Ch11 Complete Test Bank The Nervous System Integration and

Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 8e, (Johnson)

Chapter 11 The Nervous System: Integration and Control

11.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) The central nervous system is composed of which of the following?

A) brain and spinal cord

B) autonomic nervous system and brain

C) somatic division and autonomic division

D) sensory division and motor division

E) somatic division and motor division

Topic: Sec. 11.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.1

GLO: G1

2) Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment?

A) motor division

B) sympathetic division

C) parasympathetic division

D) sensory division

E) autonomic division

Topic: Sec. 11.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.1

GLO: G1

3) Which component of the nervous system is divided into the somatic and autonomic divisions?

A) sensory

B) peripheral

C) motor

D) central

E) parasympathetic

Topic: Sec. 11.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.1

GLO: G1

4) Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following?

A) glial cells

B) motor neurons

C) sensory neurons

D) interneurons

E) macrophages

Topic: Sec. 11.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.2a

GLO: G1

5) Axons branch into axon terminals, which have ________ located at the terminal ends.

A) Schwann cells

B) dendrites

C) nodes of Ranvier

D) bulbs

E) hillocks

Topic: Sec. 11.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.2a

GLO: G1

6) Which one of the following cells transmits impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs?

A) motor neurons

B) interneurons

C) sensory neurons

D) neuroglia

E) dendrites

Topic: Sec. 11.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.2a

GLO: G1

7) During which one of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?

A) depolarization

B) reestablishment of resting potential

C) saltatory propagation

D) both depolarization and repolarization

E) repolarization

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

8) Which one of the following steps occurs during the absolute refractory period?

A) The neuron cannot generate an action potential.

B) Sodium channels open, releasing sodium ions into the neuron, which causes potassium channels to close.

C) Sodium channels open, which causes potassium channels to open.

D) A nerve impulse fails to reach threshold.

E) Potassium channels open, releasing potassium ions from the neuron; sodium channels close.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

9) Which one of the following occurs with each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump?

A) Sodium is moved into the cell, creating a net negative charge outside the cell.

B) The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell.

C) The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one negative charge from inside the cell.

D) The inside of the cell becomes more negative as potassium is pumped out.

E) Two potassium ions and three sodium ions are pumped out of the cell.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3a

GLO: G1

10) Which one of the following happens during repolarization of a neuron?

A) Sodium channels close, and potassium rushes out of the cell to temporarily reestablish the membrane potential.

B) Potassium channels close, preventing further loss of positive ions.

C) The sodium-potassium pump is turned off.

D) Sodium channels open to allow sodium ions to rush back out of the cell.

E) The membrane potential is eliminated.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

11) A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential.

A) action

B) resting

C) graded

D) refractory

E) depolarization

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3a

GLO: G1

12) Each of the following statements correctly describes an action potential EXCEPT which one?

A) Once triggered, an action potential always looks the same in form and voltage.

B) An action potential continues to propagate itself into the next region of an axon.

C) Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump.

D) Action potentials include a depolarization phase followed by a repolarization phase.

E) Action potentials temporarily reverse the polarization of the axon membrane.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

13) Which one of the following establishes and maintains the resting potential?

A) Na+ leak channel

B) K+ leak channel

C) sodium-potassium pump

D) depolarization

E) repolarization

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3a

GLO: G1

14) By which one of the following methods is a stronger stimulus coded by neurons differently from a weaker stimulus?

A) A stronger stimulus results in greater depolarization.

B) A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials/unit time.

C) A stronger stimulus results in faster traveling action potentials.

D) A stronger stimulus results in hyperpolarization of the neuron.

E) A stronger stimulus results in prolonged influx of Na+ ions and a delay before repolarization.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

15) All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one?

A) The myelin sheath speeds up transmission of action potentials.

B) The myelin sheath insulates a neuron and saves the neuron energy.

C) The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission.

D) The myelin sheath is involved in the repair of damaged neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

Topic: Sec. 11.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.4

GLO: G1

16) Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they

A) are a type of neuroglial cell.

B) are located in the central nervous system.

