Test Bank ch11 Motivation And Emotion ogden 4e practice Test

CHAPTER 11

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

• Several theories offer explanations for our motivation, but no single theory can explain all our behaviour.
• Instinct theory, which suggests that environmental cues stimulate inborn behavioural instincts, best explains motivation that serves basic biological drives, such as eating, drinking, and sex.
• Drive-reduction theory suggests that internal homeostatic mechanisms produce balance within the body by reducing arousal stemming from unmet basic biological needs.
• Arousal theory explains why we sometimes seek to increase arousal levels. The Yerkes-Dodson law proposes that task performance is best if our arousal level matches that needed for a task.
• Incentive learning produces extrinsic motivation to engage in experiences that do not fulfill basic biological drives. Primary and secondary incentives may both be involved. Different incentives motivate different people. Incentive motivation involves brain systems associated with pleasure, incentive learning, and the neurochemical opiate dopamine.
• Maslow proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, in which basic survival needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs for belonging, achievement, and self-actualization.

2. Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

• Thirst is the biological drive to consume fluids. We need fluid inside and outside of our cells to maintain proper cellular functioning. Our bodies our approximately 60 percent water. While it is rare, some individuals can die from water intoxication.
• Hunger, our motivation to eat, is created by the interaction of signals from our stomachs, levels of food-related chemicals in our blood, and brain activity, particularly in the hypothalamus.
• Culture and individual differences interact with our basic biological need for food to determine what foods we will eat, when and with whom we like to eat, and how much we eat.
• Obesity is a major public-health problem in North America. It is usually caused by overeating, which can result from an interaction between genes and the environment.
• Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which individuals believe they are fat and eat too little. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder in which people binge on food, then purge themselves of the food before it can add weight to their bodies. Binge eating disorder occurs when people gorge themselves on food over repeated sessions.

3. Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

• Several factors influence the people we choose to mate with, including age, body morphology, intelligence, and creativity.

• Sexual practices driven by sexual motivation vary widely as a result of cultural influences.
• Research consistently shows a great deal of variety in normal sexual behaviour throughout healthy adulthood.
• Testosterone and other hormones affect our motivation for sexual behaviour. Many parts of our brains become active during sexual arousal and behaviour.

4. Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

• We are all driven by conscious and unconscious processes that influence our motivations to act.

• All of us are influenced by internal motivation—doing something because it feels good—and external motivation—gaining a reward for a behaviour. In some cases, individuals are amotivated and do not have a drive to perform even the simplest of behaviours such as getting out of bed.
• Approach motivation is the desire to work toward a goal that gives us pleasure versus avoidance motivation where we perform a behaviour to avoid a painful experience.
• Growth and fixed mindsets can influence our motivational states.

5. Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

• Affiliation represents our need to interact with others, not only for survival, but also for self-worth.
• Isolation puts people at risk of psychological impairments.
• Self-determination theory suggests that we need competence, relatedness, and autonomy to realize our potential.
• Achievement through intrinsic motivation does not involve incentives.
• Individuals who are able to delay gratification can focus on goals and ignore distractions.

6. Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

• An emotion is an intrapersonal state that occurs in response to an external or internal event and includes three components: a physiological component, a cognitive component, and a behavioural component.
• Researchers typically use three kinds of information to measure emotion: behavioural displays of emotion, self-reports of emotion, and physiological reactions.
• Emotions serve many functions. They add colour to our lives, give us information about important events in the environment, stir us to action when necessary, and help us to coordinate relationships with others.

7. Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

• The conventional common-sense explanation of emotion holds that an event triggers an emotion, which leads to physiological changes, followed by a response to the situation.
• In contrast, the James-Lange theory proposes that the emotion we feel results from bodily and behavioural responses to environmental stimuli, rather than causing those responses.
• According to the Cannon-Bard theory, physiological arousal by itself cannot produce complex emotional experiences. Rather, the perception of an emotionally-stirring event simultaneously sends messages to parts of the brain responsible for the subjective experience of emotion and physiological arousal.
• Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor theory holds that an emotional state is a function of both physiological arousal and cognition.
• Building on Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor theory, cognitive-mediational theory proposes that cognitive interpretations, and particularly appraisals, of events are in fact the keys to the experience of emotions.
• The facial-feedback theory of emotion, based on the ideas of Darwin, holds that facial expressions that occur in response to stimuli provide feedback to the brain that helps to shape emotional experience.
• Evolutionary theorists believe that emotions have been shaped by natural selection and that certain emotions have been passed down because of their role in the survival of our species.

8. Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

• Researchers have tended to focus on negative emotions, in part because of difficulties in measuring positive emotions.
• Identifying what makes people happy can be difficult. Research has shown that good relationships, employment, and good health are among the things that can make people happy. In particular, though, temperament and personality predict happiness.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Motivation is best defined as

a) an internal state or condition that directs behaviour.

b) a desire to get rid of a need.

c) the direction that one is being driven from within.

d) a combination of our ability to plan ahead and represent those plans in memory.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

2. An inborn behavioural tendency, activated by stimuli in our environment is known as an

a) instinct.

b) attribution.

c) emotion.

d) expectancy.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

3. According to Greek mythology, Pandora was unable to resist her curiosity and she opened the box that unleashed troubles into the world. Which motivational theory BEST explains her curiosity?

a) incentive

b) instinct

c) arousal

d) drive reduction

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

4. Of the following statements, which are true?

a) Rooting is an instinctive human behaviour.

b) Rooting allows a baby to seek social contact with its mother.

c) Rooting is a form of primitive social behaviour.

d) all of the above

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

5. Which of the following is probably NOT one of the motives driving Marguerite to win the bridge tournament at her assisted living facility?

a) affiliation

b) attention

c) achievement

d) money

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

6. A behaviour pattern that is unlearned, always expressed in the same way, and universal within a species is called _________________________.

a) a tendency

b) a reflex

c) an instinct

d) a habit

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

7. A behavior pattern that is unlearned, always expressed in the same way, and universal within a species is called a(n)_____.

a) plan

b) reflex

c) instinct

d) routine

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

8. Which of the following is not an instinctual behaviour?

a) bears hibernating

b) birds building nests

c) salmon swimming upstream to spawn

d) a giraffe reaches upward to eat the leaves from a tall tree

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

9. Based on instinct theory, which one of the following is true?

a) Instincts cannot explain differences among individuals.

b) Instincts provide logical explanations for behavior.

c) Instincts are shown only in nonhuman species.

d) Instinctual need for social interaction changes over time.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

10. In the _______________ theory of motivation, when external factors alter our body’s normal state of equilibrium, we are motivated to behave in ways that restore the balance.

a) incentive

b) drive-reduction

c) state-dependent

d) homeostasis

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

11. In the drive-reduction theory, motivation decreases once _________________ occurs.

a) exhaustion

b) reward

c) homeostasis

d) punishment

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

12. _________ is the body's tendency to maintain a relatively stable state for internal processes, a state called equilibrium.

a) Homeostasis

b) Heterogeneity

c) Drive-induction

d) Biostability

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

13. To maintain the homeostasis of body temperature, what behavioural actions can be taken?

a) Get a cold drink when hot.

b) Get a warm drink when cold.

c) Shed clothing when hot and add clothing when cold.

d) all of these

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

14. Drive-reduction theory is similar to the biological concept of ____________.

a) homoeostasis

b) instincts

c) behaviour modification

d) cellular respiration

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

15. Which of the following behaviours CANNOT be explained by drive reduction theory?

a) temperature regulation

b) skydiving

c) weight gain/loss

d) sexual behaviour

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

16. Which of the following is explained by the drive-reduction theory of motivation?

a) Jakub decides to stay in the pool even after he has cooled down.

b) Even though he is not thirsty, Lukas decides to drink another delicious cup of lemonade.

c) Jeffrey stops running in the marathon once all his vital signs are working overtime.

d) Meaghen decides to stay under the blanket once she is all warmed up.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

17. Tom did NOT have time to eat breakfast and is unable to concentrate on his work because he is so hungry. Meanwhile, Greg ate breakfast with his coworkers and is no longer hungry. Which of the following statements is MOST accurate about Tom and Greg?

a) Greg has restored homeostasis while Tom has not.

b) Tom is a less disciplined individual than Greg.

c) Tom is more likely than Greg to be self-actualized.

d) Greg is more likely than Tom to be driven by external rewards.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

18. Marcus loves excitement. He is always seeking increased novelty and complexity in his environment. The _____ motive can explain Marcus’s behaviour.

a) sensory

b) social

c) drive

d) arousal

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

19. Which of the following is true about the arousal theory of motivation?

a) It is the desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal that maximizes performance.

b) It is rarely observed in non-human species.

c) Performance is best when an organism is in a high state of arousal.

d) Performance is best when an organism is in a low state of arousal.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

20. Sensation seeking is most related to ______________________.

a) the arousal motive

b) the achievement motive

c) the hierarchy of needs

d) the dangerousness scale

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

21. While white water rafting, Jillian, and her rafting team, unexpectedly capsized. Despite wearing a life jacket, Jillian was submerged and immediately began kicking frantically to reach the surface and get a breath of air. This is an example of which theory of motivation?

a) drive-reduction theory

b) arousal theory

c) incentive theory

d) self-actualization theory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

22. You bring a package home from the department store and your dog immediately jumps on you to investigate it; your 3-year-old niece comes to visit and opens all your kitchen cupboards to see what is inside; on a television documentary program, you see a monkey trying to open a box left in its cage. All of these are examples of _____.

a) a lack of discipline

b) sensation-seeking behavior

c) the achievement motive

d) the arousal motive

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

23. Gretchen has a summer job working on an assembly line. Her friend Lola has a summer job working as an aide in a psychiatric hospital. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, to achieve optimal performance at their jobs, Gretchen might need to _____________ her level of arousal and Lola might need to __________ her level of arousal.

