Ch12 | Test bank 4th Canadian Edition – Verified Test Bank - Test Bank | Psychology Around Us 4e by Nancy Ogden. DOCX document preview.
CHAPTER 12
PERSONALITY
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
- Personality refers to the unique characteristics that account for enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behaviour.
- Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality depended to a large extent on his ideas about the conscious and unconscious mind. Most of the content of our minds, in Freud’s view, is in the unconscious.
- Freud proposed three central forces in personality development: the id, the ego, and the superego.
- In Freud’s view, personality develops as children pass through a series of psychosexual stages. Each stage is characterized by strong conflicts between the id, the ego, and the superego. Failure to resolve these conflicts can result in neuroses.
- Conflicts result in anxiety, and Freud believed that we use unconscious tactics called defence mechanisms to protect ourselves from this anxiety.
- Other psychodynamic theories include those of Alfred Adler, Carl G. Jung, and Karen Horney.
2. Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
- Humanistic theorists, including Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, emphasized people’s basic goodness and their ability to fulfill their potential.
- Maslow proposed that personality arises from people’s striving to meet their needs. Human needs are arranged hierarchically, with self-actualization at the top level.
- Rogers based his theory of personality on his ideas about the importance of self-concept. He believed that children need unconditional positive regard to develop healthy self-concepts.
3. Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
- Personality traits are tendencies to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant across situations. Trait theorists such as Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck first proposed that central traits affect a broad range of behaviour.
- Allport conducted detailed case studies that sought to reveal the unique collection of traits at play for each individual.
- Eysenck, using factor analysis, identified three personality superfactors: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
- Other trait theorists proposed the five-factor theory, which identified five major trait categories: agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness to experience.
- Although traits play an important role in behaviour, they can be inconsistent over time and across different situations.
4. Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
- Personality inventories are questionnaires that require individuals to respond to a series of true–false or agree–disagree statements designed to measure various aspects of personality.
- Two widely-used personality inventories are the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2) and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness) (NEO-PI-R). The MMPI-2 is typically used to assess abnormal personality characteristics and inclinations. The NEO-PI-R evaluates traits associated with the five-factor theory of personality.
- Projective tests are intended to tap into people’s unconscious minds by having them interpret ambiguous stimuli. In the case of the Rorschach Inkblot Test, the stimuli are inkblots. In the case of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), they are black-and-white drawings.
5. Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
- Situationism holds that behaviour is governed primarily by the variables in a given situation rather than by internal traits. The behaviourist B. F. Skinner could be said to have viewed personality from this perspective.
- Interactionism focuses on interactions between persons and situations. Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive theory is an example of interactionist theory. In Bandura’s view, the environment, internal mental events, and behaviour all interact to affect behaviour through the process of reciprocal determinism.
6. Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
- Twin studies, such as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, suggest that many personality traits have strong genetic links.
- Certain brain structures, neurotransmitters, and hormones have been associated with personality variables.
- In interpreting links between genes, physiological factors, and personality, it is important to remember that the relationships are complex and multidirectional.
7. Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
- Research has found many more similarities than differences between men’s and women’s personalities. Nevertheless, some consistent differences have been identified.
- Socio-cultural factors are thought to play an important role in gender differences in personality. According to social role theory, for example, boys and girls develop different behaviours and skills based largely on the division of labour between the sexes and the resulting differences in gender role expectations.
- Cross-cultural research into personality has focused on personality development in individualist and collectivist cultures. Some traits observed in these cultures reflect differing cultural values.
- The relationship between socio-economic conditions and personality traits has received relatively little attention. However, the investigations that have been conducted suggest that at the very least, living conditions have a direct impact on how and whether certain personality traits translate into behaviours.
8. Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
- A personality disorder is an inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour that causes distress or difficulty with daily functioning.
- The American Psychiatric Association outlines 10 personality disorders in its guide for therapists.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Freud developed psychoanalysis in order to
a) treat the disorders that stem from repressed memories and desires.
b) compile an official reference on psychological disorders related to repression.
c) develop his research on the workings of the id, ego, and superego.
d) coach patients to access their preconscious minds more efficiently.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
2. Freud used the term ____________________ to refer to the thoughts and information that a person is currently aware of or is remembering.
a) psyche
b) conscious
c) preconscious
d) subconscious
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
3. Freud used the term ____________________ to refer to thoughts and information that exist just beneath the surface of awareness and that can easily be brought to mind.
a) subconscious
b) psyche
c) unconscious
d) preconscious
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
4. Rebekah’s friends were talking about their grandparent’s first names and Rebekah was easily able to recall her grandfather’s first name and then a story about how he taught her to fish. Freud would say that this information was in Rebekah’s _____.
a) conscious mind
b) preconscious mind
c) unconscious mind
d) subconscious mind
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
5. Tobin was abused and neglected as a child. Now, as an adult, he has no memory of those events. He can recall teacher’s names and times he spent with friends, and some of the enjoyable times with his family, but he cannot recall any details around the neglect and abuse he suffered. Freud would say that these memories of his childhood abuse and neglect are in Tobin’s _____.
a) conscious mind
b) preconscious mind
c) unconscious mind
d) subconscious mind
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
6. Samantha and Haruto Had a beautiful wedding. At the end of the evening Samantha looked at Haruto and said, “I wish this day could last forever.” Freund would say that Samantha’s thoughts and feeling about this day are in her _____.
a) conscious mind
b) preconscious mind
c) unconscious mind
d) subconscious mind
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
7. According to Freud, a key difference between the preconscious and unconscious is that the preconscious:
a) can be easily accessed while the unconscious is difficult or even impossible to access.
b) is difficult or even impossible to access while the unconscious can be easily accessed.
c) stores the motives at the forefront of one's awareness while the unconscious stores hidden motives.
d) stores hidden motives while the unconscious stores the motives at the forefront of one's awareness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
8. In Freud’s view, as the child develops, the id's attempts at immediate gratification of needs and avoidance of pain are controlled and channelled by __________________.
a) the ego
b) the superego
c) both the ego and the superego
d) parents and other authority figures
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
9. Which of the following is false regarding the ego?
a) It channels and releases the energy of the id in reality-based ways.
b) It resides entirely within the conscious realm.
c) It attempts to satisfy the superego's need for social approval and self-esteem.
d) It operates on the reality principle.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
10. Ryder sees a video game that he wants in the store, but he does not have enough money. He decides to do some jobs around the house and save up until he has enough. What aspect of his personality is working out all these details, so he can get the game?
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) conscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
11. A major premise underlying psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theories of personality is that __________________________________.
a) conscious thoughts and feelings overcome unconscious motives
b) unconscious forces have a very large impact on our behaviour
c) unconscious forces are responsible for negative behaviours, whereas conscious forces are responsible for positive behaviours
d) conscious motives direct all our behaviour, whether it be positive or negative
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
12. The ______________ operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification. The ______________ operates on the reality principle, and the _______________ operates according to the morality principle.
a) inferiority complex; will-to-power; archetype
b) id; ego; superego
c) conscious; preconscious; unconscious
d) oral stage; anal stage; phallic stage
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
13. According to Freud, the rational part of the psyche that deals with reality and tries to meet the needs of the other two mental forces is called the _____.
