Exam Prep Political Systems Ch.13 4th Edition

Test Bank

Chapter 13

In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Cultural Anthropology, 4e. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the questions. In earlier editions, the questions were tagged in one of three ways: factual (recall of factual material), conceptual (understanding key concepts), and applied (application of sociological knowledge to a situation). In this revision, the questions are now tagged according to the six levels of learning that help organize the text. Think of these six levels as moving from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six levels are:

REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas

APPLY: a question applying anthropological knowledge to some new situation

ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship

EVALUATE: a question requiring critical assessment

CREATE: a question requiring the generation of new ideas

The ninety questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into two types of questions. Multiple-choice questions span a broad range of skills (almost half are “Remember” questions and the remainder are divided among four higher levels). Essay questions are the most demanding because they include the three highest levels of cognitive reasoning (from “Analyze” to “Create”) as well as lower levels.

Types of Questions

Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The story of Short Woman comes from the __________.

a. Apache

b. Nuer

c. Cheyenne

d. Arapaho

2. According to the Short Woman narrative, how do the Cheyenne deal with wrongdoers?

a. They are banished from the community.

b. They are publicly chastised for a year.

c. They must give half of their food to the community.

d. They are tried by a jury of their peers.

3. Functions of political organizations in society do NOT include __________.

a. settling disputes

b. organizing activities

c. selecting leaders

d. developing new technology

4. Which branch of anthropology would be concerned with how groups elect their leaders?

a. Social anthropology

b. symbolic anthropology

c. Political anthropology

d. Economic anthropology

5. Which of the following is NOT a principle upon which social groups are formed?

a. Wealth

b. sharing

c. Cohesion

d. Reciprocity

6. __________ introduced the four-part typology of band, tribe, chiefdom, and state.

a. Elman Service

b. Clifford Geertz

c. Leslie White

d. Margaret Mead

7. The typology of band, tribe, chiefdom, and state is still used because __________.

a. all societies fall into one of these three types

b. these categories are scientifically demonstrable

c. they are useful tools for discussion of societal differences

d. they are absolute cases

8. Which of the following is an accurate statement about Service’s typology of political organization?

a. It is ideal, in that features do not overlap from one typology to another.

b. The ordering of the types indicates an increasing evolution and advancement of societies.

c. It is a useful tool in discussing anthropological cultural differences.

d. Since it is a decades-old concept, it has no use in modern-day cultural anthropology.

9. Which of the following is an example of influence?

a. Tomo is a good hunter and often brings home a lot of meat. As a result, he has many friends who want to share this meat.

b. A doctor prescribes cholesterol-lower medicine to you. You don’t think you need this medicine but decide to take it anyway because your doctor probably knows better than you do.

c. A police officer pulls you over and tells you to fix your tail light. You decide not to fix it until you have more money.

d. A chief tells the wealthy members of society to give food to the poorer members of the chiefdom.

10. Which of the following best describes a small, loosely organized groups of people held together by informal means?

a. Bands

b. Tribes

c. Chiefdoms

d. states

11. Most bands pursue a __________ style of subsistence economy.

a. pastoral

b. foraging

c. horticultural

d. agricultural

12. Which of the following is NOT an example of a band society?

a. Saami

b. Navajo

c. Tiwi

d. Mbuti

13. Membership in band societies is usually based on __________.

a. selection for inclusion

b. age

c. kinship

d. merit

14. A society that doesn’t have private property and has leadership based on achievement, rather than family relations, is most likely a __________.

a. band

b. tribe

c. chiefdom

d. state

15. In band society, __________ are the fundamental units of organization.

a. kin groups

b. households

c. political parties

d. trade networks

16. Which of the following statements about band societies is false?

a. They are currently located in isolated and marginal areas of the world.

b. Their populations range from twenty-five members to several hundred members.

c. Their leaders are selected on the basis of personal wealth and property ownership.

d. While leaders have some influence, they lack the authority to enforce their will.