C) conduct nerve impulses.

D) help neurons regenerate after injury.

E) are located in the peripheral nervous system.

Topic: Sec. 11.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.4

GLO: G1

17) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a demyelinating disease that results from nerve damage beginning in the

A) brain.

B) diaphragm.

C) intercostal muscles.

D) spinal cord.

E) sensory nerves.

Topic: Sec. 11.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.4, 11.13

GLO: G1

18) Cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons are

A) located only in the spinal fluid.

B) found primarily in lymphatic fluids.

C) myelinated.

D) neuroglial cells.

E) nodes of Ranvier.

Topic: Sec. 11.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.4

GLO: G1

19) Saltatory conduction is

A) the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons.

B) an action potential generated in taste receptors or buds.

C) the movement of neurotransmitters across a synaptic cleft.

D) the activation of the fight-or-flight response.

E) the movement of an electrical impulse from the dendrite to an axon.

Topic: Sec. 11.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.4

GLO: G1

20)

Which one of the following processes is depicted in the figure above?

A) hyperpolarization of an axon bulb

B) repolarization of a neuron

C) synaptic transmission

D) inhibition of a presynaptic neuron

E) antagonistic effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

Topic: Sec. 11.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.5a

GLO: G1

21) During synaptic transmission, the influx of ________ causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing ________.

A) mitochondrion; neurons

B) Ca2+; neurotransmitter

C) neurotransmitters; Ca2+

D) vesicles; neurons

E) neurons; mitochondrion

Topic: Sec. 11.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.5a

GLO: G1

22) Which one of the following events associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last?

A) Action potential arrives at an axon bulb.

B) Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft.

C) Chemically gated channels for sodium open.

D) Calcium diffuses into an axon bulb.

E) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

Topic: Sec. 11.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.5a

GLO: G1

23) There are several toxins that interfere with synaptic transmission. Botulism toxin, for example, interferes with the fusion of acetylcholine-containing vesicles with the membrane of the axon bulb. This would result in which one of the following?

A) blockage of Ca2+ diffusion into the axon

B) slow diffusion of the neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft

C) inability of neurotransmitter to bind the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane

D) blocking of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic membrane

E) hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

Topic: Sec. 11.5

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 11.5a

GLO: G2

24) Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which one of the following?

A) stimulating saltatory conduction

B) stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons

C) inhibiting postsynaptic neurons from repolarizing

D) inhibiting presynaptic neurons from depolarizing

E) stimulating depolarization of presynaptic neurons

Topic: Sec. 11.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.5b

GLO: G1

25) Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cells

A) depolarize simultaneously.

B) depolarize sequentially.

C) form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell.

D) activate the sodium-potassium pump of a Schwann cell.

E) form a synapse with multiple postsynaptic cells.

Topic: Sec. 11.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.5a

GLO: G1

26) Which one of the following types of neurotransmitter functions as an inhibitory agent, typically suppressing the sensation of pain?

A) endorphins

B) acetylcholine

C) epinephrine

D) serotonin

E) somatostatin

Topic: Sec. 11.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.5a

GLO: G1

27) Which one of the following is NOT directly involved in the production of a typical spinal reflex?

A) brain

B) sensory neuron

C) motor neuron

D) interneuron

E) stimulus

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6a

GLO: G1

28) Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role of the ________ division of the nervous system.

A) sensory

B) autonomic

C) endocrine

D) somatic

E) postsynaptic

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

29) Both voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movement are controlled through which one of the following divisions of the nervous system?

A) sensory division

B) sympathetic division

C) parasympathetic division

D) somatic division

E) endocrine division

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

30) Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system predominates during the relaxed state?

A) sensory division

B) sympathetic division

C) somatic division

D) parasympathetic division

E) endocrine division

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

31) Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A) increased digestion and absorption

B) decreased respiratory rate

C) increased blood pressure

D) decreased heart rate

E) increased bladder contraction

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

32) Preganglionic motor neurons of the ________ division of the nervous system originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

A) sympathetic

B) parasympathetic

C) central nervous system

D) paralumbar

E) cerebral cortex

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

33) The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the

A) dura mater, alma mater, and pia mater.

