Schools And Achievement Chapter 17 Test Bank Answers

Student name:__________

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) At the beginning of the chapter, the stories of Sonya’s and Michael’s cultural conflicts both reflect problems related to

A) siblings.
B) ethnic food issues.
C) family and generational expectations.
D) wanting to go to China or Japan where they would be understood.

2) The behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation defines

A) race.
B) ethnicity.
C) culture.
D) origins.

3) Culture is manifested in parents’

A) beliefs.
B) values.
C) goals for their children.
D) All answer choices are correct.

4) A person’s belief that their individual culture is the correct culture is

A) ethical.
B) ethnocentric.
C) egotistical.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

5) Laura is conducting research comparing the manners of American children with those of Peruvian children. This is an example of a ________ study.

A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) cross-cultural
D) cross-national

6) A comparison of a culture with one or more other cultures that provides information about the degree to which children’s development is similar, or universal, across cultures and the degree to which it is culture-specific is an example of a ________ study.

A) case
B) cross-sectional
C) cross-cultural
D) longitudinal

7) To determine whether Piaget’s stages are universal, Brad and Greg conduct a research project in which 20 children in the United States and 20 children in Ireland complete several conservation tasks. They are conducting a ________ study.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cross-cultural
D) case

8) What best describes the U.S. culture?

A) authority-oriented
B) family-centered
C) individualistic-oriented
D) fashion-oriented

9) According to Oyserman (2017) and Triandis (2007), giving priority to personal goals rather than to group goals is called

A) independence.
B) individualism.
C) collectivism.
D) interdependence.

10) Giving priority to personal goals rather than to group goals, with an emphasis on values that serve the self, defines

A) pluralism.
B) assimilation.
C) individualism.
D) collectivism.

11) Among the nations described as individualistic is

A) China.
B) Japan.
C) India.
D) the United States.

12) Which of the following nations is NOT considered individualistic?

A) United States
B) Canada
C) Great Britain
D) India

13) Which of the following cultures is said to be individualistic?

A) India
B) Japan
C) Great Britain
D) Thailand

14) Whose culture would have been most likely to teach him or her to emphasize the individual over the group?

A) Aquilina from Mexico
B) Au from Japan
C) Aubrey from the United States
D) Ambar from India

15) Among the nations described as collectivistic is

A) India.
B) Canada.
C) Great Britain.
D) the Netherlands.

16) Collectivism emphasizes values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to

A) preserve group integrity.
B) promote the interdependence of members.
C) foster harmonious relationships.
D) All answer choices are correct.

17) Which culture is said to be collectivistic?

A) China
B) United States
C) Great Britain
D) the Netherlands

18) Values reflecting the beliefs of parents in collectivistic cultures include

A) connectedness to family and friends.
B) orientation to a larger group.
C) respect and obedience.
D) All answer choices are correct.

19) Most of the friends that André hangs around with have a college degree, wait tables for a living, and make around $25,000 a year. This suggests that André’s friends are of similar

A) socioeconomic status.
B) moral values.
C) ethnicity.
D) cultural backgrounds.

20) Which of the following terms is NOT used to describe the middle class?

A) middle-income
B) managerial
C) working class
D) white-collar

21) Most research on SES delineates two categories:

A) lower and middle class.
B) middle and upper class.
C) upper and wealthy class.
D) lower and wealthy class.

22) In America and most other Western cultures, what difference in child rearing is seen among families of different socioeconomic statuses?

A) Lower-SES parents place a high value on conformity to society, whereas higher-SES parents place a high value on internal characteristics.
B) Lower-SES parents place a high value on internal characteristics, whereas higher-SES parents place a high value on external characteristics.
C) Lower-SES parents use authoritative parenting, whereas higher-SES use permissive parenting.
D) Lower-SES parents use permissive parenting, whereas higher-SES parents use authoritarian parenting.

23) Reginald comes from a lower-SES family. Based on this information, his parents are most likely to discipline Reginald using

A) verbal punishment.
B) authoritarian parenting style.
C) reasoning and physical punishment.
D) physical punishment only.

24) Like their parents, children from low-SES backgrounds are more likely to experience

A) mental health problems.
B) improvements in self-esteem.
C) less juvenile delinquency than children from high-SES families.
D) high self-confidence.

25) Which of the following does NOT fit in with children growing up in poverty?

A) physical punishment
B) lack of home structure
C) nonviolent settings
D) domestic violence in their buildings

26) Some children are ________ and cope with the challenges of poverty without any major setbacks, but too many struggle unsuccessfully.

A) resilient
B) aggressive
C) juvenile delinquents
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

27) In 2017, according the Children’s Defense Fund, nearly ________ of children and adolescents were living in families below the poverty line.

A) 7 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 20 percent
D) 33 percent

28) What proportion of youth living in poverty are children of color?