a) increase; increase

b) increase; decrease

c) decrease; increase

d) decrease; decrease

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

24. Surgeons often report that, when performing delicate surgeries, they like to have their favourite music playing in the operating room. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which of the following best explains the effect the music is likely to have on the surgeon?

a) The music increases the surgeon’s level of arousal, thereby optimizing his performance.

b) The music decreases the surgeon’s level of arousal, thereby optimizing his performance.

c) The music decreases the surgeon’s heart rate, thereby helping his body return to equilibrium.

d) The music increases the surgeon’s heart rate, thereby increasing his need to reduce the drive to reach equilibrium.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

25. Pearl’s parents have brought her in for therapy because she is consistently in trouble for smoking, doing drugs, and sneaking their car out without permission. Her parents recently learned she has been shoplifting small items that they readily would have bought for her. Which of the following recommendations by the therapist will be the MOST effective in minimizing Pearl’s illegal activities?

a) Present Pearl with legal opportunities to increase her level of arousal in controlled environments.

b) Teach Pearl to shift her attributions from external peer approval to internal factors such as the desire to succeed.

c) Assess Pearl’s needs hierarchy and begin to compensate for any areas where she perceives there to be a lack.

d) Help Pearl learn to recognize the difference between motivation and emotions, so that she can learn to inhibit her emotions.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

26. The _____ law states that ideal performance on a task occurs when the arousal level is optimized to the difficulty level of the task.

a) optimal arousal

b) Yerkes-Dodson

c) Cannon-Bard

d) optimal performance

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

27. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, performance on a task is maximized when the arousal levels are

a) higher for complex tasks and lower for simple tasks.

b) high for both complex and simple tasks.

c) low for both complex and simple tasks.

d) lower for complex task and higher for simple tasks.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

28. Which of the following tasks might NOT be disrupted by highly arousing circumstances?

a) taking a calculus test

b) defusing a bomb

c) piloting an airplane during takeoffs/landings

d) running a marathon

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

29. Intrinsic motivation comes from _____.

a) personal enjoyment

b) a desire for rewards

c) a fear of punishment

d) social pressure and influence

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

30. To be promised extra pay for completing a work assignment before a deadline is an example of

a) an incentive.

b) a reward.

c) drive reduction.

d) arousal.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

31. Which of the following is a primary punisher?

a) bad hair day

b) electric shock

c) criticism

d) low grades

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

32. You just stuffed yourself with a hot dog, a large tub of popcorn, and a box of candy while watching a movie. When you come out of the theatre, you smell the cinnamon buns across the mall and decide to get one even though you are full. This action can best be explained by _____.

a) drive-reduction theory

b) incentive theory

c) the push-pull theory

d) arousal theory

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

33. Incentive motivations often involve inhibiting ___.

a) biological drives

b) social drives

c) intellectual drives

d) genetic factors

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

34. According to the cognitive theory of motivation, which of the following students is most likely to study hard for the next psychology exam?

a) Sasha believes she earned an “A” on this exam because the questions were easy.

b) Maria believes she is a witch and can get whatever she wants by waving her arms and casting a spell.

c) Martino believes he can bring his “C” up to an “A” or “B” next time by spending more time studying.

d) Luka believes he studied as hard as he could for this exam and so is very discouraged that he only got a “D.”

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

35. Chelsea believes that if she works long hours and produces high quality work, her boss will give her a promotion. This is an example of a(n) ____________________.

a) attribution

b) incentive

c) arousal

d) drive

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

36. Mitchell is a car salesman who receives a salary as well as a bonus for each car he sells. Douglas also sells cars but gets a monthly salary regardless of the number of cars he sells. According to incentive saliency, which of the following will likely describe each man’s future work performance?

a) Mitchell will decrease his work efforts; Douglas will increase his work efforts.

b) Mitchell will increase his work efforts; Douglas will decrease his work efforts.

c) Both men will increase their work efforts.

d) Both men will decrease their work efforts.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

37. Malcolm recently sang on stage for the first time and received very loud applause. Now Malcolm is really looking forward to the next opportunity to sing in front of a crowd. This example demonstrates

a) the difference between drive reduction and arousal theories.

b) the difference between arousal theories and incentive theories.

c) the difference between primary and secondary incentives.

d) the difference between liking and wanting.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

38. _____ is associated with “runners high” and often motivates runners in marathons

a) Hallucinogens

b) Synthetic compounds

c) Narcotics

d) Opiates

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

39. Eli often ate or drank too much, took time off for golf or hockey when he should have been working, and generally enjoyed himself most of the time. Eli might have high levels of:

a) dopamine

b) norepinephrine

c) epinephrine

d) testosterone

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

40.____________ is(are) to liking as _________ is(are) to wanting.

a) Dopamine; serotonin

b) Serotonin; dopamine

c) Dopamine; opiates

d) Opiates; dopamine

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

41. The _____ area contains dopamine neurons important in reinforcement learning and communicate with the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex.

a) ventral tegmental area

b) basal ganglia

c) pons

d) hippocampus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

42. According to __________________ theory, basic survival and security needs must be satisfied before one can move on to higher needs such as self-actualization.

a) evolutionary

b) instinct

c) Maslow's

d) Wiener's

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

43. How long does the motivation to socially connect with other human beings persist?

a) first few weeks of life

b) throughout childhood

c) throughout life

d) up until old age when it is extinguished

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

44. According to Maslow's view of motivation, if you have not eaten all day, your thoughts will be most focused on your _____________________.

a) self-esteem

b) physical safety

c) physiological needs

d) sense of belonging

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

45. Dana recently became homeless. She has been able to find a soup kitchen where she can come every day for hot meals. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, what need will Dana MOST likely pursue next?

a) feeling safe and secure

b) feeling accepted and loved

c) feeling approved and content

d) feeling fulfilled and respected

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

46. People who engage in selfless, altruistic behaviour may have reached Maslow’s level of ___.

a) safety needs

b) self-actualization

c) basic needs

d) belongingness

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

47. Depending on weather a person can survive 4-7 days without water and _____ days without food.

a) 10

b) 20

c) 35

d) 40

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

48. Scott has a secure job that he loves, and a great new house. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, what need should Scott be focusing on now?

a) safety needs

b) belonging and love needs

c) esteem needs

d) self-actualization needs

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

49. Nadia’s car broke down on a backroad through the desert. She had one bottle of water and no food. After 12 hours Nadia was very hungry. She has about half her water left and was thinking of leaving her car to look for food. If you could reach her somehow, what advise would you give Nadia?

a) Leave immediately. If you ration it, you have enough water for 2 more days but will become ill and pass out if you go without food for longer than 2 days.

b) Leave immediately. You need both food and water in the next two days and cannot risk waiting.

c) Stay with your car as you need food and water within a few days and will be weakened without food if you get lost.

d) Stay with your car and get what shelter you can. You do not have enough water in the intense heat to last more than a day or two and you can live for approximately 40 days without food.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

50. Karen and Angie are preparing to compete in their first half-marathon, and both are highly motivated to succeed. As they begin the race, Karen notices that her heart is pounding, while Angie is visualizing the crowd cheering her on as she crosses the finish line. What is the difference between Karen and Angie’s inner experiences?

a) Karen is focusing on her arousal, whereas Angie is focusing on her incentives.

b) Karen is focusing on her motivation, whereas Angie is focusing on her arousal.

c) Angie is focusing on her cognitions, whereas Karen is focusing on her expressive behaviors.

d) Angie is focusing on her motivation, whereas Karen is focusing on her arousal.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

51. Amy thrives on the pressure of being called on to answer questions in class, particularly when the questions are difficult. In contrast, Krista does NOT like the feeling of being put on the spot and tends to be unable to answer the question even if she knows the answer. What is implied here?

a) Amy’s optimal arousal level is higher than Krista’s.

b) Krista’s optimal arousal level is higher than Amy’s.

c) Krista is driven by emotions, while Amy is driven by motivation.

d) Amy is driven by emotions, while Krista is driven by motivation.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: Theories of Motivation

52. The longest a person can survive without water is _____.

a) 1 day

b) 3 days

c) 5 days

d) 1 week

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

53. Our bodies are approximately _____ of our body weight.

a) 20

b) 40

c) 60

d) 80

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

54. Which of the following is not a documented case of water intoxication as described in your textbook?

a) ecstasy use

b) marathon runners

c) old age

d) competition

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

55. How long can a person survive without food?

a) 10 days

b) 20 days

c) 35 days

d) 40 days

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

56. What cues are activated by the stretching of receptors in the stomach?

a) hunger

b) obesity

c) satiety

d) appetite

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

57. After having her stomach surgically stapled, Celina lost almost 100 pounds. Unfortunately, is the past several months, she has begun to gain the weight back. Celina’s weight gain demonstrates

a) that her stomach has come unstapled.

b) that the drive to eat is too strong to be maintained by surgically altering the stomach.

c) that the satiety signals are not the only mediators involved in eating behaviour.

d) that the hunger cues activated by the stretch receptors are not affected by this type of surgery.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

58. Satiety signals _____________ to be the most important hunger cues as evidenced by the fact that

a) appear; people who have their stomachs stapled lose weight.

b) appear; people only eat when they are hungry.

c) do not appear; eating large amounts of food can stimulate hunger.

d) do not appear; people who have had their stomachs surgically removed still feel hunger.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

59. Which one of the following statements regarding hunger is FALSE?

a) Leptin is released by fat cells as they grow larger.

b) The gastrointestinal tract releases chemical signals that play a role in hunger.

c) Sensory input from the stomach is essential for feeling hungry.

d) Pressure receptors in the stomach walls signal fullness or emptiness.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

60. _____ provides the energy used by the body to move muscles and to operate and maintain the body.

a) Carbohydrates

b) Glucose

c) Starch

d) Glycogen

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

61. ____________, also known as blood sugar, reduces eating when levels are __________.

a) Glucose; high

b) Leptin: low

c) Glucose; low

d) Adenosine; high

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

62. _________ is a protein produced by fat cells that is important for regulating the amount of food eaten over long periods of time.

a) Glucose

b) Lipids

c) Insulin

d) Leptin

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

63. Landon has gained quite a lot of weight over the last several months. Your textbook identifies a chemical associated with knowing when to stop eating. Given this, which of the following might explain Landon’s weight gain?

a) His protein leptin levels are too low, and he has too few leptin receptors in the brain.

b) His protein leptin levels are too low, but he has too many leptin receptors in the brain.

c) His protein leptin level is too high, and he has too many leptin receptors in the brain.

d) His protein leptin levels are too high, and he has too few leptin receptors in the brain.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

64. Which of the following would cause an increase in eating behaviour or hunger?

a) damage to the lateral hypothalamus

b) an increase in blood glucose levels

c) an increase in blood leptin levels but too few leptin receptors in the brain

d) activation of the stretch receptors in the stomach

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

65. The _____________ is a region of the hypothalamus important in signaling satiety.

a) medial nucleus hypothalamus

b) ventromedial hypothalamus

c) lateral hypothalamus

d) anterior hypothalamus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

66. The _____ was once believed to be particularly important in turning off eating behavior and is now known to exert influence through _____.

a) ventromedial hypothalamus; insulin

b) muscles in the mouth and throat; epinephrine

c) lateral hypothalamus; cortisol

d) stomach; leptin

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

67. The ventromedial hypothalamus is important for modulating the levels of _____?

a) adrenalin

b) insulin

c) dopamine

d) growth

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

68. The suggestion that, when the lateral hypothalamus stimulates us to eat, it also inhibits satiety signals from the ventromedial hypothalamus is known as the ________________ of motivation.

a) hunger-inhibition theory

b) insulin-leptin theory

c) hypothalamic conflict theory

d) dual-centre theory

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

69. The _______________ is a region of the hypothalamus important in signaling thirst and hunger.

a) medial nucleus hypothalamus

b) ventromedial hypothalamus

c) lateral hypothalamus

d) anterior hypothalamus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

70. The ____________ is to hunger as the ____________ is to satiety.

a) lateral thalamus; medial thalamus

b) medial thalamus; lateral thalamus

c) lateral hypothalamus; ventromedial hypothalamus

d) ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

71. Matteo’s dislike for animal flesh verges on a phobia and he almost vomited when he smelled his roommate’s barbequed steak. What prefrontal brain structure was activated to produce disgust cues in Matteo?

a) area postrema

b) lateral intraparietal cortex

c) insular cortex

d) red nucleus

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

72. Brock once had food poisoning after eating crab cakes. Now, when faced with crab cakes, he feels a reaction of complete disgust. What prefrontal brain structure would be activated tin Brock to produce disgust cues?

a) area postrema

b) parietal cortex

c) insular cortex

d) red nucleus

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

73. According to the text, the best method of making weight loss permanent is _____.

a) joining Weight Watchers or other diet support group

b) eating a high-protein diet and drinking lots of fluids

c) changing the amount and types of foods eaten, and exercising regularly

d) taking dietary supplements under the direction of a medical doctor

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

74. Alicia had worked hard to lose 20 pounds but now she finds that she is slowly creeping back up to her original weight. Which of the following explains Alicia’s fluctuation in weight?

a) Alicia was underweight to being with.

b) Alicia has low leptin levels.

c) Alicia has returned to her body weight set point.

d) Alicia has had damage to her lateral hypothalamus.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

75. A weight that individuals typically return to even after dieting or overeating is called the __________________.

a) equilibrium weight

b) goal weight point

c) standard body weight

d) body weight set point

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

76. Which of the following is NOT a reason for why the set point theory has problems accounting for weight maintenance?

a) People who are satiated can continue eating if offered something highly palatable.

b) People who consume a high calorie drink prior to eating do not necessarily reduce their food intake.

c) People who diet often rebound back toward the original weight.

d) Set point maintenance would only be adaptive when food is plentiful.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

77. Obesity is classified as having a body mass index of _______ or above.

a) 15

b) 25

c) 30

d) 40

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

78. A single numerical value that calculates height in relation to weight is _______.

a) HWR or height-weight ratio

b) BMR or body mass ratio

c) BMI or body mass index

d) HWI or height-weight index

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

79. Rufus had his body mass index (BMI) measured and it was determined that he was obese. Which of the numbers below are consistent with this diagnosis?

a) 10 and below

b) 15-20

c) 25-30

d) 30 or higher

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

80. According to your text, which of the following is NOT a reported problem associated with obesity?

a) diabetes

b) heart disease

c) depression

d) gastrointestinal disease

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

81. Alice and Ryan took their toddler son, Declan, for a physical exam to determine why he was obese, with an insatiable appetite. Declan was diagnosed with a genetic disorder known as

a) Prader-Willi syndrome.

b) Munchausen-by-proxy syndrome.

c) Kleinfelters syndrome.

d) Downs syndrome.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

82. Rosa and her mother and her grandmother are all obese. You tell Rosa this does not surprise you as the heritability for obesity is between __________.

a) 10 and 20%

b) 90 and 100%

c) 30 and 70%

d) 5 and 15%

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

83. Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of the increase in obesity in North America?

a) Restaurants have increased their portion size.

b) Inexpensive, high-calorie food is regularly available.

c) People perceive large portions as a good value.

d) People have changed the ideal body image to a slightly curvier body.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

84. Why, from an evolutionary perspective, do people overeat?

a) Obesity is a sign of affluence and wealth.

b) Thinness is a sign of weakness and poor genes.

c) Humans evolved to feast when food was available in case the next meal was some time away.

d) In the ancestral environment, food availability was abundant, so humans evolved to feast and get fat.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

85. _______________ is a disorder characterized by a pathological drive to be thin, excessive food restriction, extreme weight loss, and a distorted body image.

a) Agoraphobia

b) Obsessive-compulsive eating disorder

c) Anorexia nervosa

d) Bulimia nervosa

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

86. Which of the following is characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

a) bone fractures, osteoporosis, interruption of menstruation, and loss of brain tissue

b) an acceptance of one's shape once their "ideal" weight is achieved

c) loss of teeth, and severe throat and stomach damage

d) a death rate of 30-35% in those diagnosed with the condition

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

87. Mai, age 15, experienced obsessive thoughts about being overweight even though she ingested fewer than 500 calories per day. What eating disorder are her thoughts indicative of?

a) bulimia nervosa

b) anorexia nervosa

c) obesity

d) malnutrition

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

88. Simone, aged 17, often eats substantive quantities of food, and then makes herself vomit. What type of eating disorder might Simone have?

a) bulimia nervosa

b) anorexia nervosa

c) self-regulatory obstruction syndrome

d) compulsive reflux disorder

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

89. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of bulimia nervosa?

a) People with bulimia are emaciated (severely underweight).

b) People with bulimia are often impulsive in other areas of their lives.

c) Bulimia can cause tooth erosion, tooth loss, damage to the throat and stomach, serious digestive disorders, and cardiac arrhythmias.

d) Bulimia involves consuming large quantities of food followed by self-induced purging.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

90. Leo has bulimia nervosa. Which of the following would LEAST likely apply to him?

a) He will sometimes ingest a lot of calories in one sitting.

b) He is underweight.

c) He consumes a lot of laxatives.

d) He has tooth decay.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

91. Which attribute of the bulimic condition contributes to the development of anxiety and depression?

a) secrecy

b) shame

c) embarrassment

d) all of these

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

92. What is the difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

a) Anorexics engage in compulsive exercising and bulimics only consume empty calories.

b) Bulimics do not consume very many calories and anorexics vomit the calories they do consume.

c) Anorexics use laxatives to purge calories and bulimics exercise compulsively to burn calories.

d) Bulimics consume large numbers of calories in one sitting and anorexics do not.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the factors that affect our motivation to drink and to eat.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Thirst and Hunger

93. According to David Buss, what is a key gender difference in mate selection?

a) Males prefer younger females; females prefer males with greater resources.

b) Males prefer older females; females prefer younger men.

c) Males choose mates based on attractiveness; females choose mates based on personality.

d) Males choose mates based on personality; females choose mates based on attractiveness.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

94. Twenty-three year old Camila is dating fifty-five year old Gregor. According to David Buss, which of the following might explain the attraction between this couple?

a) Gregor is looking for someone attractive; Camila is looking for someone to provide offspring.

b) Gregor is looking for someone who can provide offspring; Camila is looking for an established male who can provide greater resources.

c) Both Gregor and Camila are looking for a mate who can provide offspring.

d) Camila is looking for someone who is attractive; Gregor is looking for someone who could work and increase the number of resources.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

95. Across different human cultures, there are some specific mate preferences, such as a preference for symmetrical faces. According to your text, these preferences may have evolved for all the following reasons EXCEPT

a) they indicate immune function.

b) they suggest the stability of an individual’s intellectual abilities.

c) they communicate information about hormonal status.

d) they reveal any abnormalities in the course of development.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

96. Trinda is a 24 year-old single female. According to evolutionary theory, which of the following males is she MOST likely to find attractive?

a) Taylor, who is kind and nurturing.

b) Hans, who is attractive and strong.

c) Samuel, who is strong and dependable.

d) Kofi, who is attractive and dominant.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

97. The practice of having multiple wives is known as

a) polynuptial.

b) polymarital.

c) polyandry.

