Ch14 Conflict And Conflict Resolution Test Bank

Test Bank

Chapter 14

In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Cultural Anthropology, 4e. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the questions. In earlier editions, the questions were tagged in one of three ways: factual (recall of factual material), conceptual (understanding key concepts), and applied (application of sociological knowledge to a situation). In this revision, the questions are now tagged according to the six levels of learning that help organize the text. Think of these six levels as moving from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six levels are:

REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas

APPLY: a question applying anthropological knowledge to some new situation

ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship

EVALUATE: a question requiring critical assessment

CREATE: a question requiring the generation of new ideas

The ninety questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into two types of questions. Multiple-choice questions span a broad range of skills (over half are “Remember” questions and the remainder are divided among two higher levels). Essay questions are the most demanding because they include the two of the highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Analyze” and “Evaluate”) as well as lower levels.

Types of Questions

Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Recognition and rewards for observing social norms are called ___________.

a. dominance hierarchies

b. positive sanctions

c. negative sanctions

d. postconflict reconciliation

2. __________ are rewards and punishments expressed through praise, ridicule, gossip, and the like.

a. Formal sanctions

b. Dominance hierarchies

c. Informal sanctions

d. Negative sanctions

3. Evolutionary perspectives on intergroup conflict and conflict resolution emphasize the role of __________ in primate groups.

a. negative sanctions

b. dominance hierarchies

c. formal sanctions

d. subordination

4. A speeding ticket is best described as __________.

a. a formal sanction

b. an informal sanction

c. an offense

d. ostracism

5. Which of the following is NOT an example of postconflict reconciliation expressed among primates?

a. Submissive vocalizations

b. Fear grimace

c. A kiss

d. An embrace

6. __________ are rewards and punishments administered by persons in authority, the state, or the law.

a. Negative sanctions

b. Positive sanctions

c. Informal sanctions

d. Formal sanctions

7. Punishments for offending social norms are called __________.

a. dominance hierarchies

b. positive sanctions

c. negative sanctions

d. postconflict reconciliation

8. A method of conflict avoidance is __________.

a. yelling

b. direct aggression

c. behavioral displays

d. politeness

9. Which of the following nonverbal communication cues indicate subordination?

a. Direct eye contact

b. Erect posture

c. A raised head

d. Smiling

10. In traditional __________ society, song duels were a method of resolving conflict without violence.

a. Maasai

b. Inuit

c. Igbo

d. Hmong

11. Nonthreatening verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey respect or subordination to others are called ____________.

a. deference

b. politeness strategies

c. peacemakers

d. subordinate behaviors

12. __________ are behaviors designed to mute antagonisms and avoid overt hostility by affirming common bonds and recognizing another person’s rights and feelings.

a. Deference

b. Politeness strategies

c. Peacemakers

d. Subordinate behaviors

13. Among the Ju/’hoansi, who attempts to squelch conflicts from erupting into dangerous combat?

a. Mostly children

b. Friendly peacemakers

c. Older males

d. Mothers

14. Ethnographic comparisons of apologies in Japan and Western societies show __________.

a. a more explicit recognition of people’s effects on each other in Japan

b. a more explicit recognition of people’s effects on each other in Western societies

c. almost exactly the same use of apology in both places

d. fewer cases of acceptance of apologies in Japan

15. Which of the following was a common precipitating factor in song duels among Inuit peoples?

a. Territory conflicts

b. Hunting disputes

c. Sexual jealousy

d. Parenting conflicts

16. The practices of qahr and ashti within parent–child relationships are part of __________ social norms.

a. Iranian

b. Maori

c. Japanese

d. Inuit

17. The Semai of Malaysia view men and women __________.

a. as good and evil polar opposites

b. as occupying male public and female domestic spheres

c. as being the same in terms of social personality

d. as behaving according to different rules of morality

18. In Iran, __________ is the intention of a hurt or slighted parent to withdraw from interaction with a child.

a. qahr

b. ashti

c. becharaa’

d. mana

19. In Iran, __________ is a stage of mediation and reconciliation between a parent and a child.

a. qahr

b. ashti

c. becharaa’

d. mana

20. Among the Semai, the community will attend meetings called __________ in order to air grievances and allow all parties to voice their concerns and opinions.

a. qahr

b. ashti

c. becharaa’

d. mana

21. Psychologist Clayton Robarchek found that the greatest fear of individuals in Semai society is __________.

a. embarrassment

b. tigers

c. evil magic

d. conflict

22. In Semai society, which of the following is true of becharaa’?

a. Conflicts are rarely resolved during these meetings.

b. They allow parties accused of wrongdoing to be tried and convicted.

c. They can last for several days and nights.

d. No one acts as a headman or leader during these meetings.