A) 82 percent
B) one-half
C) two-thirds
D) three-fourths

29) In which of the following ways does the immigrant paradox model differ from the immigrant risk model?

A) It takes a more nuanced and optimistic view of the resiliency of immigrant children.
B) It concludes that immigrant children are at higher risk for problems than native children.
C) It estimates a lower rate of immigration.
D) It considers a broader range of social dangers that may result from a large influx of immigration.

30) According to research, children in poor families experience

A) less risk than their middle-income counterparts.
B) greater risks than their middle-income counterparts.
C) no difference in the risks they face, as compared with their middle-income counterparts.
D) immeasurable risk.

31) As a recently divorced mother, Alice is struggling to make ends meet. Although she is succeeding, it has been quite a battle. From her perspective, two things that would really improve her life would be a higher-paying job and consistent child-support payments from her ex-spouse. Alice’s experience reflects

A) the rites of passage.
B) acculturation.
C) the high percentage of single mothers in poverty.
D) maternalization.

32) Which of the following is true of current conditions for single parents in poverty?

A) Far more single fathers than mothers live in poverty.
B) Far more single mothers than fathers live in poverty.
C) Men tend to handle poverty better than women.
D) Women tend to handle poverty better than men.

33) Research shows that children raised in poverty experience widespread environmental inequities, as seen in

A) family turmoil.
B) dangerous neighborhoods.
C) less social support.
D) All answer choices are correct.

34) What do two-generation anti-poverty programs attempt to accomplish?

A) bridging generational divides by increasing dialogue about culture and traditions between parents and children
B) improving children’s lives by providing services and aid to both parents and children
C) providing aid to low-SES children, and then helping those same children once they become parents
D) conducting cohort studies that assess the effects of poverty on multiple generations simultaneously

35) As assessment of the New Hope Project found that African American male participants, aged 9 to 19, were

A) more optimistic about job and career possibilities.
B) more optimistic about marriage.
C) more fearful of job opportunities.
D) more accepting of divorce.

36) A mentoring program called Quantum Opportunities was put in place for students in high school and funded by what corporation?

A) Heinz
B) Folger
C) Ford
D) Microsoft

37) Ethnicity is based on all of the following, EXCEPT

A) race.
B) religion.
C) gender.
D) language.

38) Relatively high rates of minority ________ are contributing to the growth in the proportion of ethnic minority adolescents and young adults in the U.S. population.

A) emigration
B) immigration
C) acculturation
D) assimilation

39) The fastest-growing group of adolescent immigrants are ________ Americans.

A) Latino
B) African
C) European
D) Asian

40) Alejandro and his family have immigrated to the United States. Since Alejandro is fluent in the English language, he now serves as the cultural ________ for this family.

A) speaker
B) broker
C) mediator
D) aid

41) In the United States, previous findings on the effects of ethnic minority status are being challenged because

A) numerous researchers have been identified as being racists.
B) past research often failed to consider the fact that ethnicity and SES are confounding.
C) new culture-free intelligence tests have been developed.
D) most previous research on ethnicity utilized Native Americans as subjects, and today this group is one of the smaller ethnic minority groups.

42) Of the following, the person most likely to experience the double disadvantage is the one who is

A) poor and experiencing racial discrimination.
B) poor and a female.
C) elderly and poor.
D) experiencing racial discrimination and prejudice.

43) How is perspective taking related to ethnicity?

A) Perspective taking is positively correlated with increased prejudice.
B) The stronger a person’s ethnicity, the greater his or her ability to take another individual’s perspective.
C) Members of ethnic minority groups capable of perspective taking typically deny their own ethnicity.
D) Individuals capable of taking the perspective of a person from a different ethnic group are more likely to be able to demonstrate empathy for that group.

44) An Asian American can be a person originating from

A) Japan.
B) Korea.
C) the Philippines.
D) All answer choices are correct.

45) Which of the following is true of Latinos in the United States?

A) Their families have been most resistant to adopting a bicultural identity.
B) Latino youth have shown the most dramatic reductions in dropout rates over the past two decades.
C) Divorce rates for Latino families are much higher than for non-Latino White families of similar socioeconomic status.
D) Latino families have largely turned away from U.S. systems of education.

46) An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual because of this individual’s membership in a group is called

A) bias.
B) prejudice.
C) stereotype.
D) discrimination.

47) Edgar has an unjustified negative attitude toward Thomas because of his Roman Catholic beliefs. This illustrates

A) ethnic gloss.
B) prejudice.
C) assimilation.
D) acculturation.

48) Which of the following involves an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual because of his or her membership in a group to which you do not belong?

A) discrimination
B) prejudice
C) acculturation
D) stereotyping

49) Which concept does NOT belong?

A) prejudice
B) assimilation
C) negative bias
D) discrimination

50) When Sean tells his parents that he is bringing a girlfriend home from college, they are initially excited. Later, Sean mentions that his girlfriend is of a different religion than his family. Sean’s dad says, “I already know that I am going to dislike that woman and her religious ways.” Sean’s dad’s statement illustrates

A) ethnicity.
B) marginalization.
C) socioeconomic status.
D) prejudice.