B) fore, mid, and hind meninges.

C) dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid.

D) pleura, parietal, and arachnoid.

E) glial, Schwann, and interstitial.

Topic: Sec. 11.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.7a

GLO: G1

34) During a brain surgery, a surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next?

A) bones of the skull

B) vertebrae

C) cerebrospinal fluid

D) pia mater

E) arachnoid

Topic: Sec. 11.7

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 11.7a

GLO: G1

35) From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structures is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain?

A) forebrain

B) midbrain

C) hindbrain

D) cerebrum

E) corpus callosum

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

36) The region of brain that coordinates antagonistic muscle movements is the

A) medulla oblongata.

B) cerebellum.

C) pons.

D) thalamus.

E) occipital lobe.

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

37) The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the

A) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.

B) frontal, parietal, occipital.

C) cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons.

D) ventricles, meninges, nerve tracts.

E) hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary.

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

38) People who are intoxicated cannot coordinate their movements or walk a straight line because alcohol disrupts the normal function of which region of the brain?

A) cerebellum

B) cerebrum

C) corpus callosum

D) hypothalamus

E) thalamus

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

39) The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by which one of the following?

A) pons

B) medulla oblongata

C) corpus callosum

D) thalamus

E) cerebral cortex

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

40) Regulation of the production of breast milk, carbohydrate metabolism, and temperature control are some of the functions of the

A) frontal lobe.

B) midbrain.

C) medulla oblongata.

D) thalamus.

E) hypothalamus.

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

41) Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through the

A) cerebral cortex.

B) cerebellum.

C) thalamus.

D) hypothalamus.

E) medulla oblongata.

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

42) Which one of the following parts of the brain effectively links the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A) medulla oblongata

B) cerebral cortex

C) corpus callosum

D) hypothalamus

E) cerebellum

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

43) Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following?

A) cerebellum

B) cerebral cortex

C) medulla oblongata

D) hypothalamus

E) thalamus

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

44) Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for speech and conscious thought?

A) occipital

B) temporal

C) frontal

D) corpus callosum

E) parietal

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

45) Which of the following parts of the brain is associated with emotions and behavior?

A) corpus callosum

B) limbic system

C) cerebellum

D) hypothalamus

E) medulla oblongata

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.10

GLO: G1

46) Short-term memory is associated with the ________, whereas long-term memory is associated with the ________.

A) limbic system; cerebral cortex

B) cerebral cortex; hypothalamus

C) cerebral cortex; limbic system

D) hypothalamus; cerebral cortex

E) limbic system; hypothalamus

Topic: Sec. 11.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.11

GLO: G1

47) All of the following statements about psychoactive drugs are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

A) Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata.

B) Psychoactive drugs are able to cross the blood-brain barrier.

C) Psychoactive drugs directly affect neurotransmitters.

D) Psychoactive drugs change the normal patterns of brain electrical activity.

E) Many psychoactive drugs lead to dependence, tolerance, and addiction.

Topic: Sec. 11.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.12

GLO: G1

48) Insufficient production of acetylcholine in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta-amyloid are problems associated with which one of the following diseases?

A) meningitis

B) Alzheimer's disease

C) rabies

D) Parkinson's disease

E) epilepsy

Topic: Sec. 11.11

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.13

GLO: G1

49) Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus that is introduced to the body through the skin and travels along sensory neurons to the brain?

A) meningitis

B) rabies

C) epilepsy

D) Alzheimer's disease

E) Parkinson's disease

Topic: Sec. 11.11

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.13

GLO: G1

50) Which one of the following diseases is a progressive degenerative disorder caused by destruction of dopamine-releasing neurons in the brain that coordinate muscle movement?

A) Alzheimer's disease

B) epilepsy

C) encephalitis

D) Parkinson's disease

E) rabies

Topic: Sec. 11.11

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.13

GLO: G1

11.2 True/False Questions

1) The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the limbic nervous system.

