Ch12 Complete Test Bank Equality And Inequality

Test Bank

Chapter 12

In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Cultural Anthropology, 4e. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the questions. In earlier editions, the questions were tagged in one of three ways: factual (recall of factual material), conceptual (understanding key concepts), and applied (application of sociological knowledge to a situation). In this revision, the questions are now tagged according to the six levels of learning that help organize the text. Think of these six levels as moving from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six levels are:

REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas

APPLY: a question applying anthropological knowledge to some new situation

ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship

EVALUATE: a question requiring critical assessment

CREATE: a question requiring the generation of new ideas

The ninety questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into two types of questions. Multiple-choice questions span a broad range of skills (half are “Remember” questions and the remainder are divided among four higher levels). Essay questions are the most demanding because they include the three highest levels of cognitive reasoning (from “Analyze” to “Create”) as well as lower levels.

Types of Questions

Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. __________ is the ability to exert control over the actions of other people and make decisions that affect them.

a. Achieved status

b. Power

c. Wealth

d. Status

2. The term __________ means the possession of economic resources, whether in land, goods, or money.

a. power

b. ascribed status

c. wealth

d. prestige

3. The social resource reflected in others’ good opinions, respect, and willingness to be influenced is ____.

a. power

b. achieved status

c. ascribed status

d. prestige

4. __________ is a social position attained by a person’s own efforts and skills.

a. Prestige

b. Achieved status

c. Ascribed status

d. Wealth

5. What is the term for a social position that a person is born into?

a. Power

b. Prestige

c. Ascribed status

d. Achieved status

6. Which of the following is an example of ascribed status?

a. Caste

b. Education

c. Neighborhood you live in

d. Career

7. A(n) __________ status is one that is given to a person by others at birth rather than one that is earned or necessarily desired.

a. class

b. ascribed

c. low

d. legal

8. Societies in which people or kinship groups are ordered in a continuum in relation to each other are called __________.

a. ranked societies

b. egalitarian societies

c. hierarchies

d. complex societies

9. Societies in which all members have equal access to valued resources, including land, social prestige, wealth, and power, are referred to as __________.

a. democracies

b. advanced societies

c. egalitarian societies

d. ranked societies

10. Egalitarian societies show differences in prestige among individual members based on factors such as __________.

a. wealth

b. age

c. kin group

d. ascribed status

11. Which of the following societies would you most expect to be egalitarian?

a. The Maasai, a pastoralist society in East Africa

b. The Igbo, a horticulturalist society in West Africa

c. The Mbuti, a foraging society in Central Africa

d. Industrialized societies in large cities such as Lagos or Nairobi

12. In ranked societies, the benefits of high rank tend to be __________.

a. material

b. spiritual

c. social

d. insubstantial

13. __________ are societies in which people have differential access to valued resources, including land and property, social prestige, wealth, and political power.

a. Ranked societies

b. Egalitarian societies

c. Socialist societies

d. Stratified societies

14. Ranked societies __________.

a. tend to have rankings that are highly stable over time

b. tend to be very dynamic with ranks rising and falling over time

c. are very similar to caste systems

d. are represented by such nations as Norway and Japan

15. __________ is/are a feature of many ranked societies.

a. Capitalism

b. Egalitarian gender relationships

c. Primogeniture

d. Foraging subsistence

16. Samoan social and political life is organized around a system of social stratification called __________.

a. achieved status

b. egalitarian

c. equality

d. rank

17. Which of the following statements is false regarding Samoan society?

a. Samoan society is based on egalitarian ethics.

b. Only women may become the heads of extended families.

c. The Samoans are an example of a ranked society.

d. Samoan society is organized in part around kinship groups.