17. Many of the traits of band societies are the result of __________.

a. the economic need to be nomadic

b. the use of reciprocal trade relationships

c. clans as the basis of kinship

d. democratic decision making

18. Which of the following would most likely be a reward for good leadership in band societies?

a. Greater wealth

b. Military power

c. Prestige

d. Rights of other people

19. In a band society, which of the following is most likely to make you a leader?

a. Inheritance

b. Elections

c. Authority from God

d. Skill in warfare

20. The Tiwi kinship system is based on __________.

a. nuclear families

b. patrilineal clans

c. matrilineal clans

d. age grades

21. __________ are societies with some degree of formalization of structure and leadership, including leaders who meet to settle disputes and plan activities.

a. Bands

b. Tribes

c. Chiefdoms

d. States

22. In __________ society, all females are married from birth to death.

a. Ojibwe

b. Ju/’hoansi

c. Tiwi

d. Ainu

23. Which of the following statements accurately describes Tiwi society?

a. Women accumulate prestige as they age and accumulate large families.

b. Women accumulate prestige only if they are skilled healers.

c. Men avoid attempts to accumulate prestige in order to avoid conflict.

d. Men use wealth strategically to accumulate prestige.

24. What is true about the concept of land within the Tiwi society?

a. Landholding rights were inherited through good deeds within the society.

b. Land was divided into individual but equal parcels.

c. A collective group owned a “country,” and the group members were responsible for its well-being.

d. Since Tiwis are a band society, they are not officially recognized as legal landowners.

25. In the Tiwi kinship system all clans are exogamous. This means that a member of one clan is most likely to marry __________.

a. their sibling

b. a member of a different clan

c. a member of their own clan

d. an older individual

26. There is less violence within band societies, compared to other societies, for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: __________.

a. there are informal links between band members

b. group composition adheres to a rigid structure

c. there are no conflicts over property because land is not owned

d. disputes can be resolved by leaving one band and joining another

27. Tribal societies tend to differ from band societies in which of the following ways?

a. Tribal leaders have considerable coercive power over members.

b. There are more formalized organizational procedures.

c. Tribal societies are not egalitarian.

d. Tribal chiefs are successful due to an over centralization of power.

28. Which of the following is NOT an example of a tribal society?

a. Hmong

b. Mbuti

c. Passamaquoddy

d. Dani

29. Tribal societies usually follow which of the following subsistence patterns?

a. Foraging only

b. Horticulture or agriculture

c. Agriculture only

d. Foraging, horticulture, or pastoralism

30. As discussed early in the chapter, few societies are ideal “types.” However, which of the following list of attributes best fits a tribal society?

a. Egalitarian, dependent on agriculture, relatively small population, little violence

b. Foragers, nomadic, little violence, run by an authoritative council

c. Chiefs with the power to enforce their decisions, foragers, established trade routes, private property

d. Dependent on agriculture, chiefs with the power to enforce their decisions, storage of a surplus, social stratification

31. Age grades (age sets) are groups of people of approximately the same age within tribal societies who __________.

a. are ritual outsiders

b. are not yet married

c. are given specific sociopolitical functions

d. share birthday celebrations

32. __________ are sociopolitical groups that link people in a community on the basis of shared interests and skills.

a. Associations

b. Guilds

c. Unions

d. Age grades

33. The most usual kinship structure in tribal societies is __________.

a. bilateral descent

b. a kindred

c. unilineal descent

d. nuclear families

34. A __________ is a form of political organization in which tribes and bands join together under common leadership to face an external threat.

a. confederacy

b. state

c. union

d. association

35. Which of the following is an example of a tribal confederacy?

a. The Allies during World War II, when several world powers allied to stop Nazi Germany.

b. The French and Indians during the French and Indian War.

c. The Iroquois, who were made up of five distinct tribal units.

d. The Navajo, who form a cohesive tribal unit across a large geographic space.