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) self-concept
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
14. According to Freud, the three central forces in personality development are the __________.
a) conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
b) oral, anal, and phallic stages
c) pleasure principle, reality principle, morality principle
d) id, ego, and superego
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
15. Elise badly wanted to go to a party and could not find a babysitter, so she left her two young children home alone in their cribs. Although Elise was lucky, and the children came to no harm, this violation of parental and societal rules, and the knowledge that she broke the law, made Elise feel guilty. According to Freud, guilt results from the functioning of the __________, which operates according to the ____________ principle.
a) id; pleasure
b) ego; reality
c) superego; morality
d) superego; reality
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
16. Madison was a perfectionist. She felt that to be a “good student” she needed to follow a stringent study schedule. So, after opening gifts with her family on Christmas morning, she went up to her room to get a head start on her classes for the upcoming semester, leaving her family to play games and share a meal without her. Freud would say that Madison’s inability to consider the personal costs of her rigid adherence to her own ideals and expectations is controlled and channelled by her _____.
a) primary process thinking
b) superego
c) repressed urges
d) preconscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
17. The part of the psyche that Freud thought was the reservoir of sexual energy is the ______________________.
a) subconscious
b) preconscious
c) id
d) ego
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
18. Esperanza is self-focused and entitled. She is often frustrated by how she perceives others as blocking her from her wants and desires and frequently loses her temper and demands her own way. She is often irrational and spends money, using credit cards, to get what she cannot afford. Freud would argue that Esperanza’s _____ is controlling her personality.
a) secondary process thinking
b) id
c) rationalization
d) ego
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
19. Which part of the personality operates on the reality principle?
a) conscience
b) id
c) ego
d) superego
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
20. The _____________ principle is used by the ego as it tries to meet the demands of the id while also assessing what is realistic and acceptable.
a) compromising
b) environmental demands
c) reality
d) morality
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
21. The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking_____. The ego operates on the _____, and the superego provides _____ for the ego.
a) an outlet; legal and moral world; control
b) immediate gratification; reality principle; moral guidance
c) unconscious expression; conscious mind; access to repressed memories
d) satisfaction; conscience; guidance
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
22. Freud believed that personality and behaviour are shaped by each of the following EXCEPT _____.
a) libido and morality
b) the conscious and unconscious mind
c) interacting and dynamic underlying forces
d) sexual and aggressive drives
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
23. Freud’s psychosexual stages are named after specific _____.
a) libidinal zones
b) erogenous zones
c) developmental motivators
d) sensory areas
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
24. The five developmental periods during in which specific pleasures must be gratified for personality development to proceed normally are known as Freud’s _____.
a) psychosocial stages
b) erogenous stages
c) sexual developmental stages
d) psychosexual stages
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
25. Freud’s five developmental periods during which various pleasure-producing areas of the body must be gratified for personality development to proceed toward a healthy outcome are known as the _____.
a) psychosocial stages of development
b) cognitive stages of development
c) moral stages of development
d) psychosexual stages of development
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
26. Twenty-year-old Sasha smokes and drinks a great deal and tends to be verbally aggressive and sarcastic. Sasha is most likely fixated at the ___ stage.
a) anal
b) genital
c) phallic
d) oral
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
27. Justyn is becoming just like his father. He wants to dress like him and has taken an interest in all his father’s jobs around the house: cooking, making house repairs, and fixing the car. What psychosexual stage is Justyn likely in, according to Freud?
a) oral
b) anal
c) phallic
d) latency
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
28. Zhu would much rather spend all day hanging out with his guy friends than spend five minutes talking to a girl. In fact, he has such little interest in sexual matters that he would choose to do his homework over spending any amount of time with the girl next door. Freud’s theory would suggest that Zhu is _________________________.
a) in the latency stage of development
b) showing signs of regression
c) likely to develop a neurotic outlook on women
d) in the genital stage of development
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
29. The latency period is characterized by
a) repression of sexual impulses.
b) the need to avoid becoming fixated.
c) the development of castration anxiety in the boy and penis envy in the girl.
d) excessive neatness or stubbornness.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
30. Malcolm is 36 years old and still lives with his mother. She cooks his meals, does his laundry, and cleans his room. According to Freud, Malcolm is likely fixated at the ___ stage.
a) oral
b) anal
c) phallic
d) genital
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
31. Which of the following of Freud’s stages and issues is INCORRECTLY matched?
a) oral conflict: language development
b) anal conflict: toilet training
c) phallic conflict: Oedipus complex or penis envy
d) genital conflict: establish intimate relationships
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
32. According to Freud, sexual relationships based on lust rather than respect and a desire for commitment are indicators that an individual _________________________.
a) is in the phallic stage of development
b) is fixated at the genital stage of development
c) is fixated at the oral stage of development
d) is fixated at the anal stage of development
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
33. Mason is extremely meticulous. For example, he has specific storage areas for each pair of his shoes, which he always wipes off after wearing, and places back into the box they originally came in, before storing them in their designated location. His girlfriend Bria is causing Mason great anxiety. She throws her clothes into a pile on the chair and rummages though the pile when she needs something to wear and frequently must hunt for a missing shoe because she never puts them away together. Freud would say Mason is fixated in the _____ stage and that Bria is fixated in the _____ stage.
a) anal; latent
b) anal; anal
c) latent; genital
d) latent; anal
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
34. Conan constantly wants to be near his mother, receiving her affectionate touching and kissing. He wants nothing to do with his father, and actively stands between his parents to keep them from hugging each other. According to Freudian theory, it is likely that Conan is ___________________.
a) developing a will-to-power
b) developing inferiority tendencies
c) experiencing the Oedipus complex
d) being overindulged by his mother and underindulged by his father
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
35. Harriet’s coach wrongly blamed Harriet for the loss of the hockey tournament. He harangued her in front of her teammates. She said nothing to him but hung her head and hurried away when he was finished. However, on the drive home Harriet was highly critical of her mother’s driving and told her mother that she was sick of being in the car with her because of her inefficiency. Harriet’s behaviour exhibits the defence mechanism referred to as
a) sublimation.
b) denial.
c) displacement.
d) reaction formation.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
36. Johnson did not study for the multiple choice statistics exam. However, he was able to see the paper of the person in front of him and copied her answers. He told himself that is was OK because other people in the class cheated by sharing assignments and he didn’t. Johnson was using which defense mechanism?
a) denial
b) reaction formation
c) sublimation
d) rationalization
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
37. Defence mechanisms are unconscious strategies employed by the ego to
a) eliminate the desires of the id.
b) exaggerate the demands of the superego.
c) reduce anxiety and avoid conflict.
d) eliminate the unrealistic demands of the superego.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
38. Miguel is sexually attracted to Enola, a married woman. Instead of acknowledging his attraction, Miguel develops an intense dislike for Enola. This is an example of the defence mechanism called _____________________.
a) reaction formation
b) regression
c) repression
d) denial
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
39. Javier is the youngest of six brothers and is constantly feeling picked on at home. When he starts high school, he makes the basketball team. The coach must speak to Javier after the first few games though to tell him that his game is too aggressive. Javier might be engaging in which dense mechanism?
a) denial
b) reaction formation
c) sublimation
d) rationalization
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
40. At work Marcie is always rushing from one office to another to share personal information about coworkers with others. But when out for lunch with her friend she says, “I can’t stand Eloise, she is such a gossip.” This is an example of:
a) reaction formation
b) sublimation
c) projection
d) passive aggression
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
41. Gabrielle did not study for her exam and really wants to cheat. This is entirely unacceptable to her superego, which will not let her do this. However, Gabrielle thinks she sees nearly everyone else in the class cheating during the exam. This is an example of the defence mechanism called ________________________.
