Bonvillain Ch.10 Exam Questions Marriage And The Family

Test Bank

Chapter 10

In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Cultural Anthropology, 4e. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the questions. In earlier editions, the questions were tagged in one of three ways: factual (recall of factual material), conceptual (understanding key concepts), and applied (application of sociological knowledge to a situation). In this revision, the questions are now tagged according to the six levels of learning that help organize the text. Think of these six levels as moving from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six levels are:

REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas

APPLY: a question applying anthropological knowledge to some new situation

ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship

EVALUATE: a question requiring critical assessment

CREATE: a question requiring the generation of new ideas

The ninety questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into two types of questions. Multiple-choice questions span a broad range of skills (over half are “Remember” questions and the remainder are divided among three higher levels). Essay questions are the most demanding because they include four of the highest levels of cognitive reasoning (from “Understand” to “Evaluate”) as well as lower levels.

Types of Questions

Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The narrative about marriage from Iraq reveals tensions between __________ and __________, the usual result of marriages in patrilineal societies.

a. sons; fathers

b. new brides; mothers-in-law

c. brothers; sisters

d. new brides; fathers-in-law

2. What is the definition of a household?

a. A family

b. A group of related people who occupy a common dwelling

c. A group of people who occupy a common dwelling

d. A family that cooperates economically

3. A __________ is a married couple or other group of adult kinfolk who cooperate economically and in the upbringing of children, and all or most of whom share a common dwelling.

a. household

b. family

c. kindred

d. kin group

4. __________ sometimes do not follow the general rule for households of occupying a single dwelling.

a. Neolocal

b. Avunculocal

c. Polygynous

d. Polyandrous

5. Which of the following statements about families is false?

a. They provide emotional support for members.

b. There is economic cooperation among members.

c. Child rearing and socialization are functions of families.

d. Members must occupy the same household or they are not considered families.

6. The American Anthropological Association issued a statement in 2003 in support of what?

a. The legitimacy and viability of all family types

b. Family values

c. Marriage as an exclusively heterosexual institution

d. The family as a basic unit of economic cooperation

7. A socially recognized, stable, and enduring union between two adults who publicly acknowledge their rights and obligations and form a new alliance between kin groups is called a ___________.

a. marriage

b. family

c. household

d. extended family

8. Throughout the world, most families are formed through what?

a. Marriage

b. Legal obligation

c. Love and attraction

d. Property sharing

9. Which of the following statements about social fatherhood is false?

a. Social fatherhood may be the same as biological paternity.

b. Social fatherhood is always the same as biological paternity.

c. Social fatherhood describes the status of a man who fulfills the responsibilities of parenting.

d. Social fatherhood may describe a stepfather’s relationship with his stepchildren.

10. A(n) __________ is a family formed with three or more generations, for example, parents, children, and grandparents.

a. generational family

b. homestead

c. extended family

d. nuclear family

11. Nuclear families risk what?

a. Economic extinction

b. Disintegration

c. social isolation

d. Economic dependence

12. Which of the following statements about single-parent families is false?

a. These families are formed only as the result of divorce or death of a spouse or parent.

b. Some single-parent families develop when parents do not marry or live together.

c. In the United States, most single-parent households consist of mother and children.

d. Single-parent households are more likely to have incomes near or below the poverty line.

13. A __________ family combines the children from previous marriages into a new family when their parents marry.

a. blended

b. combined

c. mixed

d. new

14. An extended family is expanded __________, while a joint family is expanded __________.

a. geographically; culturally

b. culturally; geographically

c. laterally; vertically

d. vertically; laterally

15. The U.S. Census Bureau reported that the size of families in America had __________ from 1980 to 2009.

a. increased 10 percent

b. doubled

c. tripled

d. decreased

16. A(n) __________ consists of siblings who combine their families to share resources and work.

a. blended family

b. joint family

c. extended family

d. combined family

17. In joint and extended families, conflicts over __________ are common.

a. adequate space

b. housework and chores

c. authority and inheritance

d. budgets and expenses

18. The incest taboo is the minimal __________ rule.

a. marriage

b. endogamy

c. exogamy

d. polygamy

19. Why could the Sun lineage of the Natchez never manage to consolidate their power completely?

a. Natchez rules of ranked exogamy meant that Sun tribe members always had to marry commoners.

b. The matrilineal inheritance pattern of the Suns ran counter to the Natchez norm.

c. The Suns were not the highest ranked lineage.

d. The Suns always had to form a political alliance with at least one noble lineage.