36. The Iroquois were comprised of __________ nations who acted as a single political unit when dealing with outsiders.

a. three

b. five

c. seven

d. twelve

37. The kinship system of the Hidatsa of North Dakota was based on __________.

a. bilateral membership in two oppositional clans

b. patrilineal clans and moieties

c. matrilineal clans and moieties

d. age grades and seniority

38. In Hidatsa society, age grades __________.

a. existed only for men

b. existed only for women

c. served to provide meeting places for people with common interests

d. existed for both men and women

39. In Hidatsa society, male age grades mostly related to __________.

a. buffalo hunting

b. military service

c. religious activities

d. agricultural activities

40. The Black Mouth age set served as a __________ in Hidatsa society.

a. priestly order

b. craft guild

c. police force

d. leadership council

41. In Hidatsa society, all important decisions made by village councils relied on __________.

a. material evidence

b. unanimous consent of all households

c. unanimous agreement by the council elders

d. decisions made by the council leader

42. Chiefdoms are stratified societies organized by __________.

a. semi-divine leaders

b. reciprocal economic functions that are unequal in benefits

c. warfare and conquest

d. kinship

43. Chiefs have some power to control economic labor and __________.

a. kinship alliances of families under them

b. distribution of resources

c. religious ideology

d. family life

44. Chiefs are NOT able to __________ in order to gain the compliance of people.

a. use bribery

b. change legal statutes

c. use force

d. use persuasion

45. What is the basic economy of chiefdom societies?

a. Farming

b. Pastoralism

c. Foraging

d. Expansion

46. Which of the following is NOT a cultural correlate of chiefdoms?

a. Well-identified system of ownership or rights over resources

b. Sedentism

c. Production of little or no surplus

d. Well-demarked boundaries between kin and/or political groups

47. Which of the following types of societies are most likely to produce a surplus of agricultural products?

a. Bands

b. Democracies

c. Tribes

d. Chiefdoms

48. One of the few exceptions to chiefdoms as farming societies were the foraging-based chiefdoms of __________.

a. coastal regions of Southern Africa

b. the Amazon Basin

c. Southern India and Bangladesh

d. the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America

49. Which of the following societies is NOT a chiefdom?

a. Amhara of Ethiopia

b. Natchez of Mississippi

c. Tongan Islanders

d. Zulu of South Africa

50. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a chiefdom society?

a. They are a surplus-producing economy.

b. They are nomadic, relying upon foraging for sustenance.

c. They are stratified societies, organized by kinship.

d. They have some degree of centralized authority.

51. Northwest Coastal Native American societies used __________ as a way of demonstrating chiefly generosity.

a. caucuses

b. celebratory potlatch feasts

c. Rodiyaner

d. amhara

52. Which of the following statements about chiefdom societies is true?

a. Most chiefs gain their status through personal achievement.

b. Some chiefs do not appear to have benefited economically from their position at all.

c. Chiefs are thought to receive power from spiritual powers and, therefore, do not need to be generous to their followers.

d. It is almost always the case the chiefdom-based societies are united under a single paramount chief who controls clans or kin groups through subchiefs.

53. In the chiefdoms of Tikopia and Tahiti, chiefs were believed to possess __________, which could be harmful to commoners unless they were careful.

a. ghost servants

b. magical items

c. mana

d. karma

54. Which of the following tribes is NOT a member of the Iroquois Confederacy?

a. Seneca

b. Cree

c. Mohawk

d. Onondaga

55. __________ selected the first Rodiyaners, or rulers, for each nation in the Iroquois Confederacy.

a. The Peacemaker and Hayonhwatha

b. Tribal war chiefs

c. Females from the member nations

d. A council consisting of one shaman from each member nation

56. The three principles of seniority, gender, and __________ ranked every individual in traditional Tongan society.

a. ancestry

b. lineage

c. craft profession

d. sisterhood

57. The acquisition of __________ from the British ultimately led to the conversion of Tongan society into a kingdom.

a. sugar

b. firearms

c. windmills

d. trade blankets

58. Which of the following is NOT an effect of the codification of Tongan law in the mid-nineteenth century?

a. It solidified the state’s power and men’s authority over women.

b. It enhanced the economic power of chiