephalic

D) Right common carotid

E) Left subclavian artery

46) Which of the following arteries is not part of the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)?

A) Anterior communicating artery

B) Posterior cerebellar artery

C) Posterior communicating artery

D) Anterior cerebral artery

E) Internal carotid artery

47) The three major arteries of the upper limb that form a continuum are the ________.

A) brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries

B) brachial, axillary, and radial arteries

C) subclavian, axillary, and radial arteries

D) subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries

E) cephalic, basilic, and brachial arteries

48) Which of the following thoracic organs is supplied by a parietal branch of the thoracic aorta?

A) Heart

B) Lungs

C) Esophagus

D) Intercostal muscles

E) Thymus gland

49) Which of the following blood vessels supplies blood to the diaphragm?

A) Axillary artery

B) Intercostal artery

C) Superior phrenic artery

D) Inferior mesenteric artery

E) Gastric artery

50) Which of the following arteries sends branches to the stomach and liver?

A) Celiac artery

B) Superior mesenteric artery

C) Inferior mesenteric artery

D) Renal artery

E) Splenic artery

51) Which artery supplies the small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and transverse colon?

A) Inferior phrenic artery

B) Lumbar artery

C) Superior mesenteric artery

D) Inferior mesenteric artery

52) The kidneys are supplied by the ________ arteries.

A) renal

B) suprarenal

C) lumbar

D) inferior mesenteric

53) The abdominal aorta divides at L5 to form the two ________ arteries.

A) inferior mesenteric

B) common iliac

C) superior mesenteric

D) femoral

E) renal

54) The visceral branches of the internal iliac arteries supply blood to the

A) external genitalia.

B) urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs.

C) lower leg.

D) anterior abdominal wall.

E) lumbar and gluteal muscles.

55) The posterior tibial artery is a continuation of the ________ artery.

A) popliteal

B) femoral

C) iliac

D) peroneal

E) fibular

56) The anterior tibial artery becomes the ________ artery.

A) posterior tibial

B) dorsalis pedis

C) femoral

D) plantar

E) fibular

57) One of the best ways to determine the adequacy of peripheral circulation is to check the pedal pulses. To check the pedal pulse, you would check the pulse in the ________.

A) ankle

B) wrist

C) groin

D) neck

E) foot

58) An obstruction in the inferior vena cava would hamper the return of blood from which of the following areas of the body?

A) Head and neck

B) Upper extremities

C) Lungs

D) Abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs

E) Heart

59) Veins that return blood directly to the heart include the ________.

A) brachiocephalic vein

B) superior vena cava

C) portal vein

D) azygos vein

E) pulmonary arteries

60) The venous sinuses in the cranial cavity drain blood into the ________ vein.

A) cephalic

B) internal jugular

C) internal carotid

D) brachiocephalic

61) The internal jugular veins join the subclavian veins to form the ________.

A) superior vena cava

B) axillary veins

C) brachiocephalic veins

D) azygos veins

E) external jugular veins

62) A vein responsible for draining blood from the upper limb is the ________ vein.

A) azygos

B) portal

C) cephalic

D) peroneal

E) common iliac

63) Which of the following veins is NOT involved in draining blood from the arm?

A) Brachial vein

B) Basilic vein

C) Cephalic vein

D) Median cubital vein

64) Which vessel is often used to draw blood from a patient?

A) Radial vein

B) Brachial artery

C) Median cubital vein

D) Cephalic vein

65) Which of the following veins is a superficial vein?

A) Brachial vein

B) Basilic vein

C) Radial vein

D) Subclavian vein

E) Ulnar vein

66) The longest vein in the body is the ________.

A) superior vena cava

B) inferior vena cava

C) hepatic portal vein

D) great saphenous vein

E) femoral vein

67) Which vein drains blood from the left side of the thorax and esophagus into the left brachiocephalic vein?

A) Hemiazygos vein

B) Left azygos vein

C) Internal thoracic vein

D) Accessory hemiazygos vein

68) The azygos vein drains blood from the ________ into the superior vena cava.