20. Bronislaw Malinowski based his theory for the universality of incest taboos on Sigmund Freud’s work and claimed which of the following?

a. The incest taboo is a biologically programmed behavior.

b. The incest taboo is a response to the need to lessen sexual competition within the nuclear family.

c. The incest taboo is socialized universally but serves no practical purpose.

d. The incest taboo is a cultural response to the consequences of inbreeding.

21. Many anthropologists favor understanding the incest taboo as __________.

a. a biologically designed trait that prevents inbreeding

b. a means of ensuring survival by forcing people to make alliances with others outside their nuclear families

c. not intended to prohibit sibling marriage

d. a cultural response to the biological consequences of inbreeding

22. Castes are not __________ normally.

a. endogamous

b. polygamous

c. exogamous

d. clans

23. Which of the following is a reason that classes tend to be informally endogamous in the United States?

a. Families of the same class have the same interests in contracting marriages.

b. Most people get married after school is completed.

c. People of the same class tend to associate with each other.

d. People tend to marry someone who lives within one hundred miles of them.

24. __________ is marriage between one man and two or more women.

a. Polygamy

b. Polygyny

c. Polyandry

d. Serial monogamy

25. __________ is marriage in which the marital unit consists of three or more people.

a. Polyandry

b. Polygyny

c. Sorrel polygyny

d. Polygamy

26. Marriage between a woman and two or more men is called __________.

a. polygamy

b. polyandry

c. polygyny

d. sororal polygyny

27. What is one reason that sororal polygyny might be preferred when a man will have multiple wives?

a. It reduces the costs of weddings.

b. It expands kinship alliances among more families.

c. It reduces the domestic workload of women.

d. It reduces friction among wives at home.

28. Which of the following is a reason that fraternal polyandry is practiced by some cultures in the Himalayas?

a. Some families are too poor to afford more than one bride price.

b. Some families are too poor to afford more than one dowry.

c. Fraternal polyandry prevents family land from being fragmented by inheritance over time.

d. Fraternal polyandry produces a greater number of children than any other type of marriage.

29. Which of the following statements about polygyny is false?

a. Polygyny tends to develop in different societies for the same reasons.

b. In communities where women significantly outnumber men, polygyny helps correct imbalances in the sex ratio.

c. In some patriarchal societies, men who can afford to support multiple wives are seen to have greater wealth and power.

d. Polygyny is an adaptation to economic needs or goals because of the important economic roles women can serve.

30. Why did the Innu of Quebec practice polygyny?

a. The low status of women meant they were treated like property.

b. Trapping and warfare resulted in a population imbalance and a lack of men.

c. The Innu religion taught that it was preferred.

d. The Innu did not practice polygyny.

31. Polyandry usually occurs in societies __________.

a. with a shortage of women

b. that are matriarchal

c. in which sons are preferred over daughters

d. where men are away from their households

32. The Nuer place such a high importance on the continuation of senior lineages that __________ are conducted to supply heirs if a man dies without children.

a. sororate marriages

b. ghost marriages

c. polygynous marriages

d. polyandrous marriages

33. In ghost marriages, the __________ of the dead man provides the dead man’s wife with children so that his lineage will continue.

a. uncle

b. father

c. son

d. younger brother

34. What purpose do woman–woman marriages serve in Nuer society?

a. They recognize homosexual couples.

b. They make it possible for women to form economic units without men.

c. They allow a woman to act as a husband so that a lineage without an heir can produce one.

d. They allow for the creation of female lineages.

35. Tswana men in southern Africa can __________ if they manage to acquire a greater number of wives.

a. produce greater farm surpluses

b. become tribal leaders

c. stop working

d. distribute more food in reciprocal exchanges

36. Nepalese marriage negotiations __________.

a. may take many rounds, usually ten, to be finalized

b. involve gifts from the bride’s family to the groom’s family

c. are a short, simple process

d. involve the bride and groom presenting gifts to their future mothers-in-law

37. Why might a man in traditional Kwakwaka’wakw society designate a part of a son’s or his own body as female and marry it to another man?

a. To form the strongest possible political alliance

b. To gain access to use rights to the “husband’s” land

c. To allow wealth and titles to be inherited if the man had no daughters

d. To have a homosexual relationship publicly recognized

38. In India, traditional Nayar husbands and wives __________.

a. were siblings

b. had significant social or economic responsibilities to each other

c. need not see each other after the first three days of marriage

d. lived together in patrilineal residence groups

39. The lovers of Nayar women establish the paternity of children by __________.

a. marrying the woman when she becomes pregnant

b. paying the husband when his wife becomes pregnant

c. declaring themselves possible fathers and giving gifts to the woman and the midwife

d. accompanying the woman to the hospital so his name can be recorded with the birth