18. In Samoan society, the heads of extended families are called matai and are __________.

a. men

b. women

c. daughters

d. holy men

19. The new matai’s first obligation is to __________.

a. marry

b. settle a dispute

c. cultivate a field

d. provide a feast for the community

20. The Samoan association called aualuma can be joined by __________.

a. matai

b. young boys

c. unmarried women

d. mothers

21. The division of society into two or more groups, or strata, that are hierarchically ordered is called __________.

a. social stratification

b. a class system

c. a caste system

d. a ranking system

22. __________ are the members of a social group in a stratified society who have privileges denied to the majority of the population.

a. Royalty

b. Nobility

c. Elites

d. Leisure classes

23. The most powerful means of maintaining a social stratification in a society is __________.

a. the use of military force

b. ideology

c. legal systems

d. threats

24. How does ideology maintain social stratification in the United States?

a. Despite hardships, people believe that U.S. system is just.

b. People believe that there is no way to improve their lot in life.

c. Children are brainwashed to believe that the elites in their society are special.

d. People believe that the elites were chosen by God.

25. Functionalist explanations of social stratification emphasize __________.

a. inherent biological differences in the abilities of people

b. a system of rewards for the more capable who serve in roles that benefit society as a whole

c. the use of force by elites against lower social group

d. the use of rituals

26. One problem with functionalist explanations of social stratification is that __________.

a. they assume social stratification will disappear over time, but it does not

b. they rely too much on social conflict

c. they cannot account for situations in which those who reap greatest benefit are not the most competent members of society

d. they ignore the role of women

27. One advantage of Marxist theories of social stratification is __________.

a. they treat societies as dynamic

b. they can be quantitatively proven

c. they demonstrate why societies are stable

d. they allow for egalitarian principles

28. Marxist theories of social stratification rely on __________.

a. the maximization of benefits for all members of society

b. internal conflicts between interest groups

c. the role of merit-based advancement in society

d. the role of external forces

29. Castes are __________ social classes that are endogamous.

a. archaic

b. hereditary

c. religious

d. occupational

30. Caste membership may be indicated by all of the following EXCEPT __________.

a. physical separations between castes

b. clothing

c. occupation

d. biology

31. __________ are the most rapidly spreading type of society in the world today.

a. Ranked societies

b. Egalitarian societies

c. Stratified societies based on class

d. Stratified societies based on caste

32. The caste system in India unites hundreds of distinct groupings into __________ varnas, or large groups.

a. four

b. six

c. seven

d. nine

33. In India, __________ are a fifth group, ranked lower and outside the four varnas.

a. foreigners

b. indigenous people

c. untouchables

d. Muslims

34. If there is too great a difference in caste between two people, contact between them can be __________ for the higher caste person.

a. stressful

b. difficult to maintain

c. embarrassing

d. ritually polluting

35. The Indian caste system is not necessarily economic; for example, __________ may be poor.

a. untouchables

b. Kshatriyas

c. Brahmins

d. Shudras

36. __________ sometimes work as cooks because any caste may eat food that has been touched by them.

a. Shudras

b. Brahmins

c. Kshatriyas

d. Untouchables

37. Which of the following statements is correct?

a. After the Untouchable revolt of 1973, discrimination based on the caste system was made illegal and discrimination is now uncommon.

b. After Indian independence in 1947, discrimination based on the caste system was made illegal; however, discrimination is still common.

c. The caste system is still a legal ground for discrimination in India.

d. The caste system never played a significant role in politics or social conditions in India.

38. The idea that caste in India was __________ was actively encouraged by British colonials because it created the impression of an India without politics.

a. inherently unfair

b. essentially religious

c. a form of oppression

d. akin to slavery

39. Many thousands of untouchables have converted to __________ as a protest against their treatment under the caste system.

a. Hinduism

b. Islam

c. Christianity

d. Buddhism

40. How has the Indian caste system changed over the years?

a. It has become more rigid.

b. Laws have been implemented to formally recognize social castes.

c. There is increased social mobility among castes.

d. There has been no change in the caste system since its origin.

41. The economic factors of income, __________, and occupation are often used to define class.

a. ancestry

b. education

c. title

d. gender

42. How do class and caste systems differ?

a. Class is an achieved status, while caste is ascribed.

b. Class systems are found only in industrialized nations.

c. Caste systems are ancient and no longer exist in modern society.

d. Caste systems are based on wealth and education.