A) head

B) upper arm

C) kidneys

D) thorax

E) abdominal wall

69) Blood from the posterior abdominal wall drains into the ________.

A) hepatic portal vein

B) inferior vena cava

C) ascending lumbar veins

D) mesenteric vein

E) hepatic vein

70) The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic vein and the ________.

A) superior mesenteric vein

B) inferior mesenteric vein

C) hepatic vein

D) renal vein

E) gastric vein

71) Which of the following are components of the hepatic portal system?

A) Azygos vein

B) Inferior vena cava

C) Gastric vein

D) Inferior mesenteric vein

E) Both "Gastric vein" and "Inferior mesenteric vein" are correct.

72) The hepatic portal system

A) begins and ends with capillary beds.

B) transports nutrients from the digestive tract to the liver.

C) allows the liver to detoxify substances entering the body through the digestive tract.

D) has no pumping mechanism between the capillary beds.

E) All of the choices are correct.

73) The ________ begins with capillaries in the abdominal viscera and ends with capillaries in the liver.

A) superior mesenteric system

B) celiac system

C) hepatic portal system

D) hepatic vein

E) splenic system

74) Which of the following sequences is correct?

A) External iliac vein, internal iliac vein, common iliac vein

B) Liver sinusoid, central vein, hepatic vein

C) Superior vena cava, azygos vein, posterior intercostal vein

D) Fibular vein, femoral vein, popliteal vein

E) Hepatic vein, hepatic portal system, inferior vena cava

75) As the popliteal vein ascends the leg, it becomes the ________ vein.

A) peroneal

B) saphenous

C) common iliac

D) femoral

E) deep femoral

76) The velocity of blood flow inside a blood vessel

A) is equal to the blood pressure.

B) is faster in the center of the blood vessel.

C) is most rapid at a bend or turn in the vessel.

D) increases along the walls of the blood vessel.

E) is more rapid along the sides of the vessel.

77) Which of the following statements about laminar blood flow is true?

A) The innermost layer of blood moves at the lowest velocity.

B) Laminar blood flow occurs when blood flows past an area of constriction.

C) The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow.

D) In laminar blood flow, the rapid rate of blood flow exceeds critical velocity.

E) It makes lots of different noises.

78) Blood pressure is the

A) product of the stroke volume times heart rate.

B) number of layers of blood in laminar flow models.

C) measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls.

D) viscosity of the blood and resistance to blood flow.

E) measure of the volume of the blood.

79) The auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure

A) relies on the insertion of a cannula into the vessel in which pressure is being measured.

B) monitors the oscillations in the blood vessel during changes in pressure.

C) involves an electronic transducer attached to a mercury manometer.

D) relies on hearing Korotkoff sounds through a stethoscope.

E) relies on hearing the sounds made by laminar flow of the blood.

80) A blood pressure reading of 120/80 would

A) indicate a diastolic pressure of 120 mm Hg.

B) have Korotkoff sounds at pressures above 120 mm Hg.

C) indicate a systolic pressure of 120 mm Hg.

D) indicate a systolic pressure of 80 mm Hg.

81) When measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer, which of the following best describes when blood flow in the brachial artery is turbulent?

A) While the left ventricle is contracting

B) When pressure in the blood pressure cuff is greater than systolic but less than the diastolic pressure

C) When pressure in the blood pressure cuff is greater than the diastolic pressure

D) When pressure in the blood pressure cuff is less than the diastolic pressure

E) When pressure in the brachial artery is greater than in the blood pressure cuff and greater than the diastolic pressure

82) Which of the following would increase resistance to blood flow?

A) A decrease in the length of the vessel

B) A decrease in the number of red blood cells

C) A decrease in blood viscosity

D) A decrease in the radius of the vessel

E) A decreased hematocrit

83) Resistance in the cardiovascular system

A) tends to increase if blood viscosity increases.

B) tends to decrease as the diameter of blood vessels decreases.

C) dramatically increases blood flow through the circulatory system.

D) is directly related to flow (↑ R → ↑ Flow).

E) does not occur. If it did, blood would not circulate in the blood vessels.

84) According to Poiseuille's law,

A) blood flow is not related to resistance.