51) Max says to his coworker, “Lois is a woman, so there’s no way she will be as good a welder as I am.” This is an example of

A) diversity.
B) ethnicity.
C) racism.
D) prejudice.

52) What are the two official languages of Canada?

A) English and Spanish
B) English and French
C) German and French
D) Spanish and French

53) According to research, African American and Latino adolescents who encountered more discrimination also experienced

A) decreases in negative affect.
B) decreases in family cohesion.
C) increases in violent behavior.
D) increases in depressive symptoms.

54) Joey is watching television, text messaging, and listening to his iPod. This activity is called

A) multitexting.
B) multimessaging.
C) multitasking.
D) multimedia.

55) By the time the average American adolescent graduates from high school, he or she has watched approximately ________ hours of television.

A) 1,000
B) 5,000
C) 10,000
D) 20,000

56) Which is NOT a positive influence of television on children’s development?

A) motivating educational programming
B) increasing information about the world that is beyond the immediate environment
C) models of prosocial behavior
D) presenting unrealistic views of the world

57) A literature review noted that many of the behavioral and health risks arising from extensive screen viewing reflect impacts on

A) impulse control.
B) interpersonal relations.
C) sleep and wake-time habits.
D) concentration.

58) In a research study, one group of children watched violent cartoons on television while another group did not, and their interactions on the playground were observed. What would you expect from the children who watched more violence?

A) There was no difference between the two groups.
B) The children who did not watch the violent cartoons did not show aggressive behaviors.
C) The children who watched the violent cartoons did not show aggressive behaviors.
D) The children who watched the violent cartoons showed aggressive behaviors.

59) What was a key conclusion of Emory University English Professor Mark Bauerlein’s book about the interaction of technology and youth?

A) that technology has helped youth gain access to modes of thought not readily available before
B) that the prevalence of violence across all forms of media is bound to produce similar behaviors as today’s youth grow up
C) that immersion in technology has caused youth to prioritize information retrieval over information formation
D) that instead of bringing people closer together, technology and media have enhanced awareness of differences

60) What has research demonstrated about the relationship between television viewing and creativity?

A) The children who became extremely creative had often watched creativity on television.
B) Television is negatively related to children’s creativity.
C) No relationship was found between creativity and volume of television viewing.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

61) Enhanced creativity in high school has been identified in those who as preschoolers watched certain television shows, such as

A) Two and a Half Men.
B) Sesame Street.
C) Happy Days.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

62) What has been the biggest marker of the change that is inherent to culture?

A) demographic shifts
B) the technological revolution
C) decline in civility
D) greater levels of prejudice

63) Which of the following was shown to be a result by Dutch researchers looking at elementary and middle-school students who played friendly and competitive but nonviolent video games?

A) lower capacity for concentration
B) more prosocial behavior
C) a more competitive nature
D) greater tendency toward introversion

64) At what age are children able to begin learning from electronic media, if said media uses effective strategies?

A) infancy
B) 2 years of age
C) 3 years of age
D) 5 years of age

65) A frequent component of adolescent communication is

A) photosharing.
B) email.
C) social media.
D) All answer choices are correct.

66) What is meant by displacement as a possible reason for lower school achievement by children who spend time watching screens?

A) Having a television on while doing homework can distract children.
B) Time spent on screens takes away from time that could be spent on achievement-related tasks.
C) Television tends to attract children to entertainment, sports, commercials, and other activities that capture their interest more than school achievement.
D) Children’s own attitudes are displaced by the ones presented as exciting or engaging among fictional characters.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
67) When looking at SES, what are some particular challenges that researchers have identified as being linked to a high socioeconomic status?

68) As researchers have conducted cross-cultural investigations in recent years, the most elaborate search for traits has focused on the dichotomy between individualism and collectivism. Explain this dichotomy and how it impacts the cultures within the United States.

69) In the textbook’s discussion of individualistic and collectivist cultures, it was found that members of an individualistic culture have higher rates of certain phenomena. Identify four of them.

70) Identify four different areas included in the definition of socioeconomic status.

71) Research has found that parents and children of lower-SES backgrounds are at high risk for what problems?

72) The research project called New Hope was formed to increase employment and reduce family poverty. What outcomes for the participants were later seen?

73) Ethnicity refers to several different characteristics. Please list four of these.

74) Immigrants experience special stressors. According to research, what are these stressors?

75) Define the term prejudice and provide one example.

76) List five positives and five negatives of technology in children and adolescent development today.

77) What behavior or mental state would you be more likely to see from a boy who watches many hours of violent television shows than from one who does not?

78) Describe some of the special concerns that have emerged regarding children’s and adolescents’ us of the Internet and Internet-related technologies.