Topic: Sec. 11.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.1

GLO: G1

2) The somatic division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) controls skeletal muscles.

Topic: Sec. 11.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.1

GLO: G1

3) The repolarization phase of an action potential is dependent on the sodium-potassium pump.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

4) Reestablishment of the resting potential in a neuron following an action potential requires the activity of the sodium-potassium pump.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3a

GLO: G1

5) The absolute refractory period characteristic of neurons is important in ensuring that action potentials travel in only one direction.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

6) During periods of stress or increased activity, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates; during periods of rest, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates.

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

7) Motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system transmit impulses away from the central nervous system.

Topic: Sec. 11.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.2a

GLO: G1

8) An action potential is a long or rapid release of energy, generated by the sodium-potassium pumps of neurons.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

9) A student noticed that every time he smelled a certain perfume in the hallway, it reminded him of his mother. This is due largely to the activity of the limbic system.

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 11.10

GLO: G2

10) The strength and duration of a stimulus determine the amplitude of an action potential.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

11) Neurotransmitters always cause depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

Topic: Sec. 11.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.5b

GLO: G1

12) The functional barrier between blood and the brain is cerebrospinal fluid.

Topic: Sec. 11.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.7a

GLO: G1

11.3 Matching Questions

Match the following types of neurons with their descriptions.

A) motor neurons

B) sensory neurons

C) interneurons

1) transmit impulses away from the central nervous system

Topic: Sec. 11.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.2a

GLO: G1

2) transmit impulses within the central nervous system

Topic: Sec. 11.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.2a

GLO: G1

3) transmit impulses toward the central nervous system

Topic: Sec. 11.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.2a

GLO: G1

Answers: 1) A 2) C 3) B

The figure above shows a sagittal section through the brain. Match each labeled part (A through F) of the brain with its function.

4) regulates body temperature and stimulates hunger drive

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

5) ensures that antagonistic muscles do not contract at the same time

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

6) controls heart rate and blood pressure, as well as sneezing and swallowing reflexes; motor nerves from one side of the forebrain cross to the opposite side of the body

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

7) removal of this region would eliminate coordinated movements in response to sight

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

8) receives sensory information from other parts of the body and relays it to proper areas of the cerebrum

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

9) the most highly developed part of the brain; the corpus callosum interconnects its two sides; associated with language and conscious thought

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

Use the figure above to match the events of action potential propagation with when they occur on the graph (labeled A through D).

10) potassium channels within the membrane are open

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

11) voltage threshold for membrane

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

12) the membrane has repolarized

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

13) the membrane is depolarized

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

Match each of the following disorders associated with the nervous system with its description.

A) Parkinson's disease

B) epilepsy

C) meningitis

D) multiple sclerosis

E) encephalitis

14) condition characterized by seizures and abnormal periods of brain electrical activity

Topic: Sec. 11.11

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.13

GLO: G1

15) autoimmune disorder that results in damage to the myelin sheaths of CNS neurons; transmission of impulses is subsequently disrupted

Topic: Sec. 11.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.4, 11.13

GLO: G1

16) inflammation of the connective tissue layers surrounding the organs of the central nervous system

Topic: Sec. 11.11

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.13

GLO: G1

17) inflammation of the brain; symptoms include headaches, hallucinations, and disturbances in speech and behavior; often caused by a viral infection

Topic: Sec. 11.11

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.13

GLO: G1

18) progressive, degenerative disorder caused by a shortage of dopamine in the brain; symptoms include muscle tremors in hands and feet and an eventual loss of mobility

Topic: Sec. 11.11

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.13

GLO: G1

Answers: 14) B 15) D 16) C 17) E 18) A

Determine whether each of the following descriptions is characteristic of the parasympathetic division or the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Answers may be used more than once.

A) parasympathetic nervous system

B) sympathetic nervous system

19) preganglionic neurons originate in the brain or sacral region of spinal cord

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

20) postganglionic neurons secrete acetylcholine

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

21) its effect is to prepare the body for emergencies

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

22) its effect results in a calm, relaxed state

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

23) preganglionic motor neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

24) postganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrine

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

Answers: 19) B 20) A 21) B 22) A 23) B 24) B

11.4 Short Answer Questions

1) Arrival of an action potential at an axon terminal ultimately results in the release of ________ into the synaptic cleft.