d) polygamy.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

98. Uzochi, a Nigerian tribe member, has multiple wives. This practice is known as ____________.

a) polynuptual

b) polygamy

c) polymarital

d) polyandry

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

99. Multiple male sexual partners is to ___________ as multiple wives is to ___________.

a) polysexual; polyandry

b) polyandry; polysexual

c) polysexual; polygamy

d) polyandry; polygamy

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

100. Polyandry, the practice of females having multiple male partners, is found in which of the following societies?

a) Serbo-Croatians of Germany

b) Romanians of Sweden

c) Chhetri of Nepal

d) Naxi of China

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

101. What percentage of couples living together in Canada are unmarried?

a) 5%

b) 10%

c) 17%

d) 30%

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

102. A 2006 Statistics Canada study found there were approximately _______________ Canadian couples in a same-sex relationship, with about ______ of them married.

a) 35,000; 1/2

b) 45,000: 1/5

c) 55,000; 1/3

d) 65,000; 1/5

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

103. Kinsey’s research suggested that many “normal” Americans engaged in what sexual behaviours?

a) anal sex

b) oral sex

c) a and b

d) bestiality

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

104. What was Kinsey’s original field of study before he began investigating human sexual behaviour?

a) physics

b) chemistry

c) horses

d) insects

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

105. Which of the following would be considered Kinsey’s greatest contribution to our understanding of sexual behaviour?

a) revealing that incest was a universal taboo

b) lessening taboos around sexual behaviours such as oral and anal sex

c) recording some of the first physiological data in humans during sex

d) recognizing that ‘desire” played a major role in in sexual excitement

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

106. Who collected the first physiological data from humans during sexual intercourse?

a) Berman

b) Kinsey

c) Freud

d) Masters and Johnson

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

107. Which of the following is NOT a phase of human sexual response described by Masters and Johnson?

a) excitement

b) plateau

c) repression

d) orgasm

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

108. While having sex, Chris experiences an increase in blood pressure followed by a series of muscle contractions. According to Masters and Johnson, which phase of sexual response has Chris just experienced?

a) excitement

b) plateau

c) orgasm

d) resolution

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

109. According to Kaplan, what additional element must be added to the beginning of the sexual response cycle?

a) resolution

b) repression

c) testosterone

d) desire

Difficulty: East

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

110. Androgens are involved in sex drive for _____.

a) men only

b) women only

c) men and women

d) neither men nor women

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

111. _____ is positively related to the sex drive in males.

a) Testosterone

b) Progesterone

c) Estrogen

d) Adrenalin

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

112. The sex drive and response in males appears to be stimulated by ____________. In females, it appears to be stimulated by ________________.

a) progesterone; androgens

b) estrogen; androgens

c) androgens; estrogen

d) androgens; estrogen and androgens

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

113. Which reproductive hormones are produced by the ovaries in females?

a) estrogen and progesterone

b) progesterone and testosterone

c) testosterone and progesterone

d) estrogen and testosterone

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

114. Which of the following hormones cause masculinization of the brain?

a) testosterone

b) estrogen

c) testosterone and other androgens

d) testosterone and estrogen

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

115. Even if we do not consciously see an erotic picture or film, we can become aroused unconsciously. In part, this is due to activation of the ___________.

a) mirror neurons

b) hypothalamus

c) hippocampus

d) thalamus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

116. Tiffany and her partner are watching a romantic movie. When the two lead characters begin having sex, Tiffany finds she becomes sexually aroused. Which of the following would explain Tiffany’s response to the scene in the movie?

a) The scene causes a release of androgens in Tiffany’s brain.

b) The scene causes a release of estrogen in Tiffany’s brain.

c) The scene causes a release of progesterone in Tiffany’s brain

d) The mirror neurons in Tiffany’s brain have been activated.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

117. Even if we do NOT consciously see an erotic picture or film, research suggests that we can still become sexually aroused by photos that are presented very rapidly. Which of the following is most strongly supported by this finding?

a) Mirror neurons are activated at an unconscious level.

b) Rapid activation of brain regions that respond to subtle sexual cues serves an adaptive function for survival of the species.

c) Sexual urges are repressed but can be activated without our knowledge.

d) Sex hormones can be released without our conscious awareness, causing sexual arousal.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

118. Evolutionary psychologists believe that the ways in which heterosexual men and women interact with the opposite sex is due to thousands of years of evolution. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the evolutionary hypothesis regarding gender difference and sexuality?

a) Females seek relationships with males who have resources to care for their offspring.

b) Men prefer physical contact and verbal expression over visual stimuli.

c) Males seek relationships with females who are youthful and attractive.

d) Men are more concerned than women regarding sexual infidelity in the relationship

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

119. With regard to gender differences in the sexual response cycle, which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

a) Women are more likely to have multiple orgasms than men.

b) Men show more variability in response patterns than women.

c) Men are more likely than women to skip the plateau phase.

d) Men are more likely than women to enter the resolution phase.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

120. Females prefer males who are

a) youthful

b) dependable

c) sensitive

d) friendly

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

121. Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in sexuality are true?

a) Men have more sexual fantasies than women.

b) Women wait longer than men to have sex.

c) Women are more likely than men to abstain from sex between relationships.

d) all of these

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

122. When it comes to sexual arousal, men are to ___as women are to ___.

a) fantasy; visual stimuli

b) visual stimuli; fantasy

c) visual stimuli; physical contact

d) physical contact; verbal expression

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

123. Which of the following behaviours is considered universally taboo because nearly all societies consider it unacceptable?

a) sex with animals

b) sex with children

c) sex with relatives

d) sex with inanimate objects

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

124. How would the evolutionary point of view explain why sex between relatives is such a universal taboo?

a) Conception is less likely to occur with a close relative than a non-relative.

b) Avoiding sex with close relatives decreases the chance of passing on a defective gene.

c) Jealousy is more likely to occur with a close relative than a non-relative.

d) Survival of a group is increased if the bonds between group members stay within the group.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

125. What term describes people who are attracted only to members of the opposite sex?

a) homosexual

b) heterosexual

c) transexual

d) bisexual

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

126. According to Bagley, what percentage of people identify as homosexual?

a) 2% to 4%

b) 5% to 10%

c) 10% to 15%

d) 15% to 20%

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

127. What term describes people who are attracted only to members of the same sex?

a) homosexual

b) heterosexual

c) countersexual

d) bisexual

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

128. Which of the following people is MOST likely to be homosexual?

a) Cordelia, whose older brother is homosexual.

b) Hugo, who has three older brothers.

c) Levi, who has four younger brothers.

d) Xene, whose older sister is homosexual.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

129. What brain structure varies in size between homosexual and heterosexual men?

a) amygdala

b) ventral hypothalamus

c) anterior hypothalamus

d) hippocampus

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that affect our motivation to choose a mate and to have sex.

Section Reference: Biological Motivations: Mate Choice and Sex

130. Motivation that cannot be verbalized is known as _____.

a) approach motivation

b) fixed mindset

c) inner motivation

d) unconscious motivation

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

131. The TAT and the IAT are the two most ___________________.

a) frequently used surveys for identifying unconscious causes of psychopathology

b) popular tests for examining personality characteristics and emotional functioning

c) widely used personality inventories

d) commonly used tests for tapping into unconscious motivations

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

132. Which of the following tests below is used to assess unconscious motivation but is NOT considered a type of personality inventory?

a) TAT

b) NEO-PI-R

c) Rorschach Inkblot Test

d) MMPI

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

133. Drew is taking a personality test that presents him with black and white drawing of people in a variety of ambiguous interactions. What test is Drew most likely taking?

a) MMPI

b) NEO-PI-R

c) Rorschach Test

d) TAT

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

134. Which of the following individual is most likely taking the IAT?

a) Isabel is taking a test where she is associating objects with moral judgements.

b) Olivia is looking at inkblots and saying what they remind her of.

c) Nabil is answering over 500 true/false questions about himself.

d) Wyatt is filling out questionnaire regarding his emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal, and motivational styles.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

135. Which of the following statements regarding approach motivation is FALSE?

a) Individuals who use an approach motivation style for attaining their goals experience higher rates of dissatisfaction in their personal relationships.

b) Individuals who use an approach motivation style for attaining their goals experience higher well-being.

c) Individuals who are motivated by both an approach motivation and an avoidance motivation are better able to cope psychologically.

d) Individuals who use an approach motivation style for attaining their goals tend to be from Western societies.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

136. The concept of loss aversion suggests that

a) people discount future losses more than future gains.

b) all else being equal, people are more strongly motivated by approach motivation.

c) people are more strongly motivated to avoid a loss than to achieve a gain.

d) people will achieve gains at all costs.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

137. _____ is to a reduction in loss aversion as _____ is to a reduction in loss aversion.

a) Fluoxetine; sex addiction

b) Propranolol; alcohol dependence

c) Melatonin; pathological gambling

d) Diazepam; drug dependency

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

138. Hikikomori can be considered an example of

a) loss aversion without symptoms of anxiety.

b) a form of paranoia.

c) learned helplessness.

d) extreme amotivation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

139. Which of the following brain areas are NOT involved in the neural connections related to motivation and feelings of pleasure or reward?

a) inferior colliculi

b) cingulate cortex

c) ventral striatum

d) prefrontal cortex

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

140. Intrinsic motivation has been found to be associated with

a) competence, authority, and relatedness.

b) authority, self-esteem, and competition.

c) autonomy, control, and self-actualization.

d) competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

141. _____ refers to the enjoyment of and interest in an activity for its own sake.

a) Intrinsic motivation

b) Autonomy

c) Drive reduction theory

d) Unconscious motivation

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

142. What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

a) Intrinsic motivation causes more suffering with a failure than extrinsic motivation.

b) Intrinsic motivation is less motivating and does not engage behaviour as much as extrinsic motivation.