B) pH of the blood influences flow.

C) viscosity of the blood is not related to flow.

D) if resistance increases, flow increases.

E) if resistance increases, flow decreases.

85) As viscosity of the blood increases,

A) the pressure required to force it to flow increases.

B) the pressure required to force it to flow decreases.

C) the fluid becomes thinner.

D) the hematocrit decreases.

E) the flow does not change.

86) According to Poiseuille's law, a small decrease in the diameter of a vessel will

A) dramatically decrease blood flow.

B) slightly decrease blood flow.

C) not affect blood flow.

D) slightly increase blood flow.

E) dramatically increase blood flow.

87) When the blood pressure of a vessel drops below the critical closing pressure for that vessel,

A) there is hypertension.

B) there is an increase in blood flow.

C) there is an increase in peripheral resistance.

D) the vessel collapses.

E) the vessel expands.

88) According to the Laplace's law, as the diameter of a blood vessel increases, the force applied to the wall of that vessel ________.

A) increases

B) decreases

C) increases, then decreases

D) remains the same

E) None of the choices are correct.

89) The greater the compliance the

A) greater the resistance generated in the vessel.

B) more easily the vessel wall stretches.

C) longer the blood vessel will measure.

D) higher the blood pressure will be.

E) less the elasticity of the vessel.

90) Which type of vessel has the greatest compliance?

A) Arteries

B) Veins

C) Arterioles

D) Capillaries

91) Which of the following acts as a storage area for blood?

A) Aorta

B) Veins

C) Capillaries

D) Arterioles

E) Arteries

92) In the aorta,

A) the blood pressure and blood velocity are both high.

B) the velocity of blood flow is high, but blood pressure is low.

C) the resistance to blood flow is high, but velocity of blood flow is low.

D) the resistance to blood flow and the blood pressure are both low.

E) velocity is diminished because the total cross-sectional area is small.

93) Resistance to blood flow is greatest in ________.

A) arteries

B) arterioles

C) venules

D) veins

E) capillaries

94) Capillaries have the slowest velocity because

A) the total cross-sectional area is the smallest.

B) the resistance is the greatest.

C) the total cross-sectional area is the largest.

D) their diameters are the smallest.

95) Arteriosclerosis results in decreased compliance, which in turn causes the pulse pressure to ________.

A) increase

B) decrease

C) increase, then decrease

D) decrease, then increase

E) remain the same

96) In which type of blood vessels is the blood pressure the lowest?

A) Capillaries

B) Arteries

C) Venae cavae

D) Veins

E) Arterioles

97) If someone has a blood pressure reading of 110/70 mm Hg, their pulse pressure would be ________ mm Hg.

A) 110

B) 70

C) 40

D) 180

E) 90

98) What creates the pulse?

A) The diastole of the ventricles

B) Ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta

C) The compliance of the arteries

D) Constriction of the arterioles

99) Which of the following is NOT a major point where the pulse can be monitored?

A) Common carotid artery

B) Facial artery

C) Popliteal artery

D) Ulnar artery

100) What is the most important means by which capillary exchange occurs?

A) Exocytosis

B) Diffusion

C) ATP powered pumps

D) Facilitated diffusion

101) When blood pressure is greater than the blood colloid osmotic pressure, there is

A) a net movement of fluid into the capillary.

B) a net movement of fluid out of the capillary.

C) less lymph formed.

D) a decrease in the volume of the interstitial fluid.

E) a decreased likelihood of edema.

102) A force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is

A) blood pressure.

B) positive interstitial pressure.

C) blood colloid osmotic pressure.

D) critical closing pressure.

E) lymph pressure.

103) A force that attracts fluid into the capillary from the tissue spaces is

A) blood pressure.

B) negative interstitial pressure.

C) blood colloid osmotic pressure.

D) venous pressure.

E) active transport.

104) Edema can occur when there is

A) an increase in the amount of plasma proteins.

B) a decrease in capillary permeability to proteins.

C) a decrease in blood pressure.

D) a blockage of the lymphatics.

E) an increase in blood colloid osmotic pressure.

105) Which of the following is LESS likely to result in edema?