23. Semai becharaa’ are designed to defuse conflicts through lengthy __________.

a. questioning

b. talk

c. physical competition

d. song duels

24. Although people tend to support kin in Semai becharaa’, __________ tend(s) to produce community solidarity.

a. weak kinship ties

b. patrilineal kinship

c. bilateral kinship

d. matrilineal kinship

25. A major cause of the civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo is control of __________.

a. oil

b. diamonds

c. water

d. arable land

26. Toraja society etiquette directs conflict toward __________, where conflict is considered to be a normal and predictable event.

a. daily interactions

b. market transactions

c. ritual occasions

d. family gatherings

27. Expression of anger outside __________ is considered dangerous and threatening to community stability in Toraja society.

a. the household

b. ritual ceremonies

c. the extended family

d. the village

28. A Toraja pattern of behavior that regulates conflict is __________.

a. avoidance of people with whom there are disputes

b. formalized arguments that serve as courts

c. band-level community size

d. shouting matches that are limited to the village’s public square

29. Reciprocal relationships are a point of difficulty in Toraja society because __________.

a. only the extended family can be depended upon

b. very high rates of interest are always charged for favors

c. great value is placed on self-sufficiency

d. a person who is denied a request experiences great shame

30. The Taita of Kenya relate anger with __________.

a. envy

b. violence

c. emotional freedom

d. illness

31. The Taita believe that __________ may easily become ill.

a. a person who is angry

b. a person who has anger directed at him or her

c. a person who suppresses anger

d. a person who does not get angry

32. Among the Taita, if a person becomes ill, a healing ceremony is conducted in which the person who is angry with the ill person __________.

a. is identified by a diviner and punished

b. is paid damages by the ill person’s family to pacify his or her anger

c. must admit his or her anger and ritually cast it out

d. apologizes to the ill person and begs for forgiveness

33. The public nature of the Taita healing ceremony reinforces social values regarding anger and forgiveness by __________.

a. placing blame for wrongdoing on the ill person

b. placing blame for wrongdoing on the angry person

c. placing blame for wrongdoing on both the ill person and the angry person

d. placing blame on the community as a whole for not recognizing the problem earlier

34. __________ is a belief system that functions as a mechanism of social control by channeling anger toward others.

a. Witchcraft

b. Sorcery

c. Magic

d. Feuding

35. Witchcraft can help control anger toward others in what way?

a. People do not get angry because they fear having spells cast on them.

b. People interact with each other less because they fear witches.

c. People control their anger because they fear retaliation from witches.

d. People mask their anger to avoid witch hunts.

36. Among the Western Apache in Arizona, accusations of witchcraft are often shaken off by what tactic?

a. Those accused may claim they were drunk and therefore not responsible for their anger.

b. The accused may volunteer to undergo physical trials to prove their innocence.

c. Those accused may move to a different village until the charges are forgotten in their home village.

d. Those accused can shift blame to their meddling wives if male, or mothers-in-law if female.

37. A common pattern of accusation of witchcraft in Western Apache society is __________.

a. brothers accusing sisters

b. village leaders accusing new arrivals in the village

c. men accusing mothers-in-law

d. married women accusing younger, unmarried women

38. One possible reason for the high rate of accusations of witchcraft by men against their mothers-in-law in Western Apache society is __________.

a. the patrilocal residence pattern

b. the inability of couples to divorce

c. the prevalence of arranged marriage

d. the matrilocal residence pattern

39. In most cultures and societies, how are conflicts within families commonly dealt with?

a. Conversational give and take

b. Disrespect towards elders

c. Aggressive and caustic attacks against one another

d. Politeness and passivity

40. Although polygynous and polyandrous marriage systems often cause jealousies and competition between co-spouses, in __________ marriage systems co-wives often become friends and allies.