c) Intrinsic motivation is when the behaviour itself is engaging, whereas extrinsic motivation is when the behaviour is performed for an external reward.

d) Intrinsic motivation is more often associated with competition, whereas extrinsic motivation is more often associated with cooperation.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

143. Leo and Hunter both have sales jobs. Leo loves sales and is keen to become better at his job and analyzes each sale to identify what he did successfully so he can use the same techniques the next time. He pays equal attention to his failures, so he can avoid future mistakes. Hunter keeps a record in his iPhone where he tallies the income from each sale. How is the achievement motivation for Leo and Hunter different?

a) Leo is intrinsically motivated, and Hunter is extrinsically motivated.

b) Leo is self-determined, and Hunter is future-driven.

c) Leo is able delay her gratification and Hunter is not.

d) Leo is more likely to fail than Hunter.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

144. Pia and Jodi are competing in the National Spelling Bee. Pia is hoping she wins because there is a prize of $25,000. Jodi is hoping she wins because she has always prided herself on being a good speller and she wants to test herself against others. Pia is motivated by ________ incentives, and Jodi is motivated by _______ incentives.

a) intrinsic; extrinsic

b) extrinsic; intrinsic

c) extrinsic; extrinsic

d) intrinsic; intrinsic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

145. Innate is to _____ as development is to _____.

a) fixed mindset; growth mindset

b) growth mindset; fixed mindset

c) approach motivation; avoidance motivation

d) avoidance motivation; approach motivation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

146. Long-term perseverance toward a goal is called

a) a fixed mindset.

b) loss aversion.

c) extrinsic motivation.

d) grit.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how unconscious/conscious, approach/avoidance, intrinsic/extrinsic, and fixed/growth mindsets affect our motivational drive.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Individual Factors

147. The need to form attachments to other people for support, guidance, and protection is called

a) self-worth.

b) self-esteem.

c) achievement.

d) affiliation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

148. Which of the following is NOT a psychological need?

a) self-worth

b) affiliation

c) food

d) achievement

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

149. Which of the following is NOT an important function of affiliation?

a) It helps us build a sense of autonomy.

b) It helps us define who we are.

c) It raises our self-esteem.

d) It allows us to feel secure about our place in the world.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

150. According to Diener and Seligman there is an evolutionary advantage in

a) choosing mates who are closely related.

b) producing girls as offspring.

c) parenting in late middle age.

d) being part of a social group.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

151. The first affiliation need for children is

a) attachment.

b) peer socialization.

c) agency.

d) intimacy.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

152. You run a study in which participants make words out of scrambled letters that form either words related to achievement or words related to affiliation. Most likely, the participants who unscrambled the words related to affiliation will

a) want to regain balance by focusing on achievement

b) be unconsciously motivated to maintain relationships

c) try to make their partner feel humiliated and stupid

d) act the same way as participants primed with achievement

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

153. Chang was raised by parents who were focused on their careers and little time for him. Although they met Chang’s basic needs, they provided little warmth or nurturance. Why might Chang be at increased risk for joining a gang as an adolescent?

a) the desire for money

b) the desire for power

c) the desire to belong

d) the desire to succeed

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

154. Preston’s motivation to belong may explain which of his behaviours?

a) abusing a romantic partner

b) working hard to get ahead at work

c) investing money

d) joining a gang

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

155. Being able to confide in others and to turn to them in times of stress is important for _____.

a) establishing intimacy

b) developing interpersonal skills

c) development of self-esteem

d) both physical and mental health

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

156. As described in the text, what documented health consequences are there for individuals who are in healthy long-term relationships with a significant other?

a) lower occurrence of depression and longer life span

b) lower levels of anxiety and lower occurrence of depression

c) longer life span and lower levels of anxiety

d) higher levels of anxiety and lower occurrence of depression

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

157. Bennett and Ryker have been together for 35 years and happily married for 10 years. As a result of this healthy long-term relationship, what health consequences can we expect to observe?

a) they will have less depression

b) they will be less anxiety

c) they will live longer

d) a and c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

158. Individuals in healthy long term relationships with a significant other experience several benefits. Which of the statements below is NOT one of these benefits?

a) lower rates of depression

b) longer life span

c) fewer physical health issues

d) better sex life

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

159. Marika has been in a relationship for over a year with an abusive partner. Her friends and family urged her to get away and Marika finally terminated the relationship. However, after a few weeks she is considering trying to get back together to make it work. Why might Marika be thinking this way?

a) Marika’s need for achievement is embedded in her relationship.

b) Marika has a motivation to belong to a relationship.

c) Marika needs the protection her partner can provide.

d) Marika’s need for self-actualization is tied to the relationship with her partner.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

160. The _____________ is to feelings of isolation as the _____________________ is to feelings of pain.

a) anterior hypothalamus; posterior hypothalamus

b) anterior cingulate cortex; posterior cingulate cortex

c) posterior cingulate cortex; anterior cingulate cortex

d) anterior cingulate cortex; anterior cingulate cortex

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

161. Enzo has been stranded on an island for two weeks with no contact with another human being. Which part of his brain is probably being activated?

a) hypothalamus

b) thalamus

c) anterior cingulated cortex

d) prefrontal cortex

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

162. Which of the following two people are most likely to show activation in the SAME brain area?

*Dan, who just cut his finger

*Freda, who was just kicked out of her D & D group

*Ana, who was completing a memory task

*Max, who was reading a book

a) Ana and Max

b) Dan and Freda

c) Dan and Ana

d) Freda and Max

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

163. Jared recently moved across the country to accept a new job. For the first month, he calls his family and friends from his old city almost every day because he does not know anyone and is very homesick. Which of the following provides the best explanation of Jared’s homesickness?

a) Jared does not like his new job.

b) Jared has not yet self-actualized.

c) Jared has not yet established a sense of achievement at his new job.

d) Jared’s affiliation needs are not being met.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

164. Our motivation to belong may explain all the following behaviours EXCEPT

a) participating in a cult.

b) joining a gang.

c) remaining in an abusive relationship.

d) reading this textbook.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

165. According to self-determination theory, which of the following give meaning and purpose to life?

a) competence, authority, relatedness

b) authority, self-esteem, competition

c) autonomy, control, self-actualization

d) competence, autonomy, relatedness

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

166. Self-determination theory suggests that

a) competence, relatedness, and autonomy are instinctive and give purpose and meaning to life.

b) individuals need to form attachments to others for support, guidance, and protection.

c) people engage in behaviours for the satisfaction doing it brings to them.

d) incentives motivate us to achieve.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

167. Children who can delay gratification in a laboratory setting tend to be successful in _____.

a) academic and social settings

b) interpersonal relationships

c) sports

d) financial management

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

168. Ji Sung was very hungry but he had to get to work. He knew that if he was late for work, he might lose his job, so he skipped dinner and went to work. Ji Sung is demonstrating the ability to _____.

a) ignore incentives

b) employ drive reduction strategies

c) employ extrinsic motivation.

d) delay gratification.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

169. The ability to delay gratification requires impulse control and

a) an understanding of the relative worth of the rewards.

b) an understanding of the amount of time required to wait.

c) a fully developed temporal lobe.

d) knowing exactly what one wants.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

170. Three-year-old Michelle does not want to share her toy. When she sees her five-year-old brother playing with a toy that she wants to play with, she runs over and grabs the toy out of his hands. Michelle has not yet developed

a) altruism.

b) relatedness.

c) impulse control.

d) social inhibition.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

171. The area of the brain that is involved in the ability to delay self-gratification is the

a) lateral hypothalamus.

b) nucleus accumbens.

c) parietal cortex.

d) prefrontal cortex.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

172. Xavier is four-years old, and his friends are all at his house to celebrate with him. When Xavier sees the pile of gifts, he begins to beg his mother to allow him to open them right away. When she tells Xavier that he must wait until after games and cake Xavier has a tantrum. What neural characteristic can explain why Xavier is having difficulty delaying gratification?

a) Neurons in the prefrontal cortex are fully myelinated.

b) Neurons in the prefrontal cortex are not fully myelinated.

c) Neurons in the cerebellum are fully myelinated.

d) Neurons in the cerebellum are not fully myelinated.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

173. Three-year-old Austin is at his older brother’s birthday party. Austin is hungry and wants to eat cake NOW. He cannot understand why he must wait. What neural characteristic can explain why Austin is having difficulty delaying gratification?

a) Neurons in the prefrontal cortex are fully myelinated.

b) Neurons in the prefrontal cortex are not fully myelinated.

c) Neurons in the cerebellum are not fully myelinated.

d) Neurons in the thalamus are fully myelinated.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

174. The ability to delay gratification in a laboratory setting is predictive of ________ success.

a) financial

b) academic

c) athletic

d) occupational

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

175. Adult levels of synaptic connections between neurons in the prefrontal cortex are not reached until _____.

a) infancy

b) later childhood

c) puberty

d) young adulthood

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

176. Addison was snowboarding and lost control and hit a tree, suffering damage to her prefrontal cortex. What change in Addison’s behaviour might become apparent?

a) Addison may have problems with language.

b) Addison may not want to affiliate with others.

c) Addison will be afraid to be alone.

d) Addison will have difficulties with impulse control.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

177. What brain structure is important for mediating reward signals, planning, and carrying out long-term goals?

a) occipital cortex

b) prefrontal cortex

c) parietal cortex

d) temporal cortex

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

178. Colton was motivated to avoid failure but challenged himself with personal goals that were challenging, but not impossible. He enjoyed accomplishing difficult tasks. Colton could be described as _____.

a) high in need for achievement

b) low in need for affiliation

c) low in need for autonomy

d) high in need for agency

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

179. Someone who has a desire to excel, especially in competition with others, _____.

a) has a personality disorder

b) has a high need for arousal

c) has a high achievement motivation

d) is a success seeker

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

180. Sonja has accepted a job that, although it is not as appealing as her previous job, offers her a higher salary and benefits. Sonja’s co-workers will probably find that she _______________.

a) is resistant to feedback

b) works hard to find aspects of the job she likes

c) will have a strong desire to be part of a team when completing projects

d) will be very competitive

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

181. _____ cultures place less value on autonomy.

a) Economically motivated

b) Spiritually driven

c) Individualistic

d) Collectivistic

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

182. Feng is an exchange student in a Canadian university. His roommate, John, is from Canada. Which of the following accurately depicts what each student would believe gives meaning and purpose to life?

a) Feng – autonomy; John – competence

b) Feng – competence; John – autonomy

c) Feng – collective effort; John – autonomy

d) Feng – autonomy; John – collective effort

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

183. What types of motivations are NOT present at birth?

a) biological

b) social

c) cognitive

d) genetic

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Section Reference: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement

184. Which of the following is a basic emotion?

a) jealousy

b) shock

c) disgust

d) shame

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

185. According to Tomkins, ____________ emotions are those that are preprogrammed into all humans regardless of culture.

a) universal

b) innate

c) basic

d) biological

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

186. There are _____words in the English language that refer to emotion.

a) approximately 40

b) 195

c) 250

d) over 500

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

187. Which of the following is NOT one of the intertwined components of emotion?

a) the psychological component

b) the behavioural component

c) the cognitive component

d) the physiological component

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

188. The _________ function of emotion helps us organize our memories, prioritize our concerns, needs, and goals, and make decisions.

a) behavioural

b) cognitive

c) intellectual

d) protective

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

189. Elodie is about to give her first presentation in university to her second-year psychology class. Her heart is racing, her palms are all sweaty, and she has absolutely no saliva in her mouth. When she starts to speak, she notices that her voice is shaking and then she feels her face turning hot and red. Which component of emotion is displayed in this example?

a) behavioural

b) physiological

c) affective

d) cognitive

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

190. Marjorie is watching a horror movie with her new boyfriend. At times during the movie, she grips his hand, screams, covers her eyes, and turns her head away. Marjorie illustrates the ____________component of emotion.

a) physiological

b) cognitive

c) behavioural

d) psychological

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion and discuss the components, measurement, and functions of

emotion.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

191. Meng-Tzu was proud that her job assessment went well. She went to dinner and started reflecting about how she was incredibly successful at work and that her co-workers all liked her. What component of emotion is being utilized with Meng-Tzu’s subjective appraisal of her feelings and environment?

a) physical

b) cognitive

c) behavioural

d) transduction

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

192. Georgia was confused because she associated the increased heart rate that she experienced while watching a television drama as excitement whereas the increased heart rate that she experienced while taking a test was labelled as fear. What factor describes how the same bodily reaction can be interpreted differently in terms of the situational context?

a) the physiological component

b) the behaviour component

c) the cognitive component

d) the psychological component

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

193. Rupert felt ashamed when his speech did not go as planned. He went home and started thinking about what a failure he was, and how the audience responded with hostility toward him. What component of emotion was he utilizing with his subjective appraisal of his feelings and environment?

a) physical

b) cognitive

c) behavioural

d) psychological

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

194. Sydney and her friend Jacqueline were hiking in the mountains when they rounded a corner and found themselves face-to-face with a grizzly. Both knew that running was not an option, but both of their nervous systems were urging them to take swift action for survival by running away quickly. What response must these women overcome to remain safe?

a) fight-or-flight response

b) critical stress response

c) adaptive feedback response

d) parasympathetic nervous system response

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Synthesis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

195. Most precisely, what part of the human nervous system is responsible for returning the body to its normal state?

a) peripheral nervous system

b) parasympathetic nervous system

c) autonomic nervous system

d) sympathetic nervous system

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

196. Emotion is best defined as _____.

a) a behavioural response to feelings

b) a complex pattern of feelings that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions

c) affective responses that are the result of external or internal stimuli

d) physical or psychological responses to the fulfillment or frustration of our goals

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

197. Savanna heard a noise in her basement so she quietly tiptoed down the stairs to see what it might be. As she was groping for the light, her cat brushed against her in the dark and Savanna screamed in fear. Which one of the following physiological reactions would take place for Savanna?

a) pupils dilate

b) salivation increases

c) blood vessels dilate

d) increased digestion

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

198. The cerebral cortex plays a major role in our emotions because it _____.

a) plays a role in the ability to recognize and regulate emotions

b) visualizes dangers and possible responses to them

c) stimulates the autonomic nervous system

d) relays information from all the senses to assist in processing what is important

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

199. The difference in the intensity of physiological reactions we experience with different emotions can be explained by _______________.

a) the cognitive interpretation of the incident

b) the sympathetic nervous system

c) an increase in dopamine in the brain

d) personality characteristics

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

200. What specific aspect of the human nervous system is responsible for differences in the intensity of bodily reactions to stressors?

a) peripheral nervous system

b) central nervous system

c) parasympathetic nervous system

d) sympathetic nervous system

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

201. Ethan and Jodi were resting from their hike on a high rocky outcrop, looking out at the mountain view and watching two cute grizzly bear cubs playing at the base of the rock. Almost at the same time they both realized they were in trouble as grizzly cubs generally have mothers nearby, protective angry mothers. Their sympathetic systems required they take swift action. What response occurred here?

a) fight-or-flight

b) return to homeostasis

c) cognitive reappraisal

d) defensive coping

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

202. The _____ branch of the nervous system produces obvious signs of emotional arousal such as increased heart and respiration, perspiration, and goose bumps.

a) somatic

b) central

c) autonomic

d) parasympathetic

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

203. According to Ekman and Friesen, there are __ fundamental emotions that can be identified from facial cues.

a) 5

b) 6

c) 7

d) 8

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

204. The _________ function of emotion helps us minimize our experience of negative emotions and maximize our experience of positive emotions.

a) behavioural

b) cognitive

c) intellectual

d) social

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

205. Reo was delighted to hear that his wife was going to have a baby. Which of the following is NOT associated with the behavioural component of emotion?

a) facial expression

b) body language

c) appraisal

d) secondary social sharing

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

206. What fundamental emotion is almost universally expressed with a smile?

a) anger

b) joy

c) frustration

d) happiness

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

207. Besides fear, anger, sadness, and happiness, which of the following emotions have been found by all cross-cultural researchers in this field?

a) disgust and surprise

b) shame and guilt

c) interest and anticipation

d) shame/guilt and interest/anticipation

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

208. Anya heard the details of children in cages at the US/Mexican border and she frowned and slumped her shoulders. What emotion was she expressing?

a) anger

b) surprise

c) frustration

d) sadness

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

209. If you are participating in a research study and the researcher is measuring your physiological reaction to stimuli, having you complete self-report questionnaires, and measuring your behavioural displays, it is most likely you are participating in research regarding

a) memory.

b) emotion.

c) depression.

d) motivation.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

210. 193. Dr. Panlilio used a two-way mirror in her research so that she could carefully record the reactions of participants (with their consent) as they engaged in one-on-one conversations with their romantic partners. What is Dr. Panlilio hoping to observe from her participants?

a) behavioural displays of emotion

b) primary appraisal of romantic interaction

c) associative learning between couples

d) affective reactions across dyadic conversation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

211. People who have particular difficulty with the cognitive processing of emotion are MOST likely to score high on the personality-related dimension called

a) dysthymia.

b) cyclothymia.

c) alexithymia.

d) dyslexithymia.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

212. Winnie scored high on the personality-related dimension of alexithymia. As a result, how will this affect Winnie’s behaviour?

a) She will be unable to read facial expressions.

b) She will have more difficulty remembering emotion-related words than non-emotional words.

c) She will have difficulties expressing her emotions to others.

d) Her parasympathetic nervous system will be underactive.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

213. What physiological measurement technique measures muscle contractions in areas of the face when emotionally charged stimuli are encountered?

a) facial EEG

b) facial PET

c) facial X-Rays

d) facial EMG

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

214. Aara is participating in a research study on emotion. The researcher attaches tiny electrodes on the muscle just below her eye. As a second measure, the researcher is studying Aara’s facial contractions as she views photographs of unpleasant stimuli. Which of the following physiological measures is the researcher using with Aara?

a) Skin conductance and fMRI

b) Startle reflex and facial electromyography

c) Skin conductance and facial electromyography

d) fMRI and startle reflex

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

215. Lincoln was given several stories to read. Each involved discrimination against a variety of different people. While reading the stories an electrode was placed on the palm of Lincoln’s hand to measure electrical activity. What approach was being used to measure Lincoln’s emotional experience?

a) behavioural displays

b) self-report

c) associative learning

d) physiological reactions

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

216. Dr. Knudsen is conducting a study on emotion. In the first part of the experiment, Dr. Knudsen gives participants questionnaires that outline different situations and asks them to identify which emotion they would feel in that situation. Then, in the second part of the experiment, Dr. Knudsen places large electrodes on the participants’ palms and shows shows them pleasant and unpleasant images and measures the participants’ behavioural responses. Dr. Knudson is using the measures of _________________ and ______________.

a) behavioral displays; surface stimulation

b) behavioural displays; skin conductance

c) self report; behavioural displays

d) self-reports; skin conductance

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

217. Which of the following is NOT a type of information researchers use to measure emotion?

a) behavioural displays

b) direction of eye movements

c) self-reports

d) physiological reactions

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

218. Dr. Sorensen is conducting a research study on emotion. She shows her participants an emotionally-charged film and observes their facial expressions. Which type of information is Dr. Sorensen using to measure emotion?

a) self-reports

b) physiological reactions

c) behavioural displays

d) contractions of facial muscles

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

219. Asad is participating in an experiment where is asked to look at both pleasant and unpleasant photographs of food. When looking at unpleasant photographs what will Asad experience?