a) sublimation
b) reaction formation
c) displacement
d) projection
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
42. Pedro was just diagnosed with cancer. Rather than deal with his feelings about this, he searches the Internet for information, academically discusses the disorder with his family and friends, and endlessly debates the pros and cons of treatment with his doctor. This is an example of the defence mechanism called ___________________.
a) intellectualization
b) rationalization
c) sublimation
d) denial
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
43. Nelson learns in his Human Sexuality class that it is not uncommon for young adolescents to have sexual attraction to or fantasies about persons of the same sex. Nelson vehemently protests that he has never had even the slightest physical attraction to or thoughts about someone of the same sex. This is an example of the defence mechanism called ____________________.
a) denial
b) projection
c) reaction formation
d) intellectualization
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
44. Madhu forgot her dentist appointment, even though the dentist's office reminded her the day before. Madhu is most clearly using the defense mechanism of
a) repression.
b) intellectualization.
c) denial.
d) rationalization.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
45. Mary and her sister Ella are very close. Today their mom became upset with Mary for failing a science test. When Ella saw Mary shortly after, she yelled and told Ella she wanted to be alone. Ella was upset because Mary never yells at her, so she yelled back. Afterward Ella felt guilty, but she told herself it was okay because Mary yelled first. What is implied here?
a) Mary is using displacement as a coping mechanism, while Ella is using rationalization.
b) Both Mary and Ella are using displacement as a coping mechanism.
c) Both Mary and Ella are using sublimation as a coping mechanism.
d) Mary is using regression as a coping mechanism, while Ella is using denial.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
46. Which of the following statements describes a key weakness of psychoanalytic theory?
a) None of Freud's patients were ever helped.
b) It generalizes to everyone.
c) It is derived from Freud's sexist beliefs.
d) It lacks predictive power.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
47. Freud’s theory has been criticized for many reasons. Which is the most often cited criticism?
a) Freud was over focused on the roles of sex and aggression.
b) Freud’s theory was based on untestable observations.
c) Freud overestimated how much influence parents had on their children’s development.
d) Freud’s focus on the unconscious has proven to be incorrect.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
48. Which of the following is associated with Adler’s individual psychology?
a) basic anxiety and the role of archetypes
b) self-efficacy
c) role of the collective unconscious
d) feelings of inferiority as motivation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
49. Enzo’s father strongly preferred Enzo’s older brother, Ameer. Enzo was used to being unfavorably compared to his brother and often felt inadequate and incapable by comparison. Enzo worked hard at school and earned outstanding grades and ultimately went to medical school and is now at the top of his profession. Which of the following best accounts for Enzo’s success?
a) Freud’s theory of the defence mechanism of reaction formation
b) Adler’s theory of how feelings of inferiority lead to over-compensation
c) Jung’s theory that the unconscious includes drives toward joy and internal harmony
d) Karen Horney’s theory that basic anxiety that develops in childhood leads to neuroses
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
50. According to Jung, the primitive images and patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviour that reside in the collective unconscious are called _______________________.
a) legends
b) archetypes
c) the latent unconscious
d) cultural myths
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
51. According to Jung, the role of “hero” that is present in many of our movies and children’s fairy tales would be an example of a symbol of _____________.
a) means of overcoming our basic anxieties
b) unconscious inferiority
c) repressed sexual desires
d) inherited memories called archetypes
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
52. According to Jung, __________________ is/are created from our individual experiences.
a) the personal unconscious
b) the collective unconscious
c) archetype memories
d) sociocultural history
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
53. The collective unconscious consists of _____.
a) repressed urges and desires
b) aggressive and sexual drives
c) shared sociocultural underpinnings
d) inherited archetypes
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
54. According to Karen Horney, _________ develop(s) in children who experience extreme feelings of isolations and helplessness.
a) basic anxiety
b) feelings of inferiority
c) fixation at a specific stage
d) confusion about the self
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
55. One interpretation of _____ is that women in the era of Freud were envious of the power and freedom men held.
a) castration anxiety
b) the Oedipal complex
c) penis envy
d) the id
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
56. Neo-Freudian Carl Jung is most likely to have agreed with Freud about
a) the existence of an unconscious part of the mind.
b) the existence of the preconscious mind.
c) the degree of superiority children feel.
d) the influence of sexual drives.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
57. Sawyer is an addict who relies on homeless shelters, soup kitchens, and handouts on a day-to-day basis. According to Maslow, Sawyer is
a) meeting his basic physiological needs so is mid-level in Maslow’s hierarchy.
b) at the bottom of the hierarchy of needs as he struggles to fulfill his basic physiological needs.
c) unable to be categorized by the hierarchy of needs due to his addiction.
d) at the level of self-actualization since he is focusing on responding to reality.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
58. What do Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein, Mahatma Gandhi, and Eleanor Roosevelt have in common?
a) According to Rogers they all demonstrated unconditional positive regard toward others.
b) According to Malow they were all self-actualized.
c) According to Freud, repression led them to greatness.
d) According to Skinner, they all responded to classical conditioning in their environments.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
59. Kaeya is a musician. When she plays her viola, she loses all track of time and feels a sense of joy and fulfillment and an overall sense of well-being. Maslow would say that Kaeya is _____.
a) expressing archetypal bliss
b) experiencing unconditional positive regard
c) having a peak experience
d) gaining self-efficacy
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
60. According to Maslow, the innate tendency toward growth that motivates all human behaviour and results in the full realization of a person's highest potential is called _________________________.
a) self-realization
b) self-promotion
c) self-actualization
d) self-potentiation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
61. Freud and Maslow’s views of personality differed in that Freud believed that
a) human nature is fundamentally positive.
b) the focus on biological needs and drives is fundamental to the understanding of personality.
c) more could be learned from individuals who were healthy and well-adjusted.
d) personality arises from people striving to meet their needs.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
62. Which of the following people is most inconsistent with Maslow's theory?
a) Riku is passionate about acting and turned down an engineering scholarship to Harvard to take bit parts in theatre and is barely scraping by.
b) Joong-ki has amassed a great deal of wealth and is now giving half of it away to deserving charities.
c) Finn takes care of his grandmother with Parkinson’s disease.
d) Saoirse makes minimum wage and distributes her two weeks of vacation time over several long weekends so she can indulge her love of being outdoors year round.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
63. A college student begins to realize her capacity for study and profound thought. She then begins to take detailed, organized notes during lectures and to attend office hours to discuss ideas with professors. Through this process, she learns to value her own unique perspective along with the diverse views of others. Which of Maslow's needs is she most likely focusing on?
a) safety
b) self-actualization
c) belonging and love
d) esteem
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
64. Eric is a compulsive perfectionist and sets unrealistically high expectations for himself. As a result, he is consistently disappointed as he falls short of meeting his goals. Which of the following might be the most effective strategy for Eric to attain self-actualization?
a) He should use realistic expectations when viewing himself so that he will experience a greater degree of overlap between the way he views himself and the way others view him.
b) He should consult a therapist to help overcome his compulsive perfectionism. Otherwise, he is unlikely to ever attain self-actualization.
c) He should push himself harder to accomplish his goals, as this will help his real self align better with his ideal self, thus achieving self-actualization.
d) He should learn to accept himself the way he is, imperfections included, so that he will be capable of showing unconditional positive regard for himself.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
65. Which of the following people is most inconsistent with Maslow's theory?
a) Marceline is a confident professor and single parent.
b) Brody lives in a shack in the woods. He has little money and lives on what he can grow and forage but is content to work on his writing and to be with nature.