A) Increase in capillary permeability

B) Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure

C) Blockage of veins

D) Increased mean arterial pressure

E) Loss of protein molecules in urine through the kidneys

106) In which of the following clinical situations would you expect edema?

A) Shock (which is accompanied by low blood pressure)

B) Burns (which result in increased capillary permeability to plasma proteins)

C) Dehydration (which results in low blood pressure)

D) Vomiting (which leads to a decreased plasma volume)

E) Diarrhea (which leads to a decreased blood volume)

107) In capillary exchange, which of the following statements is true?

A) Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary.

B) Interstitial fluid normally has a higher osmotic pressure than plasma.

C) Constriction of the precapillary sphincter will increase blood pressure in the capillary.

D) Interstitial protein concentration is normally higher than plasma protein concentration.

E) Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary enters the lymphatic system.

108) Which of the following factors assists in the return of venous blood to the heart?

(1) Arterial dilation

(2) Valves in the veins

(3) Sympathetic stimulation

(4) Compression of veins by muscular movements

A) 1 and 2

B) 1, 2, 3

C) 1, 2, 3, 4

D) 2, 3, 4

E) 1, 3, 4

109) Increased venous tone will

A) relax the veins.

B) help return blood to the heart.

C) allow blood to pool in the veins.

D) stabilize blood velocity in the veins.

E) dilate the veins.

110) Which of the following happens when a person stands in one place for a long period of time?

A) Gravity causes an increased accumulation of blood in the veins in the feet and legs.

B) Blood pressure rises in the venules of the feet.

C) Without muscular movement, the pressure at the venous end of the capillaries increases.

D) Edema may occur in the lower extremities.

E) All of the choices are correct.

111) Which of the following would lead to relaxation of the precapillary sphincter?

A) Decreased tissue metabolism

B) Decreased O2 levels in tissue cells served by the capillary

C) Decreased CO2 concentration in the capillary bed

D) Decreased lactate production by cells in the capillary bed

E) Decreased nitric acid levels

112) Vasomotor tone can be increased by

A) taking a nap.

B) emotional excitement.

C) soaking in a warm bathtub.

D) an increase in body temperature.

E) relaxing with a cup of tea.

113) Which of the following statements regarding regulation of local blood flow is true?

A) Increased metabolic rate in a tissue increases capillary blood flow into the tissue.

B) Blood flow through capillaries is continuous.

C) Contraction of precapillary sphincters will increase blood flow to a capillary bed.

D) Increased levels of CO2 increase the contraction of precapillary sphincters.

E) Tissue need for O2 and amino acids will cause precapillary sphincters to contract.

114) Which of the following is NOT a vasodilator substance produced in the extracellular fluid?

A) ATP

B) Lactate

C) ADP

D) CO2

115) Where is the vasomotor center located?

A) Pons and medulla oblongata

B) Pons and midbrain

C) Cerebrum and medulla oblongata

D) Medulla oblongata

116) Which of the following events would cause a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure?

A) An increase in ADH production

B) Release of atrial natriuretic factor

C) Constriction of blood vessels in the skin

D) Activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism

E) An increase in aldosterone production

117) When blood pressure increases, a number of events occur that return blood pressure to normal. Which of the following is one of the events that occurs after an increase in blood pressure?

A) Baroreceptors are stimulated.

B) Action potential frequency to the cardioregulatory center of brain decreases.

C) Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases.

D) Heart rate increases.

E) An increase in number of action potentials in the cardiac nerve

118) Epinephrine

A) increases the heart rate but decreases the stroke volume.

B) causes vasodilation of coronary blood vessels.

C) causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skeletal muscle.

D) decreases red blood cell count.

E) decreases the force of contraction.

119) When there is a drop in blood pressure, the body reacts immediately by way of the ________.

A) baroreceptor mechanism

B) chemoreceptor mechanism

C) CNS ischemic mechanism

D) stress-relaxation mechanism

E) adrenal medullary mechanism

120) A famous tag-team wrestler has a famous "sleeper hold" that he uses on his opponents. Using only a single digit on each hand, he presses on his opponent's neck until his opponent passes out. What are the structures on which he is pressing and what is the effect?

A) Subclavian arteries; blood flow to brain is stopped

B) Carotid chemoreceptors; blood pressure increases

C) Baroreceptors in carotid sinus; peripheral vasodilation and decreased heart rate

D) Vertebral arteries; blood flow to brain is increased

E) Jugular vein; blood flow back to heart is decreased

121) Increased pressure in the aortic arch will activate the aortic arch reflex and cause

A) a decrease in the frequency of action potentials from the aortic baroreceptors.

B) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

C) vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels increasing the blood pressure.

D) increased ADH secretion.

E) increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.

122) When a person rises quickly from a lying position, there is

A) an increase in the frequency of action potentials produced by the baroreceptors.

B) an increase in vasomotor sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels causing vasoconstriction.

C) reflexive slowing of the heart.

D) an increase of parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

E) a decrease in heart rate and stroke volume.

123) Peripheral chemoreceptors

A) are located in the aortic and carotid bodies.

B) are sensitive to small changes in O2 levels in the blood.

C) monitor blood pressure.

D) are not sensitive to CO2 or H+ levels.

E) are not sensitive to changes in pH of the blood.

124) The chemoreceptor reflexes help maintain homeostasis

A) under normal conditions.

B) when CO2 levels increase.

C) when stimulated by changes in blood osmotic pressure.

D) when epinephrine levels increase.

E) when H+ concentrations decrease.

125) The central nervous system ischemic response

A) is triggered by an increase in blood flow to the vasomotor center.

B) plays an important role in controlling blood pressure under emergency conditions.

C) is stimulated by a rise in O2.

D) is inhibited by a rise in the level of H+.

E) plays an important role in regulating blood pressure under normal conditions.

126) Which of the following hormones does NOT influence blood pressure?

A) ADH

B) Epinephrine

C) Atrial natriuretic hormone

D) Aldosterone

E) Growth hormone

127) Which of the following is NOT involved in short-term regulation of blood pressure?

A) Baroreceptor reflex

B) Adrenal medullary mechanism

C) Alteration in blood volume

D) Chemoreceptor mechanism

128) Which of the following is NOT a long-term regulator of blood pressure?

A) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

B) ADH mechanism

C) Stress-relaxation response

D) Oxygen tension response

129) Angiotensin II

A) causes vasoconstriction.

B) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release ADH.

C) is released in response to high blood pressure.

D) is responsible for increasing urine output.

E) stimulates peripheral vasodilation.

130) Which of the following would occur as a result of increased renin release by the kidneys?

A) An increase in vasodilator secretion

B) An increase in urine output

C) An increase in blood volume

D) A decrease in aldosterone

E) A decrease in blood pressure

131) Which of the following chemical substances, when released into the blood, would cause blood pressure to decrease?

A) Angiotensin II (active angiotensin)

B) Aldosterone

C) ADH

D) Vasopressin

E) Atrial natriuretic hormone

132) In which of the following would you detect a weak pulse?

A) Hypertension

B) Hemorrhagic shock

C) Fluid excess

D) Increased stroke volume

E) A healthy young person

133) Hormones from the adrenal medulla

A) are released in response to parasympathetic stimulation.

B) cause vasodilation in blood vessels of the skin.

C) decrease the heart rate.

D) cause an increase in stroke volume.

E) are released in response to vagal stimulation.

134) In response to circulatory shock,

A) the body decreases ADH secretion.

B) the renin-angiotensin mechanism is activated.

C) atrial natriuretic factor is released.

D) the vasomotor center is inhibited.

E) the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are inactivated.

135) If a person develops high blood pressure, one of the compensatory mechanisms that comes into play is the fluid shift mechanism. This mechanism causes

A) water to shift from inside cells into the extracellular fluid.

B) water to shift from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces.

C) water to shift from the interstitial space into the capillaries.

D) increased filtration in the kidney, thereby increasing urine output.

E) water to stay inside the capillaries.

136) Atrial natriuretic hormone

A) is released in response to elevated atrial pressure.

B) stimulates the release of ADH.

C) decreases urine production.

D) stimulates release of aldosterone.

E) increases blood volume.

137) Art, 75 years old, has advanced arteriosclerosis and is suffering from a number of manifestations associated with arteriosclerosis. Over the past several years he has developed hypertension and he is beginning to show signs of renal failure. Which of the following are consistent with his condition?

A) Increased resistance to blood flow

B) Increased renin secretion from the kidneys

C) Increased aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex

D) Increased angiotensinogen formation

E) All of the choices are correct.

Case study:

Dale was back home after spending the day at a picnic, where he ate some "spoiled" potato salad. He developed severe abdominal pain and cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. After about ten to twelve episodes of watery diarrhea, Dale became so pale and weak, he could hardly walk. His wife took him to the hospital, where he was diagnosed with severe dehydration (decreased plasma volume). Dale was suffering from shock.

The body has several mechanisms that can come into play to try to maintain blood pressure and blood flow when a person goes into shock.

138) Which of the following would occur as a person goes into shock?

A) Baroreceptors are stimulated.

B) Chemoreceptors are depressed.

C) Renin release is inhibited.

D) Parasympathetic stimulation is increased.

E) Sympathetic stimulation is decreased.

139) Urine output usually decreases when a person is in shock. This is the result of

A) decreased ADH secretion.

B) increased renin secretion.

C) increased secretion of atrial natriuretic factor.

D) decreased vasoconstriction due to the stress relaxation response.

E) decreased aldosterone secretion.

140) Compensatory shock is characterized by a narrowed pulse pressure. Which of the following blood pressure readings is an example of a narrowed pulse pressure?

A) 99/40

B) 70/20

C) 92/64

D) 82/40

E) 100/50

Use the following key to choose the most correct answer.

A. The first item is greater than the second item.

B. The first item is less than the second item.

C. The first item is equal or nearly equal to the second item.

141) (1) Systolic pressure;

(2) Diastolic pressure

142) (1) Velocity of blood flow in the arterioles

(2) Velocity of blood flow in the aorta

143) (1) Velocity of blood flow when cross-sectional area increases

(2) Velocity of blood flow when cross-sectional area decreases

144) (1) Blood pressure in the aorta;

(2) Blood pressure in the superior vena cava

145) (1) Plasma volume when ADH levels increase

(2) Plasma volume when ADH levels decrease

Match the term with the appropriate description.

A. A bulge (a weak spot) in the artery wall

B. Degenerative changes in arteries

C. An overstretching of the veins of the lower extremities

D. Inflammation of the veins

E. Small vessels that supply nutrients to large arteries

146) Varicose veins

147) Phlebitis

148) Arteriosclerosis

149) Aneurysm

150) Vasa vasorum

Match the structure with the appropriate description.

A. Formed when the right and left vertebral arteries unite

B. Supplies blood to the face, nose, and mouth

C. Terminates by forming the middle cerebral arteries

D. Supplies blood to the arm and shoulder regions

E. Sense organs that monitor blood pressure

151) Subclavian artery

152) Carotid sinuses

153) External carotid artery

154) Internal carotid artery

155) Basilar artery

Match the vessel with the appropriate description.

A. Supplies blood to the frontal lobes of the brain

B. A circle of arteries at the base of the brain

C. Supplies large portions of the lateral cerebral cortex

D. Supplies the posterior portion of the cerebrum

E. Formed by the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta

156) Common iliac artery

157) Posterior cerebral artery

158) Middle cerebral artery

159) Cerebral arterial circle

160) Anterior cerebral artery

Match the term with the appropriate description.

A. Dead tissue

B. A floating clot

C. Sudden decreased blood supply to a part of the brain

D. A stationary clot

E. A localized area of dead cells resulting from ischemia

161) Stroke

162) Infarct

163) Necrotic tissue

164) Thrombosis

165) Embolism

Match the artery with the appropriate description.

A. Supplies blood to the diaphragm

B. Supplies blood to the esophagus

C. Supplies blood to the thoracic wall

D. Supplies blood to the pancreas and small intestine

E. Supplies blood to the stomach, liver, and spleen

166) Thoracic visceral artery

167) Thoracic parietal artery

168) Celiac trunk

169) Superior mesenteric artery

170) Superior phrenic artery

Match the vessel with the appropriate description.

A. Supplies blood to the pelvic area

B. Formed by the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta

C. The continuation of the femoral artery

D. Extends from the common iliac artery to the thigh

E. Continuation of the external iliac artery into the thigh

171) Common iliac artery

172) External iliac artery

173) Internal iliac artery

174) Femoral artery

175) Popliteal artery

Match the vein with the appropriate description.

A. Drains blood from the arm

B. Superficial vein of the head and neck

C. The posterior intercostal veins join this vein on the right side of the body

D. Deep vein that drains blood from the cranial vault

E. Formed by the union of the internal jugular and the subclavian veins

176) External jugular vein

177) Internal jugular vein

178) Subclavian vein

179) Brachiocephalic vein

180) Azygos vein

Match the term with the best description.

A. Simple squamous epithelium of capillaries

B. Drain capillary networks

C. Regulate blood flow into capillaries

D. Do not have fenestrae

E. Bypass capillary beds

181) Precapillary sphincters

182) Endothelium

183) Continuous capillaries

184) Thoroughfare channels

185) Venules

For the following, match the term with the best description.

A. A characteristic of aging arteries

B. Produced by turbulent blood flow

C. Blood flow is directly proportional to pressure differences and inversely proportional to resistance

D. As pressure in a vessel decreases, the force holding it open decreases, and the vessel tends to collapse

E. A characteristic of the venous system

186) Korotkoff sounds

187) Poiseuille's law

188) Laplace's law

189) Vascular compliance

190) Arteriosclerosis

191) Most of the exchange of nutrients and waste products that occurs between the blood and interstitial spaces occurs across the walls of the ________.

192) The innermost layer of a blood vessel wall is the tunica ________.

193) The ________ arteries branch from the ascending aorta.

194) The pelvic area is supplied with blood from the ________ arteries.

195) ________ is a measure of the force exerted by blood against the blood vessel walls.

196) The viscosity of blood is influenced largely by ________, which is the percentage of the total blood volume composed of red blood cells.

197) The maintenance of blood flow by tissues is called ________.

198) In the following sequence, fill in the missing blood vessel.

Abdominal aorta; ________; splenic artery

199) Fill in the missing blood vessel.

Hepatic vein; ________; right atrium

200) Fill in the missing vein.

External jugular vein; ________; superior vena cava

201) Fill in the missing artery.

Femoral artery; ________; posterior tibial artery

202) Fill in the missing blood vessel.

Aortic arch; ________; left axillary artery

203) Fill in the missing blood vessel.

Innominate artery; ________; right external carotid artery

204) Fill in the missing blood vessel.

Vertebral artery; ________; posterior cerebral artery

205) All of the following are functions of the circulatory system, except

A) carries blood.

B) regulates blood pressure.

C) transports nutrients.

D) directs blood flow to tissues.

E) excretes waste products.

206) When comparing veins and arteries of the same diameter, which of the following statements is not true?

A) Veins have thinner walls.

B) Veins have valves.

C) Veins have fewer smooth muscle fibers.

D) Veins have a larger lumen.

E) Veins have more elastic tissue.

207) Select the statement that best describes the pulmonary circulation.

A) System of blood vessels that carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the right atrium of the heart

B) System of blood vessels that a carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body

C) Microscopic blood vessels that allow for the exchange of nutrients in the tissues

D) System of blood vessels that carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart

208) What do the left common carotid, brachiocephalic artery, and left subclavian all have in common?

A) They all are found in the abdominal cavity.

B) They all carry blood to the head.

C) They are all coronary vessels.

D) They all branch from the aortic arch.

209) The vertebral arteries arise from the ________.

A) thyrocervical arteries

B) right and left common carotid arteries

C) costocervical arteries

D) right and left subclavian arteries

210) Blood flow into the deep and superficial palmar arches originates from the ________ and ________ arteries.

A) humeral circumflex; deep brachial

B) superficial palmar arch; digital

C) brachial; subclavian

D) axillary; subclavian

E) radial; ulnar

211) Which of the following are the three unpaired arteries arising from the abdominal aorta?

A) Renal artery, hepatic artery, and common iliac artery

B) Lumbar artery, celiac trunk, and gonadal artery

C) Hepatic artery, lumbar artery, and common iliac artery

D) Superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, and gonadal artery

E) Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery

212) The superficial vessels typically seen in the hand and forearm are tributaries of the ________ and ________ veins.

A) subclavian; axillary

B) axillary; brachial

C) brachial; cephalic

D) basilica; brachial

E) cephalic; basilic

213) The ________ vein connects the basilic vein and cephalic vein.

A) axillary

B) subclavian

C) brachial

D) median antebrachial

E) median cubital

214) Venous drainage from the posterior thoracic wall enters the superior vena cava via the ________ vein.

A) subclavian

B) internal thoracic

C) accessory hemiazygos

D) hemiazygos

E) azygos

215) Why does nutrient-rich blood of the hepatic portal vein pass first through the liver before this blood is returned to the heart?

A) This allows the liver to add more waste products to the blood.

B) The liver needs more nourishment than other tissues; hence nutrients first pass through the liver.

C) This allows the liver to add more nutrients to the blood.

D) This allows the liver to store or modify the nutrients.

216) The vein that ascends along the medial side of the lower limb to the femoral vein is the ________ saphenous vein, and the vein that ascends along the posterior aspect of the leg to the popliteal vein is the ________ saphenous vein.

A) small; great

B) internal; external

C) external; internal

D) great; small

217) When vasodilation doubles the vessel diameter, what is the change in resistance?

A) Reduced by half

B) Doubles (twice the original value)

C) Reduced by 1/4th of the original value

D) Reduced to 1/16th of the original value

218) The greatest resistance to blood flow and therefore the greatest drop in pressure occurs as blood passes through the ________.

A) venules

B) large arteries

C) large veins

D) arterioles

219) Which of the following best describes the relationship between pulse pressure, aging, and compliance?

A) With increasing age, compliance increases and pulse pressure increases.

B) With increasing age, compliance decreases and pulse pressure decreases.

C) With increasing age, compliance decreases and pulse pressure is unaffected.

D) With increasing age, compliance decreases and pulse pressure increases.

220) Which of the following best explains the drop in blood pressure that occurs when one goes from lying down to standing up?

A) The heart rate decreases. This is due to the baroreceptor reflex reducing sympathetic output to the SA node.

B) An increase in afterload causes a drop in stroke volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure.

C) An increase in preload causes a drop in stroke volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure.

D) Venous compliance allows blood to pool in the legs, decreasing venous return. This causes a drop in cardiac output and blood pressure.

221) The vasomotor center

A) regulates the expansion of elastic arteries.

B) controls the contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincter muscles.

C) increases the strength of heart muscle contraction under low O2 conditions.

D) sends low frequency action potentials to blood vessels to maintain tone.

222) Considering the distribution of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers in the peripheral nervous system, damage to which of the following nerves would have the greatest impact on blood vessel walls?

A) Thoracic nerves

B) Pelvic nerves

C) Cranial nerves

D) Both "Pelvic nerves" and "Cranial nerves" are correct.

223) True or False? The distribution of blood volume in veins are arteries is very close to equal.

224) True or False? Cardiac output is equal to stroke volume times heart rate.

225) Mean arterial pressure

A) is proportional to cardiac output times peripheral resistance.

B) is the difference between stroke volume and cardiac output.

C) is not affected by peripheral resistance.

D) is equal to the systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure.

226) A patient was administered drugs to reduce her heart rate. Which of the following conditions was she likely to have experienced, and what other factor could be altered to enhance the current treatment?

A) The patient most likely has hypertension, and stimulation of vasodilation would also help lower her blood pressure.

B) The patient most likely has hypertension, and stimulation of vasoconstriction would also help lower her blood pressure.

C) The patient most likely has low blood pressure, and stimulation of vasodilation would also help increase her blood pressure.

D) The patient most likely has low blood pressure, and stimulation of vasoconstriction would also help increase her blood pressure.