43. In the economic view of class, each class is __________.

a. a closed discreet position with no overlap between different classes

b. an open position with some overlap between different classes

c. a hereditary position, much like the caste system

d. a fully achieved position, with no influence of family history

44. Although classes rank people from birth, they are not necessarily lifelong positions for people, who may change position through __________.

a. achievement

b. advance in age

c. ethnic membership

d. public recognition for service

45. Karl Marx described a __________ set of class relationships in the nineteenth century than is accurate for today.

a. more oppressive

b. more complex

c. more simple

d. less oppressive

46. In North American discourse on class, there are strong pressures __________ although classes do exist and structure people’s lives.

a. against discussing class interests

b. to put an end to class differences

c. to view people’s circumstances as class related

d. to deny classes exist

47. __________ is one thing that is revealed about people when they speak.

a. Intelligence

b. Class

c. Race

d. Age

48. Research in Belgium by Jef van den Broeck revealed what differences in middle-class and working-class speech patterns?

a. Middle-class speakers use the same amount of sentence complexity as working-class speakers, but a larger vocabulary.

b. There was almost no difference in middle-class and working-class speech in Belgium, which is highly unusual.

c. Working-class speakers are more likely to use unusual word choices in order to impress others when they feel uncomfortable because of class differences.

d. Middle-class and working-class sentence complexity is the same for informal speech, but in formal speech situations, middle-class speakers use more complex sentences.

49. Why might lower-class speakers continue to use styles of language that are stigmatized?

a. Styles of speech serve as a marker for membership into a group.

b. They do not have the appropriate education to adopt upper-class patterns of language.

c. They have never been exposed to standardized language, and so do not know that their speech is nonstandard.

d. Styles of speech are inherited, and cannot be changed by individuals.

50. A behavior that represents a rejection of norms associated with the middle class may have __________.

a. hidden status

b. covert prestige

c. hidden prestige

d. covert status

51. __________ is an ascribed status forced upon people at birth or through involuntary servitude.

a. Race

b. Ethnicity

c. Caste

d. Slavery

52. Among which societies did slaves traditionally live lives very similar to those of their masters, living in the same houses and eating the same food?

a. West African societies

b. Native Americans of the Pacific northwest

c. the U.S. south

d. The Caribbean and South America

53. Indentured servants __________.

a. are lifelong slaves

b. were set free after they have worked off their debt

c. were born into slavery based on the status of their parents

d. are servants who work voluntarily for a wage

54. Race is like caste in that it exhibits all of the following EXCEPT __________.

a. it is a permanent status

b. it is social rather than biological

c. members are said to have different ancestral origins

d. it has a biological basis

55. In the United States, races, like castes in India, tend to be __________.

a. exogamous

b. endogamous

c. nonhierarchical

d. based on separate ancestries

56. As of 2009, what percentage of married couples in the United States were interracial?

a. 4 percent

b. 9 percent

c. 12 percent

d. 20 percent

57. Most people in Japan consider the quality of being Japanese to be __________.

a. learned

b. ascribed

c. adopted

d. achieved

58. The __________ are an ascribed outcast group in Japan who are believed without evidence by most Japanese people to be racially distinct.

a. Koreans

b. Burakumin

c. Ainu

d. Hibakusha

59. According to research by De Vos and Wagatsuma, __________ are the most maliciously stereotyped minority group in Japan.

a. the Ainu

b. Burakumin

c. children of Japanese and non-Asian foreigners

d. Koreans

60. Which of the following statements is true regarding the concept of white privilege?

a. All white people have high social status and wealth.

b. While there are poor and marginalized white groups, their status is based on class, not race.

c. While people of color have “race,” white people do not have a racial category.

d. There is no such thing as white privilege.

61. In Brazil, there is __________ recognition of multiracial background compared to the United States.

a. no

b. less

c. greater

d. comparable

62. Brazilians employ about __________ different labels to identify a person’s race.

a. 20

b. 50

c. 200

d. 500

63. __________ is a social category based on a complex mix of ancestry, culture, and self-identification.

a. Race

b. Class

c. Ethnicity

d. Caste

64. In small homogeneous societies, like the ones formerly studied by anthropologists, __________.

a. all people shared a basic cultural heritage

b. the group was composed of a diverse collection of races

c. social groups were organized into complex caste systems

d. social groups were organized on the basis of achieved status

65. __________ refers to various movements that have attempted to define African ethnic, racial, and transnational identity on a continental level.

a. Afrocentrism

b. Back to Africa

c. Pan-Africanism

d. Out of Africa

66. In addition to an increase in immigration, why has the Hispanic/Latino population grown so quickly in the United States?

a. The population maintains fairly high fertility rates.

b. There is less social stigma for identifying as Hispanic/Latino.

c. There are no census categories for Native Americans, so many identify as Hispanic/Latino.

d. The Hispanic/Latino community has a high rate of interracial marriage.

67. Which ethnic or racial group has experienced the fastest growth in the United States?

a. Black or African American

b. White

c. Native American

d. Hispanic or Latino

68. In some countries such as __________, stratification of ethnic groups has led to civil war.

a. Chile

b. former Yugoslavia

c. Egypt

d. Haiti

69. Although there are complex causes involved, one of the main reasons for the Yugoslav civil war was __________ as a response to uncertain political and economic circumstances.

a. racism

b. classism

c. ethnic nationalism

d. socialism

70. The ideology of __________ is an important element in the “American Dream.”

a. progress

b. classlessness

c. multiculturalism

d. class pride

71. The widespread nature of __________ is much greater than most Americans realize, given their belief in the ideology of the “American Dream.”

a. unemployment

b. dissatisfaction at work

c. downward mobility

d. class warfare

72. When American people suffer downward mobility, they __________.

a. go against current ideologies

b. continue to follow prevailing ideologies

c. blame the system, rather than themselves, for failure

d. blame their economic hardship on immigration and other government policy

73. During the 1970s and 1980s, more than __________ of the American population suffered declines in standards of living because of inflation and job loss.

a. 10 percent

b. 30 percent

c. 50 percent

d. 80 percent

74. Which of the following groups has the highest likelihood of downward mobility in the United States?

a. Married men with children

b. Divorced men

c. Married women

d. Divorced women with children

75. In which economic sector has U.S. job loss been most severe?

a. Service jobs

b. Education

c. Manufacturing

d. Government

76. One of the most highly publicized indicators of economic crisis has been the _______________.

a. attendance rates in public versus private schools

b. rate of foreclosure on home mortgages

c. population movement out of cities

d. increase in home ownership

77. Which group of people has the highest poverty rates in the United States?

a. African Americans

b. Whites

c. Native Americans

d. Asians

78. The use of __________ is largely responsible for the exposure of underworld trafficking in human organs.

a. INTERPOL

b. undercover ethnography

c. human rights surveys

d. medical checks

79. Which of the following countries was listed as among the most negligent in controlling human trafficking by the U.S. State Department?

a. Singapore

b. North Korea

c. Australia

d. New Zealand

80. Which of the following countries was listed by the U.S. State Department as having inadequate protections against human trafficking?

a. France

b. Japan

c. Chile

d. Mongolia

ESSAY QUESTIONS

81. Explain the distinctions among prestige, ascribed status, and achieved status, giving examples of each.

(ANALYZE)

82. What is a stratified society? What political and economic systems tend to be correlates to stratification? What is an egalitarian society? What political and economic systems tend to be correlates to egalitarianism?

(ANALYZE)

83. Explain the concept of a ranked society using the Samoans as your example.

(APPLY)

84. Contrast functionalist and Marxist explanations for social inequality. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each explanation?

(EVALUATE)

85. What is race? How is race integrated into systems such as class and caste?

(ANALYZE)

86. Define slavery. How does the social concept of slavery fit into the systems of class and caste?

(ANALYZE)

87. How is ethnic identity different from race? Outline changes in ethnic identification in the United States in recent times.

(CREATE)

88. How do the ideologies of race, ethnicity, class, the “melting pot,” and the “American Dream” work to maintain and justify social stratification in the United States?

(EVALUATE)

89. Define upward and downward mobility. Using the recent U.S. economic downturn as an example, explain how downward mobility intersects with issues of class and race.

(EVALUATE)

90. Discuss human trafficking as a power issue. Show how this global issue relates to concepts of class, wealth, and power.

(CREATE)