Topic: Sec. 11.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.5a

GLO: G1

2) Motor neurons carrying information to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and all other tissues and organs except skeletal muscle belong to the ________ division of the peripheral nervous system.

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

3) For an action potential to be generated, a minimum membrane voltage, or a(n) ________, must be reached.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

4) The first step of an action potential, when the membrane potential of a neuron shifts from negative to positive due to inward movement of sodium ions, is referred to as ________.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

5) When repolarization is occurring during an action potential, ________ channels are closed.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

6) Transient local changes in the resting potential of a cell are called graded potentials because they can vary in size. In a phenomenon known as ________, many incoming signals produce progressively larger graded potentials in a cell — larger than any single impulse would produce alone.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

7) The ________ controls many functions in the body, including regulating body temperature and hunger drive.

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

8) Only 20% of cells in the human nervous system are neurons, and the rest are cells that support and protect neurons called ________ cells.

Topic: Sec. 11.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.4

GLO: G1

9) Given a particular neuron, an action potential either occurs or does not occur, depending on the strength of the stimulus; therefore, the action potential is described as ________.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1

10) When an action potential arrives at the axonal bulb, ________ channels open in the presynaptic membrane, which causes neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft.

Topic: Sec. 11.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.5a

GLO: G1

11)

Depicted in the figure above, ________ is a type of neural information processing where an action potential is transmitted from one cell to many cells.

Topic: Sec. 11.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.5a

GLO: G1

12) Twelve pairs of ________ nerves carry nerve impulses from the brain to glands, muscles, head, neck, and abdominal and thoracic cavities.

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6a

GLO: G1

13) Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are part of the ________ nervous system.

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6a

GLO: G1

14) The ________ reflex, an example being the well-known knee-jerk pathway, plays an important role in maintaining upright posture and movement.

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6a

GLO: G1

15) The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system work antagonistically to maintain ________.

Topic: Sec. 11.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.6b

GLO: G1

16) Bacterial and viral infections of the brain are rare because the ________ prevents most viruses, proteins, and bacteria from entering the cerebrospinal fluid.

Topic: Sec. 11.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.7a

GLO: G1

17) Because the central nervous system is so important to the proper functioning of the body, the brain is protected by the ________ and the spinal cord is protected by the ________.

Topic: Sec. 11.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.7a

GLO: G1

18) Removal of the ________ would prevent any type of decision making.

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

19) The left and right cerebral hemispheres are interconnected by a nerve tract network called the ________.

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

20) Recordings of the brain's activities can be made using a(n) ________; this information is used to study the functioning of the brain.

Topic: Sec. 11.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.8

GLO: G1

21) Short-term memory is associated with the ________, whereas long-term memory is associated with changes in the ________.

Topic: Sec. 11.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.11

GLO: G1

22) Drugs that cause changes in emotions, consciousness, or behavior are known as ________.

Topic: Sec. 11.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.12

GLO: G1

11.5 Essay Questions

1) On your way to class, you decide to cross a busy street but fail to notice a fast-moving car coming toward you. When you do see the car, your heart rate and breathing increase, and you feel a burst of energy that helps you quickly move to the sidewalk. Describe how your nervous system was able to process the sight of the car with the need to move your legs.

Topic: Sec. 11.0, 11.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 11.2a

GLO: G2, G8

2) The phrase all-or-none response describes a neuron-generated action potential. Explain what is meant by this phrase.

Topic: Sec. 11.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 11.3b

GLO: G1, G8

3) The nervous system is capable of using some neurotransmitters for more than one function. For example, some neurotransmitters may be excitatory in one pathway yet inhibitory in another. Discuss what accounts for the same neurotransmitter having different functions in alternate pathways.

Topic: Sec. 11.5

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 11.5b

GLO: G1, G8