c) Anatoly has a dead-end repetitive job but has fulfilling relationships with his wife and children.
d) Katsumi is a renowned ballet dancer.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
66. Aubrey works out the stress of her intense job as an emergency room physician by spending time in the mountains. She reports that the beauty and tranquility of the outdoors suspends her sense of time and allows her to feel a clarity of perception and a sense of peace and joy that reenergizes her and feeds her spirit. Which of the following might best describe Aubrey’s experience in the mountains?
a) a collective unconscious experience
b) self-actualization
c) a peak experience
d) an experience of self-concept
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
67. The personality theorists who believed in the basic goodness of individuals and their natural tendency toward self-actualization were ____________________________.
a) Karen Horney and Abraham Maslow
b) Alfred Adler and Carl Jung
c) Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
d) Carl Rogers and Alfred Adler
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
68. Unconditional positive regard is a term used by Carl Rogers to refer to ______________.
a) accepting any and all behaviour as a positive manifestation of self-actualization
b) acceptance toward a person with no requirements or prerequisites attached
c) nonjudgmental listening
d) self-actualizing congruence
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
69. Donna is a middle-aged woman who has few friends and has never married. She has always been excessively shy, withdrawn, and is fearful of interacting with other people. However, she is an avid animal lover who has two cats and three dogs. She enjoys being able to be herself around her pets and does not feel that she can be this "transparent" around people. Which explanation could you give for Donna’s behavior?
a) Donna received conditional, rather than unconditional, love and regard from her parents when growing up.
b) Donna has not yet realized her potential or achieved a level of self-actualization.
c) Donna has a low self-concept due to a history of failed interpersonal relationships.
d) Donna has excessive incongruence between her real self and her ideal self, resulting in poor self-esteem.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
70. Carl Rogers would argue that the main cause of an individual’s dysfunctional behaviour is
a) unconscious impulses.
b) conditions of worth.
c) unconditional positive regard.
d) not achieving self-actualization.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
71. When 13-year-old Isaac arrived home from school, he threw his backpack on the chair and said, “I hate my teacher!” His mother responded with, “Please do not say that - nice people do not hate.” Rogers would say that this is an example of
a) a negative self-concept.
b) development of a healthy self-concept.
c) teaching a child to have unconditional positive regard for others.
d) a condition of worth.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
72. Luis got into a fight at school. His parents are not very happy with him. Which of the following statements reflects a condition of worth?
a) “We're not very happy with your behaviour, but we still love you.”
b) “You are grounded for two weeks, and we are going to talk about this situation after we eat dinner.”
c) “Everyone gets into trouble sometimes, but we don't want this situation to be repeated.”
d) “We are not interested in hearing what happened; you have let us down. You are going to your room and not coming out until you apologize.”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
73. Yuito is struggling with his grades this term in high school. He has always been a good student, but this year he has joined a hockey team and he is starring in the school play. He did not have time to devote to studying. And now he is worried that his parents will be disappointed in him once they see his grades. They will realize he is a bad student, blame him for all the extra activities he has taken on, and they will shun him from the rest of the family. According to Rogers, what is wrong with Yuito?
a) He has unconditional positive regard.
b) He has a healthy self-concept.
c) He has conditions of worth.
d) He is approaching self-actualization.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
74. Carl Rogers referred to the pattern of self-perception that remains consistent over time and can be used to characterize an individual as _____________.
a) self-realization
b) self-actualization
c) the self
d) the self-concept
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
75. What is the difference between Maslow and Rogers’ concept of personality?
a) Maslow described personality as revolving around needs while Rogers thought of personality as revolving around the self.
b) Maslow viewed personality as centering around our self-concept while Rogers thought of personality as centering around conditions of worth.
c) Maslow saw personality as striving toward self-actualization while Rogers say personality as striving toward conditions of worth.
d) Maslow described personality as containing peak experiences while Rogers described personality as containing solitary experiences.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
76. Humanistic approaches have been criticized for all the following EXCEPT
a) They do not offer a comprehensive theory of personality.
b) They have not produced a substantial body of testable hypotheses and research.
c) They have an overly negative focus.
d) They are simplistic and ignore the role of psychological dysfunction.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
77. Dr. Maleki is a clinical psychologist who is tired of working for a field that focuses all its energy on the negative side of the human mind. Instead, Dr. Maleki wants to learn from people who are living well, people who are happy, and people who enjoy their life. What area of psychology should Dr. Maleki investigate?
a) positive psychology
b) meditative psychology
c) transcendental psychology
d) unconditional psychology
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
78. Which of the following individuals would be in the field of positive psychology?
a) Thibault who studies how positive ions alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety
b) Mackenzie who studies what factors make people feel the most satisfied with their lives
c) Finn who studies the use of positive reinforcement as a learning tool to change behaviour
d) Jax who studies the best way to achieve perfect health
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
79. Personal characteristics that affect a broad range of an individual's behaviour are called
a) essential traits.
b) central tendencies.
c) central traits.
d) superfactors.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
80. Early trait theorists believed
a) personality can be described by a limited number of descriptive characteristics.
b) personality is based on preconscious influences of the mind.
c) personality is not apparent until adolescence.
d) personality is determined primarily by environmental influences.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
81. Which of the following is NOT an assumption about central traits that trait theorists generally make?
a) People have innate tendencies to respond to situations in certain ways.
b) The tendency to respond to situations in certain ways can be linked together to form broad habits.
c) Central traits form the foundation of a scientifically testable theory.
d) Early childhood experiences largely form the basis of central traits.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
82. Since she was an infant, Daisy has been moody and exhibited symptoms of melancholy. Her disposition has been relatively constant across situations as well. Which tendency best describes her?
a) personality state
b) personality trait
c) central trait
d) transient state
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
83. Allport and Eysenck were the first theorists who proposed the idea of
a) basic traits.
b) personality traits.
c) superfactors.
d) central traits.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
84. Allport was to ______________ as Freud was to _____________.
a) unconscious; unconscious
b) unconscious; conscious
c) past; present
d) present; past
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
85. Factor analysis is a statistical technique in which
a) continuous variables are tested according to shared factors.
b) categorical data is tested according to separate factors.
c) separate traits, or factors, are assigned representative values.
d) correlations between variables are analyzed.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
86. Eysenck used _____ to identify traits that cluster together to form fundamental dimensions of personality.
a) source analysis
b) trait amplification
c) statistical regression
d) factor analysis
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
87. Which of the following traits was included among Eysenck’s superfactors, but not in the Five-Factor model of personality?
a) neuroticism
b) openness
c) psychoticism
d) agreeableness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
88. Based on country of origin, which of the following would NOT have a personality type that corresponds to Eysenck’s superfactors?
a) Kadoma: a male from Japan
b) Aadila: a female from Egypt
c) Nicole: a female from Australia
d) All of these individuals would demonstrate Eysenck’s superfactors.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
89. Eysenck's trait of excitement-seeking is related to which superfactor?
a) psychoticism
b) extroversion
c) sociability
d) assertiveness.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
90. Celine is very sociable, assertive and in involved in several exciting social activities. Her sister, Selena, however, believes that she has direct communication with life forms from another planet. According to Eysenck, Celine would score high on ____________ and Selena would score high on _____________.
a) openness; neuroticism
b) agreeableness; neuroticism
c) extroversion; neuroticism
d) extroversion; psychoticism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
91. Radford is emotionally unstable, insecure, anxious, and moody. Quinn is calm, even-tempered, easygoing, and relaxed. According to the Five-Factor model, it is likely that Radford scores __________________; and Quinn scores __________________.
a) low on agreeableness; low on conscientiousness
b) low on adaptability; high on adaptability
c) high on neuroticism; low on neuroticism
d) high on introversion; low on eagerness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
92. Caden’s friends often talk to him about their problems. They find that he always remains calm in an emergency and seems to have his own life very much in order. Which attribute of the five-factor model would best describe Caden?
a) high on openness
b) high on agreeableness
c) low on agreeableness
d) low on neuroticism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
93. Garner is imaginative, curious, and interested in new ideas. Brandy is conventional, down-to-earth, and has limited interests. It is likely that Garner scores high and Brandy scores low on the personality dimension of ____________________ in the Five-Factor model.
a) openness
b) conscientiousness
c) neuroticism
d) agreeableness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
94. Byron is late for almost everything. His friend’s jokingly say that he operates on “Byron time”. When his friends are invited to Byron’s apartment, they are surprised to find that his apartment is extremely clean and tidy. Which of the following explains Byron’s conflicting behaviours?
a) Byron would probably score low on conscientiousness and high on neuroticism.
b) Byron would probably score high on neuroticism and high on conscientiousness.
c) Byron’s trait of neuroticism is not stable across the two different situations.
d) Byron’s trait of conscientiousness is not stable across the two different situations.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
95. Which of the following is NOT a reason why psychoticism is not included in the Five-factor model of personality?
a) People who score high on psychoticism do not always become psychotic.
b) Psychoticism is difficult to detect using a personality scale.
c) People who score high on psychoticism also often score high on agreeableness.
d) People who score high on psychoticism also often score high on conscientiousness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
96. Research on the stability of personality traits suggests that traits and the associated behaviours are
a) very stable across the lifespan.
b) stable across different situations and not stable across similar situations.
c) stable across similar situations and generalize to different situations.
d) tend to change both across different and similar situations.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
97. Personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior are referred to as
a) behavioral personality tests.
b) objective tests.
c) personality inventories.
d) projective tests.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
98. Which of the following is true about the MMPI?
a) It is a projective test.
b) The items on the test were empirically derived to determine their ability to predict personality types.
c) It requires subjective interpretation by the test administrator.
d) It is not used very often because it is difficult to administer.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
99. Which personality test was originally designed to aid in the diagnosis of psychological disorders?
a) MMPI
b) TAT
c) NEO-PI-R
d) PRI-R
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
100. Aislinn is taking a personality test with over 500 empirically derived questions to assess personality characteristics and inclinations. Which test is Aislinn taking?
a) TAT
b) MMPI
c) Rorschach
d) NEO
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
101. The NEO Personality Inventory-Revised assesses
a) a person’s unconscious mind and personality styles.
b) traits that might be desirable to employers.
c) the extent to which a person perceives a sense of self-efficacy in 16 important areas.
d) the Big Five factors.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
102. Which of the following is true of objective personality tests?
a) They rely on self-reports which are empirically shown to be accurate measures of personality.
b) They take relatively more time to administer and score, compared to projective tests.
c) They attempt to control for socially desirable responding.
d) They are culture fair.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
103. Xavier supervises the Supply Chain group at a large oil and gas company. He needs a new employee and is concerned that he finds someone who will work well with the existing team. Xavier is considering using a personality test to identify the best person for this job. Which of the following tests would you suggest to he use?
a) MMPI – it will indicate if there are any psychological disorders that would disrupt the team.
b) NEO – it will indicate how conscientious an employee the candidate will be and how motivated to keep the team performing optimally.
c) Rorschach – it will indicate if there are any serious psychiatric issues that would pose a danger to the existing employees.
d) None of the above. Personality tests are not a reliable predictor of job performance.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
104. The problem of socially desirable responding was anticipated by the creators of the ______ who included questions to assess it called __________.
a) NEO-PI-R; reliability items
b) NEO-PI-R; validity items
c) MMPI; reliability items
d) MMPI validity items
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
105. A commonly used projective test in which the subject is asked to examine inkblots and describe what they look like is the
a) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
b) Rorschach test.
c) implicit personality test.
d) subliminal personality inventory.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
106. The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test are examples of _______________________ tests.
a) implicit personality
b) projective personality
c) unconscious perception
d) subliminal personality
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
107. The idea that a person will reveal or display his or her unconscious conflicts, psychological defenses, motives, and personality traits when presented with an ambiguous stimulus is the basis for which method of personality assessment?
a) implicit
b) subliminal
c) objective
d) projective
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
108. Olivier was invested in making others view him positively. So, when he took the MMPI-2, he responded to items in a way that would create a good impression. What is this testing phenomenon called?
a) correlation
b) social desirability
c) researcher bias
d) lack of reliability
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
109. A novelist is given a Rorschach test by her psychologist. In each picture, she sees a different imaginary creature, which she describes in detail. The psychologist interprets this as a sign that his client is detaching from reality, but the novelist sees this as merely demonstrating her imagination. What challenge of projective tests is demonstrated here?
a) high risk of deception
b) high gender bias
c) low validity
d) low reliability
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
110. On the Thematic Apperception Test, people are asked to look at an ambiguous scene and ______________________________.
a) report what it looks like to them
b) tell a story related to the scene
c) explain how they feel about the scene
d) point out what is wrong with the scene
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
111. Jalen has been given a card showing an ambiguous scene involving two people. Jalen is asked to tell a story about what led up to the scene, what is happening now, and how the story will end. It is most likely that the psychologist is trying to assess Jalen's ___________________, using the ______________________.
a) unconscious desires; Rorschach test
b) perceptual accuracy; implicit perception test
c) unconscious conflicts and motives; Thematic Apperception Test
d) aptitudes and interests; Thematic Apperception Test
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
112. Which of the following is a criticism of personality inventories?
a) Test-takers sometimes tailor their answers to create a good impression.
b) They tend to have more problems with validity than projective tests.
c) They tend to have more problems with reliability than projective tests.
d) They are not widely used as measures of personality assessment.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
113. Chia-hoa is taking a personality inventory. As she is completing the test, she is not completely honest as she wants to make a good impression. Chia-hoa is engaging in ________________.
a) response set
b) mind set
c) socially desirable responding
d) participant bias
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
114. Rose and Liam are both undergoing psychological evaluations. Rose is being exposed to a drawing of what appears to be a boy and a cello. Liam is looking at an abstract picture of a dog in a hot air balloon. They both tell stories about the images they are seeing.
a) Both Rose and Liam are taking the TAT.
b) Rose is taking the Rorschach inkblot test, while Liam is taking the TAT.
c) Rose is taking the TAT, while Liam is taking the Rorschach inkblot test.
d) Rose is taking an objective test, while Liam is taking a projective test.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
115. Which psychologist defined personality as a collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations?
a) B. F. Skinner
b) Hans Eysenck
c) Walter Mischel
d) Alfred Adler
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
116. The view that behaviour is governed primarily by the variables in a given situation rather than by internal traits is called
a) interactionism.
b) disposition-situation perspective.
c) situationism.
d) trait theory.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
117. After winning a poetry contest, the new author began to write her first book of poetry. Which concept describes this cycle of development?
a) learned helplessness
b) preconscious thought
c) reciprocal determinism
d) self-esteem
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
118. The theorist who believed that personality was completely shaped by environmental factors was ____________; his concepts were related to _____.
a) Bandura; situationism
c) Bandura; interactionism
b) Skinner; situationism
b) Skinner; interactionism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
119. Jaida’s friends describe her as a very sensitive, soft-hearted person who cries very easily. According to Skinner’s view of personality. Jaida ___.
a) was treated with conditions of worth as a child
b) would score high on the trait of agreeableness
c) probably received comfort from a parent when she cried during early childhood
d) is motivated by feelings of inferiority
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
120. Denise remembers when her husband used to laugh at all of her jokes, buy her flowers because it was Monday, or send her chocolates at work because he was thinking about her. Now that they had been married for over five years, he does not do those things anymore. It is like his whole personality has changed. She wonders if the man she dated is the same man she is married to. Which of the following is the best explanation you could offer Denise about the difference in her husband in terms of social-cognitive theories?
a) Explain that disposition-situation theory suggests that different aspects of people’s personalities come to the fore in different situations; the environment of marriage is different from that of courtship.
b) Explain that Albert Bandura’s theory helps explain the interaction of variables such as environment and person in explaining behaviour; Denise’s husband believed he could woo her, displayed the behaviours of wooing, and won her hand. Now he does not know what he wants to do next.
c) Explain that Denise’s husband may have a low level of self-efficacy stemming from a failure after their marriage; he may feel defeated and be unsure of how to approach the important things in his life including his wife.
d) Explain that Denise’s husband may be suffering from reciprocal determinism in which the environment is negatively affecting his emotional well-being and making him unable to show his affection for his wife.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
121. Which of the following examples contradicts the situationist perspective?
a) Every time Joanna makes an A on a term paper, her parents praise her. Joanna works very hard on every term paper.
b) Judy turns every term paper in late, even though she knows she will be penalized with a reduced grade.
c) Tyrone misses the bus three days in a row and is late for work. After his boss tells him he will be fired if he is late one more time, Tyrone goes to the bus stop early.
d) Victor volunteers twice a week at a mental health clinic as he knows it will be viewed favorably on his applications for graduate school.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
122. According to Bandura, _________________involves a person's belief about whether he or she can successfully produce desired results in a specific situation.
a) self-actualization
b) self-esteem
c) self-efficacy
d) self-goal congruence
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
123. Selby has decided to learn skydiving. Which of the following explanations would an interactionist put forth for Shelby’s decision?
a) Selby observed his father skydive and engaged in similar behaviour.
b) Selby has partaken in other risky hobbies and found it very rewarding.
c) Selby is an extrovert and is, therefore, drawn to exciting activities.
d) Selby is high on self-efficacy and believed he could do it.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
124. Jermaine has been gifted by a mind that understands things quickly and can come up with creative solutions. But Jermaine has decided NOT to apply for the mechanical program his counselor suggested. Jermaine does not believe he is capable of completing it. Jermaine most likely has
a) poor self-efficacy.
b) unfavorable environmental circumstances.
c) no locus of control.
d) negative reciprocal determinism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
125. Which of the following situations is the best example of Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism?
a) Shy Noah moved to a new school. On his first day, he happened to tell a joke that the other kids in the class found funny. Noah loved making everyone laugh so thought of additional things to say that others found funny. Noah now has a reputation as the class clown.
b) Anxious Maya uses yoga to stay mindful.
c) Outgoing Ajit is the star of the basketball team and has a wide circle of friends, an attractive popular girlfriend, and the admiration of his peers.
d) Sophie studies hard and gets good grades.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
126. Cicily believes she can become the top saleswoman in her company. Consequently, she comes to work early and stays late, which puts her in contact with more customers. Additionally, her enthusiasm inspires customers to pay attention to the benefits of her product, and every sale Cicily makes inspires her to make another. This is an example of Bandura's theory of _____________________________.
a) disposition-situation consistency
b) situationism
c) interactionism
d) reciprocal determinism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
127. According to the theory of _____________, one’s beliefs, behaviour, and the environment all interact to produce personality.
a) reciprocal determinism
b) interactionism
c) self-actualization
d) situationism
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
128. Zuban developed a new way to fertilize fruit trees. At first his efforts to obtain a patent were rejected. However, Zuban knew he had a good idea and persisted. He now has a thriving business. Zuban’s success in the face of initial rejection was a result of _____.
a) feelings of conditional worth
b) self-efficacy
c) unconscious drives
d) his reinforcement history
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
129. How does the interactionist perspective differ from the situationist perspective?
a) The interactionist perspective uses a modern definition of reinforcement, while the situationist perspective uses a traditional definition of reinforcement.
b) The interactionist perspective encompasses multiple points of view, while the situationist perspective is just one point of view.
c) The interactionist perspective has undergone many revisions, while the situationist perspective has not.
d) The interactionist perspective acknowledges the relationship between traits and situations, while the situationist perspective ignores traits.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
130. Isabella was talking to a friend about her two children. She told her friend, “My daughter is more confident than her brother when it comes to schoolwork, but much less confident when it comes to sports.” This statement is typical of which perspective?
a) reciprocal determinism
b) interactionism
c) disposition-situation consistency
d) situationism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
131. Bandura’s perspective has advantage over most other theories of personality. What is it?
a) It emphasizes the crucial role of development.
b) It relies strongly on factor analysis.
c) It is readily testable.
d) It argues for the stability of traits across situations and time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
132. The estimated heritability coefficient for the personality trait of warmth is _____.
a) .23
b) .36
c) .40
d) .55
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
133. The conclusion that genetics are more important than family environment in predicting psychological similarity was derived from the_____.
a) Five Factor Model.
b) Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart
c) New York Longitudinal Study
d) False Consensus Effect Study.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
134. The estimated heritability coefficient for agreeableness is
a) .35.
b) .40.
c) .45.
d) .55.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
135. Ji Sung and Ren Jun are identical twins. On which of the following will they be most similar?
a) agreeableness
b) excitement
c) warmth
d) openness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
136. Easton has just found his long lost identical twin brother, Brandon. If they were to take a personality test, on which trait would you expect their scores to be the most similar?
a) conscientiousness
b) openness
c) agreeableness
d) neuroticism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
137. Phrenology refers to the study of _____________________________________.
a) mental illness, based on the size of a person's head
b) personality, based on the location of bumps on a person's head
c) how certain hormones can influence our attraction to others
d) character, based on nonverbal behaviours and physical features
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
138. When Francis Gall developed the theory of phrenology, he was looking for a method to
a) measure environmental impact on personality.
b) assess evolutionarily adaptive personality traits.
c) assess a person’s mental and moral qualities.
d) suggest links between genes and personality.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
139. The brain structure that plays a key role in emotionality, motivation, and the processing of negative stimuli is the
a) amygdala.
b) thalamus.
c) hippocampus.
d) hypothalamus.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
140. Bria tends to be a very withdrawn person. She seldom goes out, except to work, and she almost never smiles, giving the impression that she is generally sad. What could be predicted about Bria’s brain?
a) Bria probably has low serotonin activity.
b) Bria probably has low dopamine levels.
c) Bria has probably sustained damage to the amygdala.
d) Bria probably has less activity in the left prefrontal cortex.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
141. One reason why some children display an inhibited personality may be that
a) they have too much dopamine in the brain.
b) they have insufficient serotonin in the brain.
c) their amygdala is insufficiently activated.
d) their amygdala is too easily activated.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
142. Koharu has an inhibited personality. According to research, which of the following is likely true for Koharu?
a) She may have an underactive amygdala.
b) She may have an overactive amygdala.
c) She may be left-brain dominant.
d) She may have too much dopamine.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
143. Which of the following babies would display heightened activity in the right prefrontal cortex?
a) Isla shows a high level of distress when separated from her mother.
b) Chang is a happy-go-lucky baby who is content to be passed from one family member to another.
c) Abel is a quiet reserved baby who whimpers when his mother first leaves him but then settles.
d) Grady seems generally unaware of his surroundings and shows little reaction to his mother’s presence or absence.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
144. Right hemisphere dominance is to __________ as left hemisphere dominance is to ___________.
a) calm; anxious
b) anxious; calm
c) negative emotions; positive emotions
d) positive emotions; negative emotions
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
145. _____ has been associated with depression, aggressive behaviour, and impulsivity and therefore would be more likely to be observed in _____.
which of the following might you expect to find in a population of violent offenders?
a) Higher than normal levels of dopamine; schizophrenia
b) Higher than normal levels of cortisol; acute stress disorder.
c) Higher levels of activity in the left prefrontal cortex; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
d) Lower than normal levels of serotonin; violent offenders
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
146. High _________ activity has been associated with positive emotions, high energy, and a lack of inhibition.
a) serotonin
b) dopamine
c) norepinephrine
d) cortisol
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
147. Morning people are to ____________________ as night owls are _____________.
a) high on positive emotionality; low on disinhibition
b) low on negative emotionality; high on disinhibition
c) high on disinhibition; high on positive emotionality
d) high on positive emotionality; high on disinhibition
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
148. According to research, people who score high on Clark and Watson's disinhibition dimension are more likely to
a) be morning people.
b) be more likely to feel anger, contempt, and guilt.
c) lead active lives and exhibit enthusiasm.
d) get poorer grades, perform more poorly at work, and engage in riskier activities.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
149. Casey has recently been fired from his job. This is the third job he has lost in the past year. Although he is very competent, he has difficulty controlling his emotional responses and is quick to lose his temper and criticize his co-workers. According to Clark and Watson, Casey would
a) score high on negative emotionality.
b) score low on disinhibition.
c) score high on disinhibition.
d) score low on positive emotionality.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
150. Jordan is very confident and outgoing. He is involved in many different activities. Jordan is likely to score high on Clark and Watson's ___ scale.
a) negative emotionality
b) positive emotionality
c) disinhibition
d) constraint
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
151. Scores on Clark and Watson’s three temperament dimensions are broadly related to
a) marital satisfaction.
b) general levels of happiness.
c) specific types of lifestyle patterns.
d) general health and well-being.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
152. Paige believes that because she is right-handed or left-hemisphere dominant she is a positive, logical, thinking type of person. Based on research findings, how might you respond to Paige?
a) Left-hemisphere dominance is associated with higher levels of happiness but is unrelated to thinking.
b) Left-hemisphere dominance is associated with all the traits identified by Paige.
c) Although cerebral dominance contributes in subtle ways to personality, personality development is a complex process involving many physiological and environmental variables.
d) Cerebral dominance is involved in cognitive development but not in personality development, so any observable traits in Paige are due to cognitive factors.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
153. Naomi has been told that she has a genetic predisposition for the superfactor psychoticism. What does this mean for Naomi?
a) Naomi will likely develop a disorder such as schizophrenia as psychoticism is genetically based.
b) Naomi will likely develop borderline personality disorder because those who score high in psychoticism tend to have high levels of dopamine.
c) Any children Naomi has will develop a psychotic disorder like schizophrenia as psychoticism has a genetic basis.
d) It does not mean anything. Genetics interact with environmental factors to influence the genetic predisposition to disorders.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
154. A classmate in your psychology class tells you that she is a very positive person because she is right-handed/left-hemisphere dominant. Based on what you have learned about the biological influences on personality, which of the following would be the best response?
a) You would agree as research has shown that being left-hemisphere dominant causes higher levels of happiness.
b) You would disagree as personality is largely caused by genetics.
c) You would disagree as personality is the result of an interaction between biological and environmental factors.
d) You would disagree because her positive personality is more likely due to higher levels of serotonin.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
155. Which of the following is NOT true about gender differences in personality?
a) There are more similarities than differences.
b) Differences among individuals of each gender are larger than differences between the genders.
c) Research findings on gender differences in personality are influenced by the social context of a study.
d) The suggestion that males have higher levels of aggression than females is not supported by research evidence.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
156. Which of the following is NOT a sex difference that is consistently supported by research?
a) Women are more accurate than men in assessing the emotions of others.
b) Women score higher than men on traits that reflect individuality.
c) Men are more physically aggressive than women.
d) Men score higher than women on traits that reflect autonomy.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
157. Mackenzie and Jeremy are at a mall and in a hurry to get to a movie they already have tickets for when they see a driver back into another parked car. The driver of the offending car looked around to see whether anyone had noticed, did not see Mackenzie and Jeremy, and drove away. Mackenzie copied down his license plate number. Jeremy looked at the victim’s car and said there was only minor damage. Based on the work of Gilligan (2011) what is the most likely scenario that will follow?
a) Jeremy and Mackenzie will want to stay and wait for the owner to return reasoning that the person might not be able to afford any problems and there could be damage unseen to either of them.
b) Mackenzie will want to stay and wait for the owner to return reasoning that the person might not be able to afford any problems and there could be damage unseen to either of them; Jeremy will want to stay and speak to the owner of the damaged car because it is illegal to hit and run.
c) Jeremy will want to stay and wait for the owner to return reasoning that the person might not be able to afford any problems and there could be damage unseen to either of them; Mackenzie will want to stay and speak to the owner of the damaged car because it is illegal to hit and run.
d) Jeremy and Mackenzie will want to stay and speak to the owner of the damaged car because it is illegal to hit and run.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
158. All the following are true about gender differences EXCEPT that
a) differences are not deficiencies.
b) differences between men and women are substantial and consistent.
c) highlighting differences between genders may serve to support prejudice and discrimination against women.
d) denying the existence of some differences may downplay the unique strengths and gifts of each gender.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
159. Which of the following is a concern about reported research findings on gender differences?
a) There have been no gender differences found.
b) It raises concerns about the validity of all psychology research.
c) It perpetuates negative stereotypes of women.
d) It perpetuates negative stereotypes of men being insensitive.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
160. Gender differences in personality can be explained by all the following EXCEPT
a) the division of labour between the sexes and the resulting gender role expectations.
b) the brains of females tend to be more functionally lateralized than the brains of males.
c) broad cultural practices reflecting philosophical and religious beliefs.
d) ideas about gender role expectations contributed by family relationships.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
161. What profession(s) were women traditionally limited to in society?
a) teacher
b) nurse
c) child rearing
d) all the above
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
162. Social role theory predicts that girls and boys develop different personal styles, behaviour, and skills based on the ________________ between the sexes and the resulting differences in _____________.
a) brain differences; functional laterality
b) power difference; job opportunities
c) division of labour; gender role expectations
d) personality differences; social interactions
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
163. Four-year-old Austin has been given action figures and a football to play with. Based on social role theory, which of the following would you predict about Austin’s behaviour as he gets older?
a) Austin will believe that males are supposed to behave more aggressively than females.
b) Austin will believe in gender equality.
c) Austin will be very effective in assessing the emotions of others.
d) Austin will believe that males should be as responsible for the housework as females.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
164. Four-year-old Yahli has been given dolls and toy dishes to play with. Based on social role theory, which of the following would you predict about Yahli’s behaviour as she gets older?
a) Yahli will believe that females are supposed to be competitive.
b) Yahli will believe that males should help with the housework.
c) Yahli will believe that females are nurturers and, therefore, natural mothers.
d) Yahli will believe in gender equality.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
165. In which of the following geographic regions are collectivist cultures commonly found?
a) North America
b) Middle East
c) Australia
d) Western Europe
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
166. A person who scores relatively high on agreeableness, relatively low on privacy, and relatively low on extraversion is most likely to live in which of the following countries?
a) Canada
b) Great Britain
c) Kenya
d) Australia
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
167. Which of the following are traits emphasized by individualistic cultures?
a) family relationships
b) autonomy and accomplishment
c) contributing to a community
d) agreeableness
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
168. Two students are asked, “What makes you happy?” Student A responds that spending time with his family makes him happy. Student B responds that getting good grades and winning a soccer game make him happy. Based on these responses, which of the following best predicts where each student lives?
a) Student A lives in an individualistic culture; Student B lives in an individualistic culture.
b) Student A lives in a collectivistic culture; Student B lives in an individualistic culture.
c) Student A lives in an individualistic culture; Student B lives in a collectivistic culture.
d) Student A lives in a collectivistic culture; Student B lives in a collectivistic culture.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
169. Changing back and forth between cultural frameworks is known as ________________.
a) schema flexibility
b) social role flexibility
c) frame switching
d) cultural flexibility
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
170. The ability of individuals from bicultural backgrounds to change back and forth between cultural contexts depending on the interpretation of the experience is called _____.
a) stereotype threat
b) social role exchange
c) cultural reciprocity
d) frame switching
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
171. Hardeep grew up in Britain. He is asked to describe himself. Hardeep is most likely to respond this way:
a) “I am one of three children.”
b) “I am a member of the Red Cross.”
c) “I am a Catholic.”
d) “I am loyal.”
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
172. People who come from bicultural backgrounds are likely to
a) show some characteristics of both individualistic and collectivist cultures.
b) switch back and forth between cultures, depending on the situation.
c) adopt the characteristics of the individualistic culture.
d) adopt the characteristics of the collectivist culture.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
173. Collectivistic is to individualistic as _____ are to _____.
a) needs of the individual; needs of the group
b) needs of the group; needs of the individual
c) harmony; reciprocity
d) reciprocity; harmony
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
174. A study of 13-year-old boys found that those boys from ___________ socio-economic homes who scored _______________ engaged in more delinquent behaviours.
a) higher; high on impulsivity
b) lower; high on impulsivity
c) higher; high on neuroticism
d) lower; high on neuroticism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
175. Which of the following is a likely reason why impulsive teens are more likely to engage in delinquent behaviour if they live in low versus high socio-economic neighbourhoods, according to researchers?
a) Children from poor neighbourhoods are more likely to have lower IQ because of impoverished environmental conditions.
b) Children in poor neighbourhoods are more likely to have delinquent parents as models.
c) Children from poor neighbourhoods are more tempted by peers because they have low self-esteem.
d) There are fewer triggers in high socio-economic neighbourhoods.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
176. An inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour that causes distress or difficulty with daily functioning is referred to as
a) psychosis.
b) personality disorder.
c) social anxiety disorder.
d) rigid personality.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
177. Which of the following is true about personality disorders?
a) They represent stable patterns of interacting with people.
b) They typically become evident in childhood.
c) Between 15% and 20% of the Canadian population is believed to have a personality disorder.
d) They may be difficult to notice without multiple encounters with the person.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
178. Personality disorders most often become evident
a) during early childhood.
b) during puberty.
c) during adolescence and early adulthood.
d) at any time in a person’s life. There is no specific age of onset.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
179. Which of the following is NOT a personality disorder defined by the American Psychiatric Association?
a) antisocial
b) borderline
c) Down syndrome
d) narcissistic
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
180. Egocentrism, lack of a conscience, impulsive behaviour, and superficial charm are characteristic of ____________________________ personality disorder.
a) schizotypal
b) narcissistic
c) borderline
d) antisocial
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
181. Which of the following is not one of the four hallmarks of antisocial personality disorder?
a) egocentrism
b) lack of conscience
c) calculated behaviour
d) superficial charm
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
182. Avoidant personality disorder belongs to the ___ cluster.
a) odd-eccentric cluster
b) anxiety-fear cluster
c) dramatic-emotional cluster
d) This is not a personality disorder.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
183. Antonio has recently quit his job because he believes that his co-workers were trying to sabotage him and were stealing his ideas. When his boss offered to help him after he fell behind in his work, Antonio became very angry and accused his boss of trying to make him look incompetent. If Antonio were diagnosed with a personality disorder, which one would he most likely have?
a) antisocial
b) borderline
c) schizotypal
d) paranoid
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
184. Devlin is in danger of losing his job. Although he has plenty of work to do, he never seems to be able to complete a project. He spends a great deal of his time making lists and trying to decide which task on his list should take priority. Even when he does begin a project, he keeps redoing the work because he wants it to be perfect. Which of the following personality disorders best fits with Devlin’s behaviour?
a) schizotypal
b) obsessive-compulsive
c) borderline
d) histrionic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
185. Which of the following does NOT belong in the odd-eccentric cluster of personality disorders?
a) schizotypal
b) schizoid
c) histrionic
d) paranoid
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
186. Selena’s co-workers would describe her as “larger than life” because she always has some drama in her life. No matter what the topic of conversation, Selena always turns it around to herself and goes to great lengths to be sure that she is the center of attention. Recently, at a distant cousin’s funeral, she became so emotional paramedics had to be called. As soon as they arrived however, she calmed down and began to smile. Which of the following personality disorders might Selena have?
a) narcissistic
b) borderline
c) histrionic
d) antisocial
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
187. Raul does not have any friends. Even though his classmates and co-workers try to include him in social activities, he is so afraid of rejection that he declines. Although he would really like to accept the invitations, he is sure that, as soon as they got to know him, they would no longer want to socialize with him. If Raul were to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, it would most likely be
a) antisocial.
b) avoidant.
c) schizoid.
d) borderline.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
188. Hazel self-harms when overwhelmed by emotion, abruptly changes from laughter to anger, and needs constant reassurance from others to feel any sense of self-worth. Which personality disorder fits best with these symptoms?
a) antisocial
b) borderline
c) histrionic
d) narcissistic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
189. Hanging around with Daphne is like being on an emotional roller coaster, and she can go from clingy and dependent to ruthless and impulsive in a matter of minutes. She also engages in a lot of self-destructive behaviours, such as smoking, drinking, and occasionally she self-injures by cutting her arms. What type of personality disorder does Daphne most likely have?
a) avoidant
b) borderline
c) obsessive-compulsive
d) dependent
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
190. Ava is very rigid and inflexible and has serious difficulties in her interactions with her family, romantic partners, and co-workers. Ava most likely
a) has an anxiety disorder.
b) has schizophrenia.
c) has a personality disorder.
d) is unable to frame switch.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
191. Levi has no friends and always declines social invitations from his co-workers. His co-workers have tried to engage him in conversation, but he never appears to be interested and, in fact, does not express any emotion at all during their attempts to engage him. Which of the following personality disorders might Levi have?
a) antisocial
b) borderline
c) schizoid
d) paranoid
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
192. Which of the following is NOT one of the core features of personality disorders identified in your textbook?
a) Rigid, extreme, distorted thinking
b) Problematic emotional responses
c) Impulse control problems
d) Tenuous contact with reality
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define personality disorders, and describe some of the key features of these disorders.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
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