Ch13 + Questions bank Nancy Ogden | Test Questions & Answers - Test Bank | Psychology Around Us 4e by Nancy Ogden. DOCX document preview.
CHAPTER 13
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
- Attitudes are relatively stable and enduring evaluations of things and people. According to the ABC model, they have affective, behavioural, and cognitive components.
- Parents play a major role in shaping children’s attitudes. In older children, peers, teachers, and the media also exert an influence.
- Leon Festinger proposed that people change their attitudes when they experience cognitive dissonance—a state of emotional discomfort that arises when a person holds two contradictory beliefs or holds a belief inconsistent with his behaviour.
- The self-perception theory of attitude change minimizes the role of emotional discomfort and suggests that people simply infer what their attitudes are by observing their own behaviour.
- The attitudes people express are not necessarily related to their behaviour. In part, this is because people sometimes misrepresent their attitudes. They may wish to express socially desirable attitudes, or they may not be aware of what their implicit attitudes really are.
- Stereotypes and prejudice arise in part from the human tendency to identify with a group. Various explanations of prejudice come from evolutionary theories, realistic conflict theory, and social identity theory.
- People use persuasion techniques to try to influence the attitudes of others. The central route to persuasion emphasizes the content of the message, while the peripheral route depends on more superficial appeals, such as the appearance of the spokesperson.
2. Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
- Attributions, or causal explanations of behaviour, can be dispositional (internal) or situational (external).
- People tend to attribute their own behaviour to situational factors and the behaviour of others to dispositional factors. The reliance on dispositional factors to explain others’ behaviour is the fundamental attribution error.
- According to the actor–observer effect, this discrepancy exists because people make situational attributions as actors and dispositional attributions as observers.
- People sometimes attribute only their failures to situational factors and attribute their successes to dispositional factors, called the self-serving bias.
3. Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
- Society establishes rules, or norms, about how people are supposed to act. Social roles are sets of norms ascribed to particular social positions. Norms and roles are critical to the smooth functioning of society, but also place limits on individuals.
- Conformity is the tendency to yield to real or imagined group pressure. In a famous series of experiments, Solomon Asch found that 75 percent of research participants yielded to implicit group pressure to conform to an incorrect judgment.
- Unlike conformity, obedience involves following direct orders, usually from an authority figure. Experiments by Stanley Milgram found that 65 percent of subjects continued to follow orders to administer what they believed to be dangerous electric shocks.
4. Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
- The social facilitation effect occurs when the presence of others enhances a person’s performance. Research shows that this effect holds for simple, well-learned tasks; but the presence of others can impair performance on more complicated tasks.
- With social loafing, people in a group exert less effort on a task than they would if performing the task alone.
- Group polarization is a phenomenon in which group discussion intensifies the already-held opinions of group members and produces a shift toward a more extreme position.
- Groups with certain characteristics—a strong similarity among members, high group cohesiveness, high perceived threat, elevated stress, insulation from outside influence, and a directive leader—may become victims of groupthink, a faulty decision-making process in which group members strive for unanimity at the expense of realistically appraising alternative courses of action.
- Helping behaviour is of two types: altruism, which is motivated by concern for others, and egoistic helping behaviour, which is motivated by a desire to reduce one’s own distress or receive rewards.
- People are more likely to engage in helping behaviour when alone than when in the presence of others. Theorists propose that the presence of others may create a diffusion of responsibility, in which no single individual feels personal responsibility for acting.
- Aggression describes a broad range of behaviours intended to do harm to another. Aggression has some biological underpinnings. In addition, the frustration-aggression hypothesis proposes that aggression arises in response to frustration.
- Factors that lead to liking another person include similarity, proximity, self-disclosure, situational, and physical attractiveness.
- One description of love includes three elements: attachment, caring, and intimacy. Another, Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, holds that love is composed of intimacy, passion, and commitment, which combine in varying degrees.
- Similar to young children, adults display three types of attachment in love relationships: secure
5. Describe the major findings of social neuroscience about regions of the brain particularly important to our social functioning.
- Social neuroscience is the specialty of neuroscience that studies how the brain works during social functioning. Social functioning is so important and uniquely human that social neuroscientists have given the name “social brain” to the combination of brain areas that are particularly active in social functioning.
- The orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, insula, and amygdala all have been identified as especially important in social functioning. Researchers continue to try to pinpoint neural connections related to social functioning.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. "How people are changed and influenced by others in their thoughts, feelings, and actions" is a definition of social
a) psychology.
b) influence.
c) relations.
d) cognition.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
2. The beliefs people have concerning the object of an attitude describes the ____ component of an attitude.
a) affective
b) behavioral
c) perceptual
d) cognitive
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
3. Leonardo felt cheated by the used car salesperson who sold him a 2010 Honda Accord several years ago. Ever since then, he assumes the worst when it comes to dealing with salespeople. Which attitude component is this an example of?
a) affective
b) behavioural
c) cognitive
d) acquisition
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
4. Ha-eun is listening to a discussion on the news about the legalization of marijuana and she is furious with the idea. What component of her attitude toward legalizing marijuana is Ha-eun displaying?
a) affective
b) behavioural
c) physiological
d) cognitive
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
5. Jade is so disillusioned by the actions of politicians from all political parties that she plans to vote for independent candidates in the next election. Her voting plan is an example of which component of Jade's attitude about politicians?
a) affective
b) cognitive
c) behavioural
d) emotional
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
6. Which of the following statement about attitudes is true?
a) Attitudes develop, in part, due to genetic inheritance.
b) Children learn attitudes through vicarious learning.
c) Attitudes are shaped by others.
d) Attitudes and behaviours reflecting those attitudes are highly correlated.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
7. Many of our attitudes begin to form during ______________________.
a) infancy
b) childhood
c) adolescence
d) attitudes are genetically based
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
8. Alex is reflecting on a party he just attended with several friends that ended in his involvement in a verbal argument. He is pondering why his female friend made a rude comment, and why he reacted the way that he did. Alex is engaged in
a) social cognition.
b) affect cognition.
c) behavioral cognition.
d) reflective cognition.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
9. During the Asch study individuals who worked with the experimenter, known as _____, purposely gave wrong answers.
a) accomplices
b) confederates
c) participants
d) sample
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
10. Regarding attitudes toward the legalization of marijuana, the belief that legalization is right or wrong reflects the ______________ component of attitude.
a) affective
b) behavioural
c) cognitive
d) situational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
11. Regarding attitudes toward an anti-abortion stance, participation in demonstrations reflects the _____________ component of attitude.
a) affective
b) behavioural
c) cognitive
d) situational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
12. Jaya’s friend asked Jaya to go with her to a rally to protest treatment of, and discrimination against, immigrant children. Jaya was aware of the issue and wanted to support her friend so went along. After the rally Jaya felt compelled to get involved, and joined several groups, one in her city, one at her university, and one at her place of worship. The strengthening of Jaya’s attitude could probably be attributed to the ___.
a) attitude polarization effect
b) speaker persuasion effect
c) mere thought effect
d) peripheral persuasion effect
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
13. _________ developed a concept to account for why people are motivated to make attitudinal changes when they experience tension after becoming aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behaviors. This concept is known as _____.