40. The Na, an ethnic group in southern China, __________.

a. use matrilineal descent and patrilineal inheritance rules

b. are the only culture other than the Nuer to practice ghost marriage

c. do not recognize marital ties or obligations at all

d. practice both polygynous and polyandrous marriage

41. Until __________, same-sex marriage was an option for Two-Spirits in many Native American cultures.

a. the early decades of the twentieth century

b. conversion to Christianity

c. federal laws banned the practice

d. the mid-nineteenth century

42. Same-sex marriages __________.

a. perform all the same basic functions as heterosexual marriages

b. do not perform all the same basic functions as heterosexual marriages

c. perform all the same basic functions as heterosexual marriages except for raising children

d. perform all the same basic functions as heterosexual marriages except for sharing of economic resources

43. Presents given by the husband’s family to the wife’s kin before, during, or after the wedding ceremony are called ____________.

a. dowry

b. brideservice

c. courtship

d. bridewealth

44. A period of months or years before or after marriage during which the husband performs labor for his wife’s parents is called ___________.

a. bridewealth

b. dowry

c. brideservice

d. courtship

45. Bridewealth is typically __________ in the case of a divorce.

a. returned

b. destroyed

c. divided equally

d. kept by the wife’s family

46. The amount of bridewealth given reflects what?

a. The number of individuals who will be married

b. The wealth of the groom’s family and the esteem the groom’s family has for the bride’s family

c. The wealth of the bride’s family

d. The length of time required to finalize the marriage arrangements

47. Which of the following descriptions of brideservice is false?

a. A groom gives all or a portion of animals to his bride’s family.

b. A groom performs brideservice for the bride’s family only before marriage.

c. A groom helps bride’s family with planting and harvesting crops.

d. A groom helps his bride’s family with domestic tasks.

48. Gifts given by the wife’s family to the married couple or to the husband’s kin before, during, or after the wedding ceremony are called __________.

a. brideservice

b. bridewealth

c. dowry

d. groom-wealth

49. The family of the groom might make a demand for dowry payment __________ the wedding.

a. before or during

b. during or after

c. after only

d. before, during, or after

50. In India, __________ has/have contributed to the preference of sons over daughters.

a. high bridewealth expenses

b. male earning potential

c. high dowries

d. the need for heirs

51. Today, __________ is illegal in India.

a. asking for or receiving dowries

b. offering a dowry

c. arranging a marriage

d. caste exogamous marriage

52. “Dowry death” is __________.

a. the murder or suicide of a new bride because the groom’s family is unhappy with the size of the dowry received

b. the murder of a new bride committed by her own parents because they are unable to pay her dowry

c. the murder of a new bride committed by her mother-in-law

d. the murder of a new bride because she cannot bear children

53. Dowry requests in India may be __________ in popularity and __________.

a. declining; frequency

b. rising; size

c. declining; shrinking

d. rising; declining

54. U.S. Census figures indicate a __________ in same-sex households between 1990 and 2009.

a. gradual increase

b. gradual decrease

c. sharp increase

d. sharp decrease

55. Which of the following statements about dowry payments is true?

a. The family of the groom may benefit from dowry payment because they can use wealth to achieve greater status.

b. The family of the bride may benefit from dowry payment because they can use that wealth to achieve greater status.

c. Dowry payments usually remain the property of the bride.

d. Dowry payments always protect the interests of a wife in a patrilineal and patriarchal society.

56. The family of the bride may benefit from paying dowry by__________.

a. not having to pay for the wedding itself

b. receiving payment for a daughter who will not remain part of the family anyway

c. converting part of their material wealth into increased status

d. the presents they will receive from the groom’s family later

57. In arranging a marriage, it is more typical for the __________ to make an offer of marriage.

a. groom’s family

b. bride’s family

c. groom’s uncle

d. bride’s uncle

58. Arranged marriages are fundamentally about __________ .

a. creating genetic variation

b. alliances between families

c. being in love

d. distrust of future affines

59. In societies without arranged marriages, preparation for marriage usually involves some form of __________.

a. dating

b. economic exchange, such as an engagement ring

c. courtship

d. test of compatibility

60. __________ residence is when a married couple lives with or near the husband’s mother’s brother.

a. Patrilocal

b. Matrilocal

c. Neolocal

d. Avunculocal

61. The residence pattern after marriage found in societies where inheritance follows matrilineal descent but in which men hold wealth, property, and social status is called __________.

a. patrilocal

b. avunculocal

c. uxorilocal

d. virilocal

62. Which term describes a residence pattern in which a newly married couple resides with or near the wife’s parents?

a. Uxorilocal

b. Matrilocal

c. Maternalocal

d. Virilocal

63. __________ is a pattern of residence after marriage in which the couple alternates between living with the wife’s kin and the husband’s kin.