a. matrilocal

b. patrilineal and patrilocal

c. arranged

d. matrilineal and matrilocal

41. In Somali society, it could be argued that women’s _______________ contribute(s) to their success in resolving conflicts.

a. prominent political roles

b. status as mothers

c. marginality

d. economic power

42. __________ tends to be highest in strongly patriarchal societies.

a. Divorce

b. Polygynous marriage

c. Household size

d. Domestic violence

43. In __________, a jealous husband or rejected suitor may seek revenge against a woman by throwing acid on her face and body.

a. Kenya

b. Greece

c. Pakistan

d. Vietnam

44. In __________, “dowry death” is a phenomenon in which young brides are murdered so that the family may seek remarriage, and another dowry, for their son.

a. Saudi Arabia

b. India

c. Malaysia

d. Uganda

45. Reform movements in countries like India and Pakistan are under way to __________.

a. modernize law codes and address other traditional crimes against women

b. reify traditional law codes

c. outlaw traditional law codes to reduce crimes against women

d. reduce punishments for crimes against women

46. Siblings may compete against each other for favor in their families when __________.

a. there is property to inherit

b. primogeniture is the rule of inheritance

c. polyandrous marriage patterns are common

d. there are no automatic rules for inheritance

47. In rural India, conflict among whom is considered inappropriate and violates the ethics of family solidarity?

a. Brothers

b. Sisters

c. Parents

d. Grandparents

48. Who is often blamed for causing friction in a household in rural Indian communities?

a. Brothers

b. Wives

c. Mothers

d. Husbands

49. Who is responsible for the mediation of family disputes in kin groups such as lineages and clans?

a. Parents

b. Grade sets

c. The heads of lineages and clans

d. Arbitrators from outside the family

50. Violent conflicts in band societies are rarely over which of the following?

a. Property

b. Jealousies

c. Marriage rights

d. Sexual relations

51. In order to minimize conflicts over resources, __________ is used to regulate behaviors of persons in other people’s territory.

a. social etiquette

b. wardenship

c. police enforcement

d. private ownership

52. Among the Eastern Pomo, taking resources from someone else’s land was NOT considered theft as long as which of the following was true?

a. Permission was granted.

b. It was not observed by an outsider.

c. They were not plant resources.

d. Distant kin were the offenders.

53. Who generally mediates disputes in tribal societies?

a. Young hunters

b. A council of village elders

c. Individuals from distant villages

d. Groups of related women

54. A common cause of violence in tribal societies is __________.

a. vengeance and feuding

b. political maneuvering

c. disputes over leadership succession

d. trade warfare

55. Aggression against others based on the principle of revenge is called __________.

a. vengeance

b. conflict avoidance

c. blood feud

d. dominance hierarchies

56. In order to reduce the incidence of blood feuding, the Nuer of East Africa employed __________ as recognized mediators in feuds.

a. non-Nuer mediators

b. leopard-skin chiefs

c. clan leaders

d. elderly women

57. The usual settlement for a dispute mediated by a leopard-skin chief involved __________.

a. changes of land ownership

b. admissions of guilt and apologies by both sides

c. the payment of cattle

d. the arrangement for a peaceful court hearing

58. The only power that leopard-skin chiefs can use to enforce their decisions is __________.

a. the threat of war with the chief’s tribe

b. the threat of supernatural harm

c. the threat of a blood feud

d. the threat of exile for a number of years

59. Warfare in band societies is usually limited to __________ and rarely has a great social impact because of its limited size.

a. duels

b. raids to increase the prestige of a war leader

c. blood feuds

d. territorial skirmishes

60. What is armed aggression and hostilities between groups called?

a. Reconciliation

b. Warfare

c. Deference

d. Witchcraft

61. Which of the following is NOT true of tribal warfare?

a. It can occur due to territorial trespasses.

b. Killings and counterkillings are major contributing factors.

c. Territory expansion is not usually the ultimate goal.

d. It generally has economic motives.

62. Participation in tribal warfare tends to be based on __________.

a. whether a person is in the period of military service

b. voluntary association

c. conscription

d. patriotism

63. The primary goal(s) of tribal warfare was/were __________.

a. territorial gain

b. slaves and wealth

c. social and ritual

d. the destruction of the enemy population

64. In the Pomo tribal society, the principal goal after conflict ended was to __________.

a. restore harmonious relationships

b. humiliate the losers

c. enforce communal sharing

d. continue violent behaviors toward the losers

65. One of the most formalized systems of dispute management in conflicts between different Native American tribes was the __________ Confederacy.

a. Sioux

b. Iroquois

c. Lakhota

d. Choctaw

66. The Pomo of California referred to war leaders as __________.

a. chiefs

b. militia leaders

c. captains

d. good bad men

67. In Pomo warfare, hostilities were concluded by __________.

a. a payment of beads from the victor to the defeated community

b. a payment of beads from the defeated to the victorious community

c. a payment of pigs by the defeated community to be used for funerals by the victors

d. the ransoming back of captives by the defeated community

68. Warfare in many New Guinean societies was directly related to concepts of __________.

a. masculinity

b. kinship

c. sexuality

d. property

69. Sambia ethics demanded that family members __________.

a. avenge a killing of one of their own

b. forgive their enemies

c. hand over all weapons

d. move away from the enemy tribe

70. The Major Crimes Act of 1885 allowed federal courts to claim jurisdiction over which group of people who committed seven specific crimes?

a. Chinese Americans

b. Anglo Americans

c. Native Americans

d. African Americans

71. One traditional practice to deal with chronic wrongdoers that some Native American legal systems have reintroduced is __________.

a. physical trials to determine guilt or innocence

b. banishment

c. the seizure of relatives’ property

d. public corporal punishment

72. What have the Diné reintroduced in response to the adversarial nature of the American court system?

a. Rehabilitation centers for criminals

b. Peacemaker courts conducted by mediators

c. More lenient sentences for plea bargains

d. Community confessionals

73. The primary goals of warfare in state societies are __________.

a. economic and political

b. national and international

c. governed by rules of warfare

d. territorial expansion and revenge

74. Unlike warfare in other types of societies, warfare in state societies __________.

a. is conducted by professional specialists

b. is conducted with careful limits on who is involved and harmed

c. involves combatant soldiers on a voluntary basis

d. rarely results in a clear victorious and defeated party

75.__________ is the only nation in the world that does not have a standing army.

a. Switzerland

b. Thailand

c. Costa Rica

d. Belgium

76. Wars in the African nations of Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Rwanda, and Burundi have broken out in the last two decades primarily due to control over which of the following?

a. Central governments

b. Resources

c. Territory

d. Port cities

77. In South Africa, __________ have been held in the attempt to heal divisions in South African society from the apartheid period.

a. Truth and Reconciliation hearings

b. amnesties for African National Congress members

c. purges of the police and military forces

d. new elections

78. __________ produce(s) damage to society that lasts for generations after the conflict has ended.

a. Wars

b. Civil wars

c. Corruption investigations

d. Nuclear warfare

79. Underlying many Middle Eastern conflicts is the geopolitics of __________.

a. oil

b. diamonds

c. water

d. arable land

80. __________ anthropologists have been heavily involved in aiding indigenous peoples to seek redress for harms done to them by states and corporations.

a. Cultural

b. Biological

c. Legal

d. Linguistic

ESSAY QUESTIONS

81. Explain the role of conflict and the avoidance of conflict in dominance hierarchies among primates.

(UNDERSTAND)

82. Define the four types of social sanctions used to maintain social norms. Give examples of each of the four.

(APPLY)

83. What behaviors and practices are used to avoid conflict in daily life? Give examples of these practices in the context of Japanese and Western societies.

(EVALUATE)

84. What is the role of reciprocity in conflict avoidance? Use the Toraja culture as an example.

(EVALUATE)

85. How may witchcraft and other supernatural beliefs play a role in conflicts? In conflict avoidance and management?

(ANALYZE)

86. How do gender status, household composition, and kinship patterns influence patterns of interfamily violence cross-culturally?

(EVALUATE)

87. Explain violence resulting from revenge and blood feuds in Nuer society. What role do leopard-skin chiefs play?

(ANALYZE)

88. In what ways did colonization and trade affect patterns of warfare among North American indigenous societies?

(ANALYZE)

89. How are wars between states different from wars as practiced by any other form of society? How does civil war affect violence in state societies?

(EVALUATE)

90. What role do legal anthropologists play in conflict management in cultures around the world? Give examples.

(APPLY)