a) Bandura; social learning theory
b) Festinger; cognitive dissonance theory
c) Freud; defense mechanisms theory
d) Leon; power of inconsistencies theory
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
14. In Festinger and Carlsmith’s original experiment, which group of participants gave the task the most favourable ratings?
a) the $1 group
b) the $20 group
c) the $1 group and the $20 group equally
d) the control group
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
15. Which theory states that people are motivated to make attitudinal changes when they experience discomfort after becoming aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes and, their behaviours?
a) social learning theory
b) cognitive dissonance theory
c) Freud's defence mechanisms theory
d) power of inconsistencies theory
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
16. Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that after Lamar bought a Ford instead of the Honda he had originally intended to buy, he would ___________________.
a) regret his decision
b) complain about the Honda features he could not get with his Ford
c) notice the problems with his Ford that he ignored before
d) focus on the positive features of his Ford
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
17. According to the textbook, people experiencing cognitive dissonance would most likely_____________________.
a) change their behaviour
b) change their attitude
c) ignore the inconsistency between their behaviour and attitude
d) continue to feel discomfort
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
18. A small law firm has four lawyers who are all opposed to the death penalty. Which lawyer would be most likely to change his attitude concerning the death penalty?
a) Santos, who writes a brief op-ed piece opposing the death penalty as a favor for a friend
b) Nurul, who writes a brief op-ed piece opposing the death penalty for a client and is paid
c) Ann, who writes a brief op-ed piece supporting the death penalty piece as a favor for a friend
d) Cedric, who writes a brief op-ed piece supporting the death penalty for a client and is paid
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
19. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment where participants performed an hour long boring task and then were paid either $1 or $20 to tell the next person the experiment was enjoyable. Based on the results of that study, if Connor were to ask student to support him to his department head by saying they enjoyed entering pages and pages of numeric data, and want to do it again, how much money should he pay them.
a) $1
b) $20
c) $50
d) $140 (estimated from the inflation calculator)
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
20. Nick has been working hard all week. On Sunday morning, he wakes up and realizes that he has just slept 10 hours. He says to himself, “Wow, I guess I was more tired than I thought.” Nick’s sudden insight would be of greatest interest to ___.
a) Asch
b) LaPiere
c) Festinger
d) Bem
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
21. Which of the following people is most likely to change her attitude?
a) Arlette, who gets paid $1 to help an experimenter recruit people for an interesting task
b) Ji-yoo, who gets paid $20 to help an experimenter recruit people for an interesting task
c) Mary, who gets paid $1 to help an experimenter recruit people for a boring task
d) Esme, who gets paid $20 to help an experimenter recruit people for a boring task
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
22. According to Bem’s self-perception theory, people often
a) change their behaviour to reflect their attitudes.
b) infer their attitudes from their behaviour.
c) develop cognitive dissonance when exhibiting behaviours contrary to their attitudes.
d) reduce cognitive dissonance when exhibiting behaviours contrary to their attitudes.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
23. Dacey wants his son to excel in his schoolwork. The best strategy Dacey could adopt is to
a) takes away his son’s privileges whenever he gets a bad grade.
b) give his son a reasonable amount of praise whenever he gets a good grade.
c) tell his son he will give him $500 for a straight-A report card.
d) allows his son to play video games only after studying for two hours each night.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
24. Which of the following people’s actions are most consistent with self-perception theory?
a) Marcie suddenly realizes that she is humming a tune and concludes that she is happy.
b) George sees his classmates get rewarded for good grades and decides to study harder.
c) Rachael feels uncomfortable when she catches herself behaving hypocritically and changes her behaviour.
d) Michael realized that his behaviour as a telephone solicitor is inconsistent with his dislike of calling strangers but justifies it because he has to pay his rent.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
25. Which of the following cases is the best example of self-perception theory?
a) Ellery does several person chores for her supervisor and decides she likes him better than she initially thought she would.
b) Henry is working two jobs so he can give money to his sister who is intellectually disabled.
c) Annabelle is retired and helps her daughter by babysitting two days a week.
d) Declan realizes that he as been allowing others to do most of the work on the group project and begins to work harder.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
26. Cognitive dissonance is to _____ behaviours as self-perception theory is to _____ behaviours.
a) strikingly out of character; attitude congruent
b) attitude congruent; strikingly out of character
c) slightly out of character; strikingly out of character
d) strikingly out of character; slightly out of character
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
27. Which of the following factors influence whether attitudes predict behaviours?
a) level of cognitive dissonance and attitude strength
b) attitude strength and popularity of the topic
c) public opinion and attitude strength
d) attitude strength and specificity
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
28. LaPiere’s study from the 1930s concerning whether restaurants would serve a Chinese couple demonstrated that
a) attitudes did not necessarily predict behaviour very well.
b) attitudes did predict behaviour very well.
c) while attitudes did predict behaviour, behaviour did not necessarily predict attitudes.
d) attitudes did predict behaviour and behaviour did predict attitudes.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
29. Beth is so disillusioned by the actions of politicians from both political parties that she plans to vote for independent candidates in the next election. Her voting plans are an example of which component of Beth’s attitude about politicians?
a) affective
b) cognitive
c) behavioral
d) emotional
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
30. Which of the following people is most likely to display a behaviour that corresponds to their attitude?
a) Ying, who loves animals and is asked to contribute money to the local animal shelter’s expansion fund
b) Brittany, who is an extrovert and is asked to donate to overseas relief efforts
c) Boris, who rarely follows the news and is asked to donate money to hurricane relief in a country he is never heard of before
d) Levi, who has lots of money and is asked to donate to the United Way
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
31. A common problem that occurs when asking participants questions about socially sensitive topics is that they tend to answer in ways that are ____________. One method that researchers can use to minimize this is the ____________.
a) politically correct; validity items test
b) politically correct; bogus pipeline technique
c) socially desirable; validity items test
d) socially desirable; bogus pipeline technique
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
32. Wesley is conducting a study examining racism among university students. If he is concerned about participants answering in a socially desirable manner, he should use the ________________ method.
a) polygraph
b) bogus pipeline
c) bogus lie detection
d) deceptive pipeline
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
33. Richard is the CEO of a large company. Richard strongly believes in equal opportunity hiring and yet, when you look at who he has hired in the past five years, they are all young white males. What might explain this discrepancy?
a) Richard may be experiencing cognitive dissonance when he interviews candidates.
b) Richard may have suppressed attitudes about people of different races or women.
c) Richard may have an implicit attitude and not be aware he is prejudiced.
d) Richard may have an explicit attitude and not be aware he is prejudiced.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
34. Which of the following statements regarding implicit and explicit attitudes is correct?
a) There is a strong positive correlation between the two.
b) Explicit attitudes are conscious whereas implicit attitudes are not.
c) There is a strong negative correlation between the two.
d) Explicit attitudes are less accessible than implicit attitudes.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
35. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a test aimed at
a) evaluating when people are lying about their genuine attitudes.
b) predicting future behaviours based on mindful reporting of attitudes.
c) reducing the social desirability effect.
d) assessing attitudes to which people are not consciously aware.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
36. Farid is taking a test where he must identify words and identify whether the word is associated with the categories “fat” or “thin” and then identify whether the word is pleasant or unpleasant. It is likely that Farid is taking the ___.
a) BPT (Bogus Pipeline Test)
b) TAT (Thematic Attitudes Test)
c) IAT (Implicit Attitudes Test)
d) EAT (Explicit Attitudes Test)
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
37. A(n) _________________ allows people to make quick judgements about others, thereby freeing up their mental resources for other activities.
a) prejudice
b) stereotype
c) discrimination
d) attribution
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
38. Stereotypes is to prejudice is to discrimination as _____ is to _____ is to _____.
a) feeling; behaviour; cognition
b) feeling; cognition; behaviour
c) cognition; behaviour; feeling
d) cognition; feeling; behaviour
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
39. Research suggests that one of the best ways to decrease prejudice is to encourage _____.
a) cooperation
b) friendly competition
c) reciprocity of liking
d) social comparison
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
40. Prejudice is to ___ as discrimination is to ___.
a) attitude; attitude
b) attitude; behaviour
c) behaviour; attitude
d) behaviour; behaviour
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
41. _____ is a cognitive process in which members of one's own group are viewed more positively than those who are not members of the group.
a) Reciprocity of liking
b) Positive familiarity
c) In-group favoritism
d) Outgroup prejudice
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
42. Kendra is taking her friend Prisha who is visiting from India to a new restaurant for lunch. After lunch, they order chocolate cake for dessert. Assuming the server is also from India, based on social identity theory, what is the most likely possible outcome?
a) The server will exhibit in-group bias and give Prisha the larger piece of cake.
b) The server will exhibit social comparison and will give Kendra the larger piece of cake.
c) The server will exhibit social categorization and give Kendra the larger piece of cake.
d) The server will want to avoid the appearance of bias so each will receive equal portions of cake.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
43. A small lake provides the only water source for two cities – one on each side of the lake. Unfortunately, the lake is beginning to dry up so, although there is enough water for one city, there is not enough for two. The two cities are now fighting for sole ownership of the lake and its water. In this example, the best explanation of the fight between the two cities is
a) social identity theory.
b) social dominance theory.
c) realistic conflict theory.
d) resource conflict theory.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
44. When an economic recession occurs, there is also an increase in prejudice. This can be best explained by
a) social identity theory.
b) realistic conflict theory.
c) self-perception theory.
d) attribution theory.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
45. Who is most likely to learn a prejudice against a new group of people?
a) Jessi watches a movie in which members of this group are recognized for their talents.
b) Gabriel hears his parents and friends make derogatory statements about members of this group.
c) Kema befriends one member of this group.
d) Sameer meets members of this group through mutual friends.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
46. In Sherif’s classic study, prejudice was created in two groups of boys at summer camp by encouraging ____________ and was successfully eliminated by creating ______________.
a) ingroups; mixed groups
b) aggressive competition; friendly competition
c) competition; common goals
d) passive cooperation; active cooperation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
47. Which of the following created a feeling of prejudice in Sherif's study?
a) pretending that children were in a camp
b) separating groups into different cabins
c) encouraging cabin raids and name calling
d) setting up mini crises for groups to solve
Answer 1: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
48. A _______________ is a method for reducing prejudice that involves creating a goal that benefits both the minority and majority groups and requires cooperation to achieve.
a) reciprocal task
b) homogenous task
c) common goal
d) subordinate goal
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
49. For increased contact to diminish prejudice between two groups of people, which of the following factors must be present?
a) close interaction, interdependence, and equal status
b) superordinate goals and homogeneous tasks
c) reciprocity of liking, equality, and friendly competition
d) positive experiences, close interdependence, and heterogeneous goals
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
50. _____ is when a persona affiliates with a particular group in order to determine how to act and react in the world.
a) ingroup/outgroup relations
b) social identity theory
c) self-concept theory
d) prejudicial perspective theory
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
51. Hans writes science-fiction books. When asked why humans always think of aliens from other planets as being dangerous and evil, Hans responds that it is because it makes us feel superior to other life forms. This illustrates the ___________ process of social identity theory.
a) social categorization
b) realistic conflict
c) social identity
d) social comparison
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
52. When people ponder the content and logic of persuasive messages, it is referred to as the _______________ to persuasion.
a) objective route
b) subjective route
c) central route
d) peripheral route
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
53. Research on persuasion suggests that decisions based on the ____ route last longer than decisions based on the ____________ route.
a) direct; indirect
b) indirect; direct
c) peripheral; central
d) central; peripheral
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
54. The central route of persuasion is to _______________ as the peripheral route is to _____________________.
a) primary source of information; secondary source of information
b) facts and logic; superficial information
c) direct communication; indirect communication
d) superficial information; facts and logic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
55. Apryl is in sales. She tells her customers “Although our competitors will truthfully tell you that they offer better prices, you need to be aware that they also offer the lowest quality of product.” Apryl is using _____.
a) attitude inoculation
b) attitude internalization
c) negative reinforcement
d) implicit persuasion
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
56. Zubin wanted to persuade his cousin to help him with an unpleasant task. Which of the following would NOT be a technique Zubin would use to persuade his cousin?
a) bogus pipeline technique
b) foot-in-the-door technique
c) door-in-the-face technique
d) appeals to fear technique
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
57. Tyson wants to buy a Harley-Davidson motorcycle because he saw one driven by the hero of an action film and thought driving one himself would make him look tough and strong. Tyson has been persuaded through
a) the peripheral route to persuasion
b) the receiver characteristics of the message
c) the distinctiveness of the message
d) the rhetoric of the message
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
58. Jenny has been told that, before she can go to her friend’s house, her bedroom must be cleaned. She tells her little brother that, if he will clean it for her, he can play her video game. After he refuses, she tells him that, if he will just tidy and dust her room, she will allow him to use her game. Jenny is using the ________ technique to persuade her little brother to help her.
a) foot-in-the-door
b) door-in-the-face
c) progressive set-up
d) first-refusal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
59. The persuasion technique that involves making an-absurd first request that will obviously be turned down, and then following it with a more moderate request is called the _____ technique.
a) door-in-the-face
b) foot-in-the-door
c) first-refusal
d) try-and-try-again
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
60. Maeve is a college student. She lives an hour away from her parents, and she wants to ask them for a loan, but she is afraid they will say no. Which of the following strategies should Maeve avoid?
a) phoning them up and asking them for a loan
b) going to visit them for a family dinner and asking them over dinner
c) phoning them ahead of time and asking if she can come over and discuss a loan
d) inviting them to come and visit and surprising them with the request while they are there
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
61. Ivanna asks her father if she can go to the movies with her friends. After her father says yes, she then asks him if he could drive her and her friends to the movie theater. Ivanna is using the ______________ technique to persuasion.
a) door-in-the-face
b) progressive set-up
c) low-ball
d) foot-in-the-door
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
62. Harley is collecting donations for a local charity. When Harley first approaches a prospective donor, she asks for a donation of $100. If they refuse, she then suggests that “every little bit counts,” and asks for $10. Which technique is Harley using to persuade people to donate to the charity?
a) the progressive set-up
b) the foot-in-the-door technique
c) the slow-and-steady technique
d) the door-in-the-face technique
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how attitudes form and change and what role they play in behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attitudes
63. Causal explanations that we provide for behaviours are referred to by social psychologists as _______________.
a) attributions
b) biases
c) assumptions
d) attitudes
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
64. Jared could NOT help but think Safa was a klutz. He had recently seen her tumbling down the lane when bowling and tripping while walking down the street. In these instances, Jared is the
a) observer.
b) actor.
c) external factor.
d) internal factor.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
65. You see on the news that an Olympic athlete was caught using a performance-enhancing drug. Which of the following reflects a clear dispositional attribution?
a) She must have been under a lot of pressure to win.
b) She probably ingested it without knowing.
c) Her coach probably gave it to her.
d) She is too competitive.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
66. Kaitlyn believes that she failed her psychology exam because the teacher made the questions on the test impossible to answer. Kaitlyn is using a(n) _______________ to explain her failure on the exam.
a) impression management
b) stereotaxic determination
c) situational attribution
d) person perception
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
67. Laurent gave research participants either a pro-choice or an anti-choice speech to read. Some of the participants were told that the anti-choice person’s position had been assigned. These participants would have _____.
a) made a situational attribution about the writer’s beliefs.
b) made a dispositional attribution about the writer’s beliefs.
c) made the same attribution for the pro-choice speech as for the anti-choice speech.
d) made just as strong an internal disposition as when they believed the writer’s position to be freely chosen.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
68. We misjudge the causes of another person’s behavior because we overestimate internal, personal factors and underestimate external, situational influences. This is called _____.
a) delusional thinking
b) prejudice
c) the fundamental attribution error
d) the self-serving bias
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
69. Aidan aced a test and is making a dispositional attribution. Which of the following could he be saying about the test?
a) “I’m exceptionally brilliant and knew my stuff.”
b) “The test was really easy.”
c) “The prof told us what to study.”
d) “My buddy took the test last term and told me what the questions would be.”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
70. Regarding attributions, internal is to _____________ as external is to ___________.
a) personality; attractiveness
b) successes; failures
c) failures; successes
d) dispositional; situational
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
71. Hakesh is driving in the left lane and is frustrated because the driver in front of him will not move over and let him pass. Hakesh decides that the driver is an idiot who is probably talking on a cell phone. Hakesh is making ___.
a) an internal attribution
b) an external attribution
c) a situational attribution
d) a self-serving attribution
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
72. Olivia and Charlie are eating in a restaurant and are discussing tipping the server. Olivia says she only tips if she receives excellent service, otherwise, the server is not good at their job. Charlie says that if service is bad, but the food is hot when he gets it he still tips because he thinks the delay may be because of a kitchen situation instead of the server’s incompetence. Which of the following best explains the difference in Olivia and Charlie’s approaches to tipping?
a) Olivia is using a self-serving bias; Charlie is making a dispositional attribution.
b) Olivia is exhibiting the actor-observer effect; Charlie is exhibiting the fundamental attribution error.
c) Olivia is exhibiting the fundamental attribution error; Charlie is exhibiting the actor-observer effect.
d) Olivia is exhibiting the fundamental attribution error; Charlie is trying to avoid making a fundamental attribution error.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
73. Elizabeth has a fear of speaking in public. When she must give a presentation in class she often stammers. Because of her flustered presentation, many of her classmates think Elizabeth did not spend enough time preparing for the presentation and does not know the material well. This is an example of _____________________.
a) the self-serving bias
b) the fundamental attribution error
c) the social comparison error
d) the unknown factor effect
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
74. Ambar has been sitting in road construction traffic for almost twenty minutes and will probably be late for her afternoon class. When she finally reaches the location of the construction, she sees a construction worker sitting on the grass eating lunch. This makes her very angry as she now knows she will be late for class because of the laziness of that construction worker. Ambar is making a ________________.
a) external attribution error
b) blame-attribution error
c) fundamental attribution error
d) situational attribution error
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
75. When Insoo told Ian she had recently rear-ended another car he told her she was a careless driver. When Insoo reminded Ian that he had rear-ended another driver last year, Ian responded that it was different because the driver in front of him had stopped suddenly. Ian is exhibiting the
a) self-serving bias.
b) self-effacing bias.
c) fundamental attribution error.
d) actor-observer effect.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
76. Ian explains to his wife that he accidentally broke the jar of mayonnaise when unloading the groceries from the car. His wife, Laura, falls victim to the actor-observer effect in thinking that
a) Ian should have been more careful when unloading the groceries.
b) grocery bags tend to tear too easily when used to hold heavy objects.
c) the clerks in the grocery store failed to double bag the heavier objects.
d) she should have gone to the store instead of Ian.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
77. You are walking along a sidewalk and trip because the sidewalk is uneven. Without knowing it, someone has videotaped this event. Later, after you have forgotten all about this event, you are shown the video. How would you predict you would respond to the video?
a) You would more likely switch from observer to actor with the video.
b) You would more likely make situational attributions with the video.
c) You would more likely make the fundamental attribution error with the video.
d) You would more likely succumb to the self-serving bias with the video.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
78.The discrepancy between how we explain other people’s behaviour and how we explain our own behaviour is known as the ______________.
a) self-serving bias
b) fundamental attribution error
c) actor-observer effect
d) dispositional attribution error
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
79. Amelia failed a test and said it was because the questions were "tricky"; Oscar passed the same test and said it was because he had studied hard. Amelia is exhibiting ____________; Oscar is exhibiting _________________.
a) a dispositional attribution; a situational attribution
b) the fundamental attribution error; the self-serving bias
c) the self-serving bias; the self-serving bias
d) the self-serving bias; the fundamental attribution error
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
80. When you attempt to maintain a positive self-image by taking credit for your successes and attributing your failures to external causes, you are engaged in _____________________.
a) a self-delusion
b) the self-serving bias
c) rationalization
d) the fundamental attribution error
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
81. Kyrlo stays after class to talk to his prof and finds that she is very abrupt with him. He assumes that she is unapproachable and does not bother trying to talk to her again. This is unfortunate, because the reason his prof was abrupt that one time was because she really had to use the washroom after a long class and did not feel comfortable saying that to Kyrlo. What is the best reason for Kyrlo’s explanation of his prof’s behaviour?
a) the mere exposure effect
b) the actor-observer bias
c) the self-serving bias
d) the fundamental attribution error
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
82. Rosalie scored very well on her first test. She told others that her success was due to her hard study efforts. When she failed the next test, she attributed it to the test being too difficult. What form of attribution bias does this describe?
a) actor-observer bias
b) self-serving bias
c) dispositional bias
d) situational bias
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
83. Hadassah regularly parallel parks to get into her parking stall in front of her apartment. She believes she parks this well because she is an excellent driver. However, when she tried to park at the shopping centre and backed into a pole, she said it was because her friend was talking to her and distracted her. What is the best reason for how Hadassah explains her parking?
a) the self-serving bias
b) the fundamental attribution error
c) the actor-observer effect
d) the situational-dispositional hypothesis
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
84. Which of the following is an example of self-serving bias?
a) Kelly tells the story about how she planted a gorgeous new garden but omits the fact that she ruined the previous garden with excessive weed killer.
b) Jermaine does not understand why the dirty-looking guys on the corner are trying to wash his windshield; he wishes they would go get real jobs.
c) Mildred loves her husband and wishes he would stop being so angry all the time, even though he lost his job, and their savings are running low.
d) Connor laughs when Troy’s dog bites Lisa, thinking, “She shouldn’t irritate the little tyke”; but does not find it amusing when the dog bites him.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
85. Ben is a psychologist providing marital therapy to Jeff and Sara. In working with the couple, Ben discovers that Jeff tends to take credit for his own, as well as Sara’s, successes; in contrast, when he makes a mistake, he blames the resulting failure on Sara. What is going on here, and how can Ben work with Jeff and Sara to overcome the problem?
a) Jeff exhibits the self-serving bias, which is wreaking havoc in his marriage. To overcome the problem, Ben should work with Jeff on accepting responsibility for his own mistakes instead of blaming Sara.
b) Jeff exhibits the fundamental attribution error, which is wreaking havoc in his marriage. To overcome the problem, Ben should work with Jeff to realize that Sara’s mistakes are often a result of situational variables.
c) Jeff exhibits the saliency bias, which is wreaking havoc in his marriage. To overcome the problem, Ben should work with Jeff on being able to also notice and appreciate the less obvious qualities in Sara.
d) Jeff exhibits the actor-observer effect, which is wreaking havoc in his marriage. To overcome the problem, Ben should videotape the couple and allow Jeff to see the footage as an observer rather than an actor.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
86. Which of the following is the best example of the fundamental attribution error?
a) Song does well on her Spanish exam and congratulates herself on how smart she is.
b) Shoma’s roommate fails his psychology exam, and Shoma concludes that his roommate did not study.
c) Michael fails his physics exam and says it is because the teacher is unfair, and the test was too hard.
d) Ping’s roommate gets an A on her sociology exam, and Ping assumes that the test was easy.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
87. What is the term for a rule of behaviour that prescribes what is acceptable or acceptable in a given situation?
a) norm
b) motivator
c) referential rule
d) meta-rule
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
88. A set of norms ascribed to a person based on expectations and duties associated with the individual’s position in the family, at work, in the community, and in other settings is called a _______________.
a) communal role
b) agentic role
c) social role
d) descriptive role
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
89. Rylee works on a construction site as a supervisor, supervising twenty-five men. In many countries Rylee might be thought to be violating a(n) _____.
a) descriptive norm
b) agentic role
c) gender role
d) injunctive norm
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
90. When Emma was accepted into graduate school in a different province, she decided to leave her two children in the custody of their father, her ex-husband. Which of the following did Emma probably experience after making this decision?
a) Emma’s decision was accepted because the traditional gender roles have changed over the years.
b) Emma’s decision was accepted because Western gender roles support women furthering their education and career.
c) Emma’s decision was not accepted because it violates Western gender roles which tend to ascribe agentic characteristics to women.
d) Emma’s decision was not accepted because it violates Western gender roles which tend to ascribe communal characteristics to women.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
91. ___is to male as ___is to female.
a) Injunctive; descriptive
b) Descriptive; injunctive
c) Communal; agentic
d) Agentic; communal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss how people make attributions to explain their own behaviour and the behaviour of others.
Section Reference: Social Cognition: Attributions
92. Kalen works in an office where he has been told he can take two fifteen-minute breaks and a one-hour lunch each day. He habitually extends his breaks to 25 minutes and his lunch to one and a half hours. Kalen is violating the __________ of his office.
a) social roles
b) social rules
c) implicit norms
d) explicit norms
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
93. When you were a child, your parents may have taught you table manners such as no elbows on the table, placing a napkin on your lap, asking to be excused, etc. Now that you are an adult you find you still usually place a napkin on your lap, but sometimes you rest your elbows on the table. These two table manners are examples of _____________ norms.
a) explicit
b) implicit
c) descriptive
d) injunctive
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
94. When you need a book for a term paper you are writing, you go to the university library. When you cannot find the book, you go up to the librarian and, lowering your voice, you quietly ask where you might find the book. You lowered your voice because that is a(n) _________________ norm for libraries.
a) explicit
b) implicit
c) descriptive
d) injunctive
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
95. Which of the following is NOT true about the male gender role?
a) Males are portrayed negatively if they step outside accepted gender role occupations.
b) Males are ascribed agentic characteristics.
c) Males occupy more high-ranking positions than females.
d) Males are viewed as taking a dominant role in the family context.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
96. Which of the following is correctly matched?
a) women - focus more narrowly on the talks at hand
b) women – better able to read subtle emotional expressions
c) men – feel more empathy for the emotional experiences of others
d) men – better at reading nonverbal social cues
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
97. Which of the following is NOT true regarding gender differences in social skills?
a) Males tend to focus more narrowly on the task in group activities.
b) Males tend to emerge as leaders in group activities.
c) Males tend to adopt more authoritarian styles in leadership roles.
d) Males tend to read non-verbal social cues better than females.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
98. Philip Zimbardo performed a study to demonstrate that
a) people would be affected by group labels.
b) guards in prisons mistreat prisoners.
c) prisoners lose privileges for misbehavior.
d) roles can alter how people behave.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
99. Zimbardo's prison study had to be stopped prior to the end of the scheduled two weeks because ______________________.
a) the human ethics committee objected to its effects
b) both prisoners and guards were exhibiting alarming changes in behaviour
c) prisoners rebelled and refused to continue the experiment
d) guards felt guilty about their behaviour and asked to stop the experiment.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
100. What was the primary conclusion from the Stanford Prison Experiment?
a) The study was ethically compromised and the results unclear.
b) People will accept a role assigned to them if authority figures allow them to do so.
c) The power of situations often overrides people’s moral centre and good sense.
d) Under aversive circumstances people maintain their own identities.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
101. Which of the following is NOT true regarding our understanding of roles since the Stanford Prison experiment?
a) The findings of the study demonstrated the situational power of roles in behaviour.
b) The findings of the study did not generalize well to real-life situations.
c) High-stress environments with little surveillance by those in charge can result in extreme abuses of power.
d) The power of a situation can override a person’s moral center and good sense.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
102. _____ is the change in thoughts, feelings, or actions due to real or imagined group pressure.
a) Compliance
b) Obedience
c) Conformity
d) Diffusion of responsibility
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
103. Solomon Asch conducted a classic psychology experiment on
a) the power of roles.
b) conformity.
c) the bystander effect.
d) obedience.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
104. Asch’s study on judgments regarding line length clearly demonstrated that
a) people will behave in immoral ways in high-stress situations.
b) people will blindly obey a person in a position of authority.
c) people will almost always alter their behaviour to conform to the behaviour of others.
d) when people are given a common goal, they form alliances within the group.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
105. _____ people in Asch’s study chose the incorrect line at least once.
a) Close to 100%
b) Roughly 75%
c) About 50%
d) About 33%
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
106. Jamal’s statistics study group is working through a practice question. The other four members of Jamal’s group produce an answer that is different than the answer that Jamal found. According to the study conducted by Asch, which of the following is most likely to occur?
a) Jamal will insist that his answer is correct.
b) Jamal will argue with the members of his study group but will eventually accept their answer.
c) Jamal will argue with the members of his study group and will prove that his answer is correct.
d) Jamal will conform to the group and accept their answer without argument.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
107. In Asch’s study of conformity in which participants judged the length of lines, approximately_____________ of the subjects conformed and agreed with obviously incorrect choices made by other group members at least once.
a) 25%
b) 33%
c) 50%
d) 75 %
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
108. In studies of conformity, __________ tend to view conformity positively and ___________ tend to view conformity negatively.
a) males; females
b) females; males
c) collectivist cultures; individualist cultures
d) individualist cultures; collectivist cultures
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
109. An example of ________ would be using better-than-usual manners while eating in an upscale restaurant.
a) cognitive dissonance
b) conformity
c) conscious criticism
d) collective awareness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
110. Jessica was horrified to arrive at a party in a dress only to realize that everyone else was in jeans. This example illustrates what aspect of conformity?
a) self-sacrifice for the benefit of another.
b) willingness to follow direct commands.
c) tendency to yield to real or imagined group pressure.
d) only individuals in collectivistic cultures.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
111. Which of the following is the BEST example of obedience?
a) Leaving a theater because the manager asks everyone to exit.
b) Selecting a specific food because a sports hero tells you it is great.
c) Waiting at the elevator until the elevator arrives on the floor.
d) Voting for a candidate because your father is voting for her.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
112. Stanley Milgram was investigating _____ in his classic teacher-learner shock study.
a) the effects of punishment on learning
b) reinforcement of learning
c) obedience to authority
d) the effects of cognitive learning
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
113. Which of the following factors in Milgram’s experiment would decrease obedience?
a) the educational setting and lab coats worn by experimenters
b) watching others continue to administer shocks
c) assuring “teachers” that the experimenter was responsible for the “learner’s” well-being
d) having the “learner” in the same room with the “teacher”
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
114. Milgram’s participants thought they were participating in an experiment to study the effects of _____.
a) obedience to authority
b) arousal on memory
c) punishment on learning
d) electric shock on brain-wave activity
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
115. In Milgram’s study, psychologists predicted that less than _____ percent of participants would shock a learner to 450 volts; in reality, _____ percent of participants shocked the learner all the way to the highest voltage.
a) 1; 65
b) 5; 50
c) 50; 5
d) 25; 65
Answer a
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
116. In Milgram’s original obedience experiment, what percentage of participants refused to cooperate with shocks less than 300 volts in strength?
a) 0
b) 10
c) 35
d) 65
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
117. A group of psychologists that were polled prior to the Milgram experiment predicted that ____________.
a) less than 1% of participants would go all the way to 450 volts of shock
b) most people would continue past 300 volts of shock
c) most people would continue after 150 volts of shock
d) most people would stop at 300 volts of shock
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
118. Salvatore wants to replicate Milgram’s study exactly as it was carried out initially. Which of the following might prevent Salvatore from being able to do this?
a) The original research was unethical and should not be replicated.
b) There were methodological flaws in the original research, so it should not be replicated exactly as originally conducted.
c) Most people know the results of the original research and so Salvatore will not be able to obtain objective data.
d) The original study was conducted almost 60 years ago. People are more likely to refuse to obey in present times.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
119. In Milgram’s studies, when he conducted his experiment in a less prestigious location, he found that_______________.
a) the percentage of persons willing to administer 450 volts was the same
b) that very few people were willing to administer 450 volts as the experimenter was seen to have less authority
c) a greater percentage of people were willing to administer 450 volts than when the experiment was conducted at Yale University
d) the percentage of people who were willing to administer 450 volts decreased somewhat but 50% still obeyed the order
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
120. In what way is conformity like obedience?
a) They both decrease with the presence of a dissenter (someone who goes against the social pressure).
b) They both involve direct pressure for an individual to behave a certain way.
c) They both increase with increases in group size.
d) They both increase as the physical proximity of the social pressure decreases.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
121. Ryan’s boss told him to do something Ryan was uncomfortable doing but he did it anyway. This example illustrates that obedience involves
a) yielding to social pressure.
b) following direct commands.
c) following a set of norms associated with a role.
d) resistance to those in power.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the power of conformity and obedience in shaping people’s behaviour.
Section Reference: Social Forces
122. In social psychology a _____________ is considered to be an organized, stable collection of individuals in which the members are aware of and influence one another and share a common identity.
a) organization
b) association
c) group
d) crowd
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
123. Which of the following is FALSE about groups?
a) Group members share a common identity.
b) Group members affect one another’s behaviours in most instances.
c) Groups are as productive as the strongest member across most situations.
d) Groups influence members’ thoughts and behaviours.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
124. Which of the following would be an example of a conjunctive task?
a) a debate team
b) a Dragon Boat team
c) people canvassing door-to-door for a charity
d) employees at an advertising agency developing a sales pitch for a new product
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
125. Inez’s catering company is preparing to serve a dinner to 200 corporate executives attending a conference. As she will need 200 kilograms of potatoes peeled, she asks five of her employees to share the task. The peeling of the potatoes is an example of a(n) ________ task.
a) conjunctive
b) additive
c) disjunctive
d) injunctive
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
126. When a group is asked to complete a(n)________ task, productivity is only as strong as the weakest member of the group.
a) additive
b) conjunctive
c) disjunctive
d) divisible
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
127. Acrobatic acts in the Cirque de Soleil are only as good as the weakest member of the team. Therefore, the acrobatic performance is a(n) _____________ task.
a) additive
b) disjunctive
c) divisible
d) conjunctive
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
128. Keiran is part of a team developing a new digital product. Each member of the team is working on a separate part of the project and once a week they meet on-line to integrate the progress that each team member has made. This is an example of a(n) ________________ task.
a) additive
b) conjunctive
c) injunctive
d) divisible
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
129. The presence of others tends to ___________ performance on simple, well-learned tasks, and __________ performance on complicated tasks.
a) facilitate; impair
b) impair; facilitate
c) facilitate; facilitate
d) impair; impair
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
130. Alice is taking part in a cycling challenge. She has pledged to cycle for 1 hour every day for the next month. Three days of the week she rides with two other cyclists and on the other four days she rides alone. Alice finds that when she rides with the other cyclists, she cycles almost twice the distance that she does when she is alone. The difference in Alice’s performance can be explained by _________________.
a) group motivation
b) Yerkes-Dodson law
c) social loafing
d) social facilitation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
131. Employees of a company have been asked to develop a new employee handbook. The committee members receive reading materials on what should be included in the handbook and meet once a week to discuss the materials and how the existing information applies to their own company. There are three members of the committee who never seem to come to the meeting prepared and seldom offer any input into the decisions being made. Those three committee members are exhibiting ___________.
a) group polarization
b) groupthink
c) social facilitation
d) social loafing
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
132. Hector is the chair of the charitable foundation of a large hospital who plans to make a group presentation to a large funding organization next month. At the first meeting of the foundation, Hector divides the parts of the presentation among the group members, giving each member a clear idea as to the expectations and the importance of their part of the presentation. Hector also puts up the first slide of the presentation showing all the group members names who contribute to the presentation. It appears that Hector has taken steps to reduce the likelihood of _________________.
a) group polarization
b) groupthink
c) social loafing
d) social facilitation
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
133. A phenomenon in which people exert less effort on a collective task than they would on a comparable individual task is called ____________ or _____________.
a) free riding; social impairment
b) social loafing; free riding
c) social loafing; group impediment
d) group impediment; free riding
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
134. Daisy is chairing a committee that will report to management in six months time. The committee is large and have numerous goals and objectives. If Daisy wants to have each member work to capacity, what should she do?
a) Have members work together in subgroups so everyone has a shared workload.
b) Have every group member involved in all goals and objectives so individuals can have a sense of shared purpose.
c) Have each member assigned a specific task with clear expectations for outcome.
d) Any of these approaches would work to maximize individual effort.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
135. Faulty decision making that is the result of a highly cohesive group striving for agreement to the point of avoiding inconsistent information is known as _____.
a) the risky shift
b) group polarization
c) groupthink
d) destructive conformity
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
136. Which of the following would NOT be a situation in which the phenomenon of groupthink could occur?
a) a military strategy session
b) an Olympic athlete training in front of a crowd
c) a group working together to get a car out of a snowbank
d) a group of friends arguing about their favourite band
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
137. Which of the following might provide an example of groupthink?
a) the decision to pursue a career as an artist, despite your parents’ wishes
b) the decision made by a couple to get married
c) your decision to get a pet dog or a pet cat, despite your room-mate’s objections
d) your decision to study hard for your psychology exam
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
138. Levi is on a committee responsible for organizing a fund raising event. Although everyone agrees that they need to hire a band, someone has just suggested the committee hire a very popular band that will cost almost double the amount budgeted for the entertainment portion of the event. After the group discusses the suggestion, the committee members feel very strongly that hiring the popular band (and blowing the budget) is a great idea. The committee members appear to be exhibiting _______________.
a) group facilitation
b) group polarization
c) groupthink
d) group conformity
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
139. Members of an elected government of a small country are discussing the possibility of a country-wide health care plan. While most of the politicians approve of the idea, there is a group that do not feel it is the government’s responsibility to provide health care to the citizens of the country. As the discussion continues, both the in-favour and the not-in-favour groups feel even stronger about their original opinion. The discussion on the health care plan has led to _________________.
a) group insulation
b) group facilitation
c) group think
d) group polarization
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
140. Historical world events such as the Bay of Pigs and NASA’s disasters with the space shuttle Challenger and the space shuttle Columbia are all examples of group think. Which of the following is NOT a condition that sets the stage for groupthink?
a) Group members have similar backgrounds and ideologies.
b) Outside influence is persuasive.
c) There is a high perceived threat.
d) The group has a directive, charismatic, leader.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
141. Groupthink relies on each of the following EXCEPT _____.
a) an illusion of invulnerability
b) a realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action
c) misguided efforts to achieve unanimity
d) over focused and biased thinking
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
142. Which of the following is a potential remedy for groupthink?
a) having a directive leader
b) having a “devil’s advocate”
c) having a “mindguard”
d) limiting the availability of outside influences
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
143. Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of altruism?
a) donating blood for money
b) volunteering at a homeless shelter during the holidays
c) letting a mother with triplet infants ahead of you in the grocery store line
d) testifying in court against gang members whom you observed selling drugs to
children in your neighbourhood
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
144. Which of the following is the best example of altruism.
a) giving money to a charity for tax purposes
b) paying child support
c) volunteering at the local homeless shelter at the request of your boss who wants the company to be highlighted in a local newscast
d) shoveling the sidewalk of your incapacitated, elderly neighbour each time it snows
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
145. Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases the likelihood of altruistic behaviour?
a) When people empathize and identify with the individuals in need.
b) When people form secure attachments in their relationships.
c) When the potential benefits of helping others are pointed out.
d) When people take the perspective of victims.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
146. After a tornado destroyed a portion of a large city, Isabel took time off from her regular job to volunteer serving meals to the rescue workers. In addition to helping other people, Isabel’s volunteer work helped to relieve the distress and anxiety she was feeling about the disaster. Isabel’s volunteering is an example of
a) sustained altruism.
b) egoistic helping behaviour.
c) pure altruism.
d) empathetic altruism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
147. Surveys have revealed that, in the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, helping behaviours were associated with ____________.
a) entirely altruistic motives
b) egoistic helping motives
c) sustained altruistic motives
d) both entirely altruistic and egoistic helping motives
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
148. Emma was sledding with her four-year-old brother on a hill crowded with people. At one point a sled careened into Emma and her brother and Emma’s leg was broken. Despite people all around them, no one stopped to help. This phenomenon is known as the _____.
a) eyewitness lethargy
b) group facilitation
c) bystander effect.
d) social loafing
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
149. The bystander effect refers to
a) a reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups.
b) the tendency of group members to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.
c) an increase in effort by individuals when they work in groups.
d) the fact that people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
150. In one experiment, Darley and Latané placed participants in a room to work on a task and then caused smoke to enter the room. People working alone reported the problem ___ percent of the time; people working in groups reported the problem ___ percent of the time.
a) 75; 75
b) 40; 75
c) 75; 40
d) 80; 50
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
151. The details regarding the reporting of the murder of Kitty Genovese _____.
a) are largely unknown.
b) have proven to be deliberately falsified.
c) have been substantiated.
d) had some aspects inaccurately reported.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
152. A group of six colleagues observe a co-worker fall down a flight of stairs. No one goes to check to see whether he needs help. Which of the following statements best illustrates diffusion of responsibility?
a) "I didn't want to embarrass him."
b) "I was not really close by when it happened."
c) "I don't know first aid so I really couldn’t do much to help."
d) "I thought someone else would go help."
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
153. Which of the following is not one of the steps in Darley and Latané’s decision process model of helping behaviour?
a) noticing the event or problem
b) interpreting the event or problem as an emergency
c) accepting personal responsibility for acting
d) having the necessary expertise to intervene
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
154. In Latané and Darley’s model of helping, all the following are steps in the decision EXCEPT
a) interpreting the event as an emergency.
b) noticing the event.
c) considering what form of assistance is needed.
d) deciding whether the person deserves help.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
155. ________________ refers to our tendency to feel we do not bear personal responsibility for acting and instead assume that someone else will take action.
a) Group polarization
b) Deindividuation
c) Diffusion of responsibility
d) Social loafing
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
156. Priya is walking home from work and sees a man slumped against a building. She watches as several people glance at him and walk by. Nevertheless, Priya stops and asks the man if he needs help; but he does not answer. She notices then that the man’s face is turning blue and calls 9-1-1. Which of Darley and Latané’s steps toward intervening on someone else’s behalf does this demonstrate?
a) Consider what form of assistance is needed.
b) Interpret the event as an emergency.
c) Feel personal responsibility for acting.
d) Implement action.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
157. Which of the following statements regarding the possible biological or psychosocial origins of aggression has been supported by research?
a) Food additives and preservatives play a role in aggression.
b) There is no genetic predisposition to engage in aggressive acts.
c) Specific parts of the brain are implicated in aggression.
d) Substance abuse is a minor factor in aggression.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
158. The frustration–aggression hypothesis predicts which of the following?
a) Everyone who experiences frustration will feel an aggressive urge.
b) If you get angry with someone you are likely to hurt that person.
c) Frustration can be an aversive stimulus, which may lead to aggression in some people.
d) Aggression only occurs when someone is frustrated and angry.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
159. What have twin studies on aggression found?
a) Aggression is primarily a socially learned behaviour with little biological influence.
b) The concordance between identical twins for aggressive behaviours is about 20%, indicating a low genetic contribution.
c) Identical twins are more likely to share the trait of a violent temper than fraternal twins suggesting a genetic component.
d) The concordance between identical twins for aggressive behaviours is 85% or higher, indicating a strong genetic component.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
160. Thirteen-year-old Ida was jealous of Akari because a boy that Ida liked seemed to prefer Akari. Consequently, Ida spread false rumours about Akari and made certain that Akari was left out of social events. Ida is engaged in _____.
a) instrumental aggression
b) cycle of frustration-aggression
c) relational aggression
d) direct aggression
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
161. When Yuki suggests her twelve-year-old daughter invite her school friend, Agathe to the house to play with their larger group of friends, her daughter responds, “She made me so angry! I’m not speaking to her and neither are Nala, Louisa, or Laney.” Yuki’s daughter is exhibiting ___.
a) frustration-aggression
b) instrumental aggression
c) relational aggression
d) reciprocal aggression
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
162. The major cementing factor(s) for both liking and loving relationships is (are) _____.
a) physical attractiveness
b) proximity
c) similarity
d) similarity and physical attractiveness
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
163. Proximity is a key factor in attraction, which means that two people need to be _____.
a) alike in size, shape, and other physical features
b) close in values and beliefs
c) in the same place at the same time
d) all these options
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
164. Amirah and Yvette have just met at the university library. After a couple of minutes, they begin discussing their classes. Soon they move on to discussing their current difficulties in their romantic relationships. Before they leave, they exchange phone numbers and make plans to see a movie on the weekend. This demonstrates how _____ can lead to liking.
a) similarity
b) proximity
c) self-disclosure
d) situational factors
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
165. Colby has just started a new job in marketing and wonders with whom he might become good friends. Which of the following do you think is most likely?
a) Fuad – who is in accounting
b) Anjay – who is the office clown
c) Ryker – who has the office next to Colby’s office
d) James – who started at the same time Colby started
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
166. An evolutionary argument for why physical attractiveness is important in attraction across cultures is because it _____.
a) is an indication of genetic diversity and adaptation
b) indicates good health, sound genes, and high fertility
c) is our most obvious characteristic
d) is a sign of a stable personality
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
167. Jeb has been married for ten years. During this time Jeb has had half a dozen affairs. Jeb claims that he cannot remain faithful but that he will never leave his marriage as he promised to care for his partner for life. Rubin would say that the element Jeb is displaying in his relationship is the element of ____.
a) caring
b) intimacy
c) commitment
d) attachment
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
168. Rubin referred to an individual’s need of desire for the physical presence and emotional support of another person as _____ He referred to the desire for close, confidential communication with another person as _____.
a) romantic love; intimacy
b) passion; commitment
c) attachment; intimacy
d) intimacy; attachment
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
169. August and her partner have a relationship defined by a strong and lasting attraction and characterized by trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship, but lacking in passion. August’s relationship is typical of the love Rubin calls _____.
a) companionate love
b) intimate love
c) passionate love
d) discriminate love
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
170. According to Sternberg, romantic relationships characterized by a couple's intense desires for union with the other person is called
a) intimacy.
b) passion.
c) commitment.
d) romance.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
171. In Sternberg’s study, a healthy degree of all three essential components in both partners characterizes _____ love.
a) consummate
b) romantic
c) successful
d) satisfying
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
172. According to Sternberg, a high degree of intimacy and passion, but little commitment, is characteristic of
a) consummate love.
b) fatuous love.
c) romantic love.
d) infatuated love.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
173. Nic and Emily have been a couple for several years. Their relationship is characterized by commitment to one another, warm feelings, friendship, and affection. They enjoy spending time together and describe themselves as lovers and friends. Nic and Emily’s love is best described as
a) consummate love.
b) companionate love.
c) mature love.
d) passionate love.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
174. Rupert and Mila are both in a second marriage to one another. The marriage is without intimacy or passion. They have been together ten years and agree they cannot put their children and step-children though a second divorce so stay committed to their relationship. Rupert and Mila’s love would be described as _____.
a) non-romantic love
b) dispassionate love
c) fatuate love
d) empty love
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
175. Freud viewed love as _____.
a) sublimated sexual energy
b) a repressed yearning for the womb
c) a socially acceptable means of propagating the species
d) a latent fixation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
176. Arun wants his girlfriend to be completely committed to their relationship. He worries incessantly that she spends too much time with her friends and family and perceives this as a rejection of him. He insists that she spend more time with him and when she resists, arguing that she needs to see other people who are important to her, he says that she clearly plans to leave him. Which of the following of Hazan and Shaver’s (2004) attachment styles does Arun exhibit?
a) secure
b) insecure
c) avoidant
d) anxious-ambivalent
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
177. After dating Kayla for three months, Jude announces to his friends that he is going to break it off. He explains that Kayla makes unreasonable demands on him, expecting to see him once a week and texting him once a day. Moreover, she now wants Jude to go on a walk with her dog and to meet one of her friends. Which of the following attachment styles does Jude exhibit?
a) secure
b) insecure
c) avoidant
d) anxious-ambivalent
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
178. According to the adult attachment perspective, one's intimate relationships in adulthood follow the same form as one's attachments first formed
a) to caregivers in infancy.
b) to peers in childhood.
c) to adult role models in childhood.
d) to one's first romantic partners in adolescence.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Review major concepts in the areas of group dynamics, helping behaviour, aggression, and interpersonal attraction.
Section Reference: Social Relations
179. Identifying emotional facial expressions is to the ______________ as interpreting emotional facial expressions is to the _________________.
a) insula; amygdala
b) ventromedial prefrontal cortex; amygdala
c) amygdala; insula
d) amygdala; ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the major findings of social neuroscience about regions of the brain particularly important to our social functioning.
Section Reference: Social Functioning
180. The brain region that is involved in social reasoning, reward evaluation, reading other people, and eliciting emotional states is the
a) amygdala.
b) insula.
c) ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
d) orbitofrontal cortex.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the major findings of social neuroscience about regions of the brain particularly important to our social functioning.
Section Reference: Social Functioning
181. The brain region that plays a key role in the processing of rewards and punishments, interpreting non-verbal social information, and feeling empathy is the
a) amygdala.
b) insula.
c) ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
d) orbitofrontal cortex.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the major findings of social neuroscience about regions of the brain particularly important to our social functioning.
Section Reference: Social Functioning
182. As Elena is walking into a coffee shop, she sees the woman in front of her drop a $20 out of her pocket. As Elena picks up the money, she wonders if she should return the money to the woman or put it in her own pocket. The brain region that will help Elena make this decision is the ________________.
a) insula
b) amygdala
c) ventromedial prefrontal cortex
d) orbitofrontal cortex
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the major findings of social neuroscience about regions of the brain particularly important to our social functioning.
Section Reference: Social Functioning
183. Eula is attending the funeral for a friend’s mother. Although she did not know her friend’s mother, seeing her friend so sad and upset, makes Eula also feel very sad and upset. The brain region that would be involved in Eula’s reaction would be the
a) orbitofrontal cortex.
b) ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
c) amygdala.
d) insula.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the major findings of social neuroscience about regions of the brain particularly important to our social functioning.
Section Reference: Social Functioning
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