a. Matrilocal

b. Patrilocal

c. Peolocal

d. Bilocal

64. The usual pattern of postmarital residence in the United States and Europe is __________.

a. bilocal

b. neolocal

c. patrilocal

d. matrilocal

65. Cross-cultural research has shown that societies often engaged in internal warfare tend to be __________.

a. matrilocal

b. patrilocal

c. neolocal

d. bilocal

66. Many researchers have noted that in patrilineal, patrilocal societies like in rural North India, __________ are the greatest source of difficulty for newly married women.

a. fathers-in-law

b. husbands

c. mothers-in-law

d. sisters-in-law

67. The Iban are rice farmers living along rivers of Western __________.

a. Borneo

b. China

c. Palestine

d. Thailand

68. In Iban culture, when a headman dies, the choice of a new headman is made by __________.

a. the headwoman

b. community consensus

c. the eldest child

d. the deceased headman’s will

69. The marriage preference rule in which a widow marries her deceased husband’s brother is the _____.

a. serial monogamy

b. sororate

c. levirate

d. ghost marriage

70. A marriage between a widower and his deceased wife’s sister is the __________.

a. serial monogamy

b. sororate

c. levirate

d. ghost marriage

71. What do levirate and sororate marriage systems stress?

a. Strong marriages

b. The interchangeability of individuals in lineal descent groups

c. The need of a spouse for survival

d. Family alliances

72. __________ culture is an exception to the nearly universal rule that young children remain with their mothers after a divorce.

a. Kpelle

b. Mohawk

c. Saudi Arabian

d. Trobriand Islander

73. Which kinds of societies tend to have the most flexible attitudes toward divorce?

a. Foraging and horticultural societies

b. Agricultural and intensive agricultural societies

c. Pastoral and industrial societies

d. Foraging and pastoral societies

74. Economic deterrents to divorce in some cultures include __________ and __________.

a. bridewealth; divorce compensation

b. the cost of living for a single person; living with parents

c. dowries; bridewealth

d. banishment from kin networks; confiscation of property

75. In which traditional Native American society does a woman signal divorce by waiting for her husband to leave the house, then placing all his belongings outside?

a. Diné

b. Lakota

c. Haida

d. Iben

76. In extremely patriarchal societies, __________ may be grounds for divorce.

a. a wife’s desire for a divorce

b. a wife not producing a son

c. mutual agreement for divorce

d. a wife’s family’s request for their daughter’s return

77. In extreme patriarchal societies, who usually has the right to divorce?

a. Women

b. Men

c. The bride’s father

d. The groom’s father

78. In Kpelle society, a man who __________ retains the greatest rights over children in case of a divorce.

a. pays bridewealth

b. performs brideservice

c. does not initiate the divorce

d. is the client of a chief

79. In Kpelle society, __________ is a form of marriage in which a poor man engages in a publicly recognized relationship with the wife of a chief.

a. polyandry

b. adultery

c. sororate marriage

d. male concubinage

80. Though testifying in court is not generally associated with cultural anthropology, cultural anthropologists are often called to testify in cases involving all of the following EXCEPT __________.

a. landownership

b. family law

c. child custody

d. dowry negotiations

ESSAY QUESTIONS

81. What are the advantages of nuclear families? Who receives these advantages? What are the risks of nuclear families? Who is most likely to suffer from the risks?

(EVALUATE)

82. Discuss different explanations for the universal incest taboo. What do most anthropologists believe?

(EVALUATE)

83. All marriage systems are both exogamous and endogamous to some degree. What are the formal and informal rules of exogamy and endogamy common in the United States?

(APPLY)

84. What is polygyny? In what types of society is polygyny usually found? What are the possible purposes and benefits of polygyny?

(EVALUATE)

85. Explain Nuer ghost marriages and woman–woman marriages in terms of Nuer patrilineality.

(UNDERSTAND)

86. Explain the differences between bridewealth, brideservice, and dowry. In what types of society are each of these likely to be found? What is dowry death? What are the cultural and sociological reasons for dowry death?

(EVALUATE)

87. What are the links between warfare and postmarital residence patterns that have been found cross-culturally? What is a likely reason for these correlations?

(ANALYZE)

88. Describe several economic deterrents to divorce.

(APPLY)

89. How do levirate and sororate marriages differ? What are the benefits of these systems to family members?

(ANALYZE)

90. What are the benefits of arranged marriages? Why is divorce often discouraged in arranged marriages?

(ANALYZE)