a) His heart rate will increase.

b) His facial muscles will relax.

c) His eye blinks will become more pronounced.

d) All of these are likely to occur.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

220. What mechanisms do people use to handle negative emotions associated with adverse stimuli?

a) Stare at them.

b) Divert attention.

c) Contemplate them.

d) Engage in obsession about them.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

221. Which of the following is NOT used to measure physiological reactions of emotion?

a) EEG

b) facial EMG

c) startle reflex

d) skin conductance

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

222. Dr. Baros is conducting a study on emotions using facial electromyography. He shows his participants photographs of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli. Which of the following is the study likely to find in Dr. Baros's participants?

a) The facial muscles associated with smiling actually become more active.

b) The facial muscles around the eyebrows tend to lower and contract.

c) The facial muscles around the lips tighten and pull downward.

d) There is very little difference in the facial muscles used when looking at pleasant and unpleasant stimuli.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

223. Marcia is undergoing an fMRI to determine if she is lying about her role in a bank robbery. How might the fMRI evidence by used?

a) It can accurately show if Marcia is lying.

b) It can accurately show if Marcia is remembering taking part in the bank robbery.

c) It can accurately show if Marcia is upset about her role in the bank robbery.

d) None of these. fMRI cannot accurately detect lying behaviour in individuals.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

224. What is the biggest problem with using lie detector tests?

a) The general public does not understand the technology involved well enough to interpret the data properly.

b) They cannot be properly tested, because the liar is always instructed to lie, and this may cause a different physiological reaction than lying for real.

c) They do not detect lies; they detect emotional reactions to stimuli.

d) There is low reliability with lies and low validity with truths.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

225. Mark takes a polygraph test. It reads that he has lied in answer to one of the questions. We can be MOST certain that

a) he did indeed lie in his answer.

b) he was feeling guilt or anxiety.

c) he was feeling emotional arousal.

d) he had measurable sympathetic arousal.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

226. Bentley is viewing scenes while the magnitude of his eye blinks is being measured. While Bentley was viewing one scene, his startle reflex (as measured by his eye blink) was very large. What type of scene was Bentley most likely viewing?

a) something emotionally unpleasant

b) something emotionally pleasant

c) a neutral landscape

d) a geometric object

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

227. Theo found that he easily remembered the details of the terrorist attacks of 9/11 because of the emotions he felt watching the devastation of New York and Washington. What function of emotions is being illustrated here?

a) prioritizing concerns

b) making decisions

c) goal-directed behaviour

d) organizing memories

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

228. Predictable patterns of behaviour associated with specific emotions are sometimes called

a) emotional actions.

b) behavioural patterns.

c) behavioural tendencies.

d) action tendencies.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

229. What action tendency signals injustice and prompts aggression?

a) anger

b) embarrassment

c) anxiety

d) sadness

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

230. Which of the following emotions directs people to seek support and assistance from others?

a) anger

b) embarrassment

c) sadness

d) anxiety

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

231. Which of the following reflects an action tendency for anxiety?

a) Mia is chased by an angry dog on the walk home from work. She takes a different route home the next day.

b) Mia apologizes to her roommate for breaking her television.

c) Mia slams the door after she has an argument with her boyfriend.

d) Mia turns her head away from the screen during the scary part of a movie.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

232. Sanjana has been asked to give a speech at her best friend’s wedding. As the day draws closer, she finds that she cannot stop thinking about the speech, feels sick to her stomach, and constantly imagines herself forgetting what to say or falling as she walks to the podium. Based on her emotional state, which action would Sanjana be most likely to take?

a) She would seek support from other friends.

b) She would ask the bride to find someone else to give the speech.

c) She would tell the bride that it was very unfair of her to ask her to give a speech in the first place.

d) She would think about all the other speeches she would like to give in the future.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Define emotion, types of emotion, and the components, measurement, and functions of these emotions.

Section Reference: What Are Emotions?

233. This theory states that emotion results from physiological arousal and behavioural expression, and that each emotion is physiologically distinct.

a) Cannon-Bard

b) James-Lange

c) facial feedback

d) Schachter's two-factor

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

234. Who proposed the theory of human emotion that suggests that physiological responses to a stimulus provide the basis for experiencing an emotion?

a) James

b) Watson

c) Cannon

d) Schachter

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

235. Keane is a heterosexual, single male, who has just seen a very attractive woman in the student lounge. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, what is most likely to happen next?

a) Keane might feel love at first sight.

b) Keane might experience lust.

c) Keane might notice an increase in his heart rate and breathing.

d) Keane would notice his heart beating faster and interpret it as sexual attraction.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

236. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which comes first: the experience of emotion or bodily arousal?

a) Arousal occurs first.

b) Emotion occurs first.

c) It varies by situation.

d) Both occur simultaneously.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

237. Which of the following is the correct order of events in the James-Lange theory of emotion?

a) perception of stimulus 🡪 emotion 🡪 body response

b) perception of stimulus and emotion simultaneously 🡪 body response

c) perception of stimulus and body response simultaneously 🡪 emotion

d) perception of stimulus 🡪 perception of body response 🡪 emotion

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

238. This theory says that emotion results from physiological arousal followed by expression of the emotion, and that each emotion is physiologically distinct.

a) Cannon-Bard

b) James-Lange

c) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

d) Schachter’s two-factor

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

239. While driving on the highway, Leen suddenly sees a bee flying around in the car. Her heart starts pounding, and then she feels fear. Which theory of emotion is illustrated by this example?

a) Cannon-Bard

b) Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor

c) James-Lange

d) Cognitive-mediational

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

240. Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

a) Cannon-Bard theory: emotions occur before a body response

b) James-Lange theory: emotions occur after a body response

c) facial feedback hypothesis: emotional intensity is affected by facial expressions

d) Schachter's two-factor theory: emotions are the result of a cognitive label for arousal

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

241. Which of the following is an argument used by Cannon to dispute the James-Lange theory of emotion?

a) All species display the same emotions yet have different visceral organs.

b) Separation of visceral organs from the central nervous system does not alter emotional behaviour.

c) Visceral changes occur for only emotional events.

d) Visceral changes are too fast to be the source of emotional feeling.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

242. Citing the work of Maranon, Cannon argued that the injection of what substance does NOT induce identifiable emotional reactions?

a) cocaine

b) caffeine

c) alcohol

d) adrenaline

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

243. Which of the following is NOT evidence used by Cannon to discredit the James-Lange theory of emotion?

a) Artificially inducing physiological responses does not affect emotional experiences.

b) Different physiological changes often occur in different emotional states.

c) Our physiological responses are extraordinarily undemonstrative.

d) Physiological responses are too slow to be the source of emotions.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

244. According to which theory is arousal not necessary for emotion?

a) James-Lange

b) Cannon-Bard

c) Facial-feedback

d) Schachter’s Two-Factor

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

245. In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, the thalamus sends simultaneous messages to the _____.

a) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

b) endocrine system and muscular system

c) cortex and sympathetic nervous system

d) parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

246. Which theory of emotion supposes that physiological arousal and emotion happen simultaneously?

a) Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor theory

b) James-Lange theory

c) Cannon-Bard theory

d) facial-feedback theory

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

247. When Morgan heard the hurricane winds whipping though the trees, and the rain lashing the windows, and the howling of the wind she ran to her mother in fear, shaking, and gasping for air. This description fits best with _____ theory of emotion.

a) Cannon-Bard

b) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

c) Schachter’s two-factor

d) James-Lange

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

248. Kurt was in a motorcycle accident when he was twenty-three and was paralyzed from the neck down. His mother helped care for him during this time and was central to helping Kurt establish his independence following the accident. Now that Kurt is forty-two, his mother has died following a short battle with cancer. The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion would argue that

a) Kurt will feel blunted emotion regarding his mother’s death.

b) Kurt will feel as sad or sadder than he would have before the accident.

c) Kurt will experience the cognitive realization that his mother has died but will have no emotional reaction.

d) Kurt will not be able to realize that his mother has died.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

249. While driving on the highway, Melanie suddenly sees a wasp flying in the car. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, which of the following will occur?

a) Melanie will experience physiological arousal and then she will feel fear.

b) Melanie would think, “A wasp in the car is dangerous”, would then experience physiological arousal, and then label it as fear.

c) Melanie would experience physiological arousal and the emotion of fear at the same time.

d) Melanie would remember that wasps in the car can be dangerous and then feel fear.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

250. Farid and Emma met while trapped on the 45^th floor in an elevator. They were trapped for many hours and several times the elevator plummeted several floors as a safety crew attempted to extract them. Farid and Emma have been together as a couple for a year following the experience in the elevator and are planning to marry. What role if any, did the elevator play in Emma and Farid’s relationship?

a) They likely found one another more sexually attractive under these dangerous conditions.

b) They likely found one another less sexually attractive under these dangerous conditions.

c) The setting probably played no significant role – they just had time to bond over their time together.

d) The setting definitely played no significant role. In fact, given the repression of frightening events that typically follow terrifying experiences, it is surprising this couple is together at all.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

251. According to ____________________ theory of emotion the cognitive evaluation and label, as well as physiological factors are important for the subjective experience of emotion.

a) Schachter’s two-factor

b) Cannon-Baird

c) James Lange

d) facial-feedback

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

252. In Schacter and Singer’s classic study (1962), the _____________ and the ____________ groups tended to look to the situation for an explanation of their feelings or sensations following injections.

a) correctly informed; misinformed

b) deceived; correctly informed

c) placebo; deceived

d) misinformed; deceived

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

253. Subjects in Schachter and Singer’s (1962) study on emotions were given an injection of epinephrine, which caused physiological arousal. Some subjects were correctly informed about the drug's effects, others were either deceived or misinformed. Which of the following happened?

a) Correctly informed participants were unaffected by the behaviour of others around them.

b) Misinformed participants were unaffected by the behaviour of others around them.

c) Deceived participants did not take on the emotions of others around them.

d) Deceived participants quickly became frustrated and angry with the experimenter.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

254. Rhys and Fleur were running partners who mistook their physical arousal for romantic arousal. What theory of emotion describes the mislabelling of physical arousal?

a) James-Lange

b) Cannon-Bard

c) Schachter-Singer

d) Facial Feedback

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

255. After a stressful day at work, you are on the phone with your friend who is saying things that you find annoying. The most likely cause of your annoyance is

a) your poor choice of friend.

b) attributing stress from the day to your friend’s comments.

c) your mounting frustration from suppressing your response to your friend’s annoying comments.

d) your cognitive interpretation of the role of friendship.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

256. In what way is the James-Lange theory NOT like the Two-Factor theory of emotion?

a) James-Lange theory argues that physiological arousal precedes the emotional experience.

b) Two-factor theory argues that cognitive labels for the physiological arousal are needed before an emotion can be experienced.

c) Two-Factor theory believes the role of the thalamus as a relay centre is crucial for emotional information.

d) James Lange believes that negative emotions are processed much faster than positive emotions.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

257. Amelia and Eva were paramedics. After working together for a time, they began to have romantic feeling for one another. _____ might have concerns that these romantic feelings are misplaced as they may instead be mislabelling their general levels of anxious arousal from the job to romantic arousal.

a) James-Lange

b) Cannon-Bard

c) Schachter-Singer

d) Facial Feedback

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

258. Data collected by Dutton and Aron (1974) indicated that anxious arousal from being on a narrow bridge can be misinterpreted as romantic interest. What theory of emotion does this data support?

a) James-Lange

b) Cannon-Bard

c) Schachter-Singer

d) Facial Feedback

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

259. Clara is feeling particularly nervous about an upcoming classroom presentation. Which is the MOST significant action that she can take to reduce her nervous arousal according to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory that would NOT be supported by the James-Lange theory?

a) Become fully aware of the feeling of physiological arousal and its effect on her experiencing of emotion.

b) Recognize that her emotion is based on physiological arousal and allow it to be replaced with a more positive feeling.

c) Use a cognitive approach to re-evaluate and reattribute the cause of the nervous emotion to some controllable stimulus.

d) Cause her facial muscles to form a false smile as she steps in front of the classroom and allow the perception of that smile to lessen her nervousness.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

260. Natalia and Mariko both need to have their wisdom teeth removed. Natalia has heard that it is an extremely painful process and takes about a week for the pain to subside. Mariko, on the other hand, has heard that it really is not as bad as people say it is and that she will be able to eat solid food a couple of days after the surgery. As their surgery dates approach, Natalia is extremely nervous, but Mariko is barely even thinking about it. The difference in their levels of arousal is best explained by _______________ theory.

a) James-Lange

b) Cognitive-mediational

c) Cannon-Bard

d) Schachter’s two-factor

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

261. __________________ theory proposes that cognitive interpretations, particularly appraisals, of events are the keys to experiences of emotion.

a) Schachter’s two-factor

b) Cannon-Baird

c) James-Lange

d) cognitive-mediational

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

262. Lazarus cognitive-mediational theory suggests that

a) physiological responses lead us to label emotions.

b) if you think about being happy and smile, you will feel happier.

c) when you encounter an environmental stimulus, appraisal of the situation will determine your emotional response.

d) physiological arousal and emotional response occurs simultaneously.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

263. Jessica startles very easily at loud noises. When she goes to see a fireworks display, however, she does not jump at all with the loud noise as she expects fireworks to be loud. Jessica’s experience is best explained by the _________________ theory.

a) Cannon-Baird

b) James-Lange

c) Cognitive-mediational

d) Schachter’s two factor

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

264. Given the findings from Lazarus, which statement is most likely to physiologically arouse PETA members watching a movie? By telling members in advance that

a) no animals were harmed during filming.

b) animal pain was simulated in the movie.

c) animals suffered pain during filming but there was no lasting harm.

d) b and c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

265. Sera was really nervous as she stood to give her book report but remembered that her mother told her to keep smiling throughout. To her surprise, smiling helped her to feel calmer. This is an example of

a) the facial-feedback hypothesis.

b) the Duchenne smile hypothesis.

c) the James-Lange theory of emotion.

d) the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

266. The mere exposure effect was proposed by:

a) Robert Zajonc

b) William James

c) Plato

d) Schachter and Singer

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

267. Harriet was a participant in a study where she was asked to read lists of words with a similar vowel sound. The words all had a similar vowel sound in them. At the end of the study Harriet felt a rise in negative emotion. Which vowel sound was Harriet probably repeating?

a) ü, long u sound

b) ah

c) i

d) u, short u sounds

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

268. What biological mechanism did Zajonc study to differentiate between facial expressions?

a) brain oxygenation

b) blood pressure

c) brain blood temperature

d) cerebellar crossover

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

269. According to the idea of facial efference, what effects do facial expressions have on emotions?

a) They both express and hide a given emotion.

b) They both express and intensify a given emotion.

c) They express and mediate our interpretation of physiological arousal.

d) They cause us to downplay the possible threat of a situation.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

270. What term suggests that facial expressions not only express an emotion, but they also intensify the physiological experience of emotion?

a) facial efference

b) facial disclosure

c) facial nomenclature

d) a and b only

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

271. A therapist advises his depressed client to make himself smile for at least a few seconds every hour. This therapist may ___________________________.

a) be applying the James-Lange theory of emotion

b) believe in the facial-feedback hypothesis regarding emotions

c) be using Schachter's two-factor theory of emotions

d) be using a cognitive-mediational approach

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

272. Which of the following are possible explanations as to how facial expressions might produce physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotions?

a) Facial expressions may serve as relays between an emotional event and the subjective experience of emotion.

b) Facial expressions cause others around us to respond with similar expressions which cause our mood to change to match the expression.

c) Facial muscle activity activates the amygdala, which in turn activates the sympathetic nervous system. This leads to the subjective experience of emotion.

d) Facial muscle activity activates the hypothalamus which causes the release of the stress hormone cortisol. This activates the sympathetic nervous system and leads to the subjective experience of emotion.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

273. Genuine is to the ____________ as artificial is to the ___________.

a) Duchenne smile; social smile

b) social smile; Duchenne smile

c) social smile; social smile

d) Duchenne smile; Duchenne smile

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

274. The facial-feedback hypothesis is consistent with the writings of ______________.

a) William James

b) B. F. Skinner

c) Charles Darwin

d) John Watson

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

275. To Darwin, emotions served what function?

a) communication

b) adaptation

c) survival

d) food gathering

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

276. Facial expressions of emotion _______________.

a) have no effect on experienced emotion

b) serve to deceive others about our current emotional state

c) serve as relays between events and the experience of felt emotion

d) evolved based on genetic pressures

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

277. The idea that emotions are universal can be supported by the following evidence:

a) Infants do not show facial expressions that match those of adults until they are six months old.

b) Infants who are born deaf and blind have different facial expressions than hearing and sighted infants.

c) Individuals across cultures share similar facial expressions.

d) Not all emotions have the same etiology.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

278. _____ investigates the enhancement of constructive emotions?

a) Positive psychology

b) Clinical psychology

c) Behaviourist psychology

d) Social psychology

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What About Positive Emotions?

279. What traits might a psychologist interested in positive psychology study?

a) optimism

b) altruism

c) tolerance

d) all of these

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What About Positive Emotions?

280. Which of the following statements regarding happiness is NOT true

a) Men and women tend to be equally happy

b) Older and younger people are equally happy

c) Highly optimistic people have a reduced risk of early death.

d) The best predictor of future happiness is past happiness.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What About Positive Emotions?

281. Rowen studies _____, focusing on constructive feelings, traits, abilities, and virtues

a) positive psychology

b) clinical psychology

c) behaviourist psychology

d) the psychology of happiness

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What About Positive Emotions?

282. As the result of a motor vehicle accident, Christian is now a quadriplegic. If you asked Christian about his level of happiness, which of the following is he most likely to report?

a) He feels far less fortunate and less happy than other people.

b) He feels fortunate to be alive and happier than most other people.

c) He feels fortunate to be alive and just slightly less happy than other people.

d) He feels the same level of happiness as other people.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What About Positive Emotions?

283. Which of the following university students would report higher levels of happiness?

a) Sammy, who is able to live at home with his family.

b) Ryan, who has made straight A’s in the last three semesters.

c) Holly, whose two best friends are going to the same university.

d) Ricky, who was awarded enough scholarships to pay all his expenses.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Discuss the major theories of emotion, and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Section Reference: Theories of Emotion

284. Which of the following persons is most likely to be happiest?

a) Aria, a healthy, 35-year-old single female, in sales, from Canada

b) Jonathan, a healthy 59-year-old, single, wealthy businessman from the UK

c) Josefine, a healthy, divorced 67-year-old retired woman, from Denmark

d) Kalin, a healthy 28-year-old single male from Bulgaria

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What about Positive Emotions?

285. Jake was an unhappy child with a pessimistic attitude. As an adult, even though he has health issues, he has a good job where he makes a lot of money, is in a good relationship, and has many friends. Based on the discussion in your textbook, if you asked Jake how happy he is, what would you expect him to report?

a) He is very happy because wealth causes people to feel happy.

b) He is unhappy because the best predictor of future behaviour is past behaviour, so Jake’s unhappy attitude will persist.

c) He is unhappy because people who have poor health report being unhappy.

d) He is happy because men are typically happier than women.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Section Reference: What About Positive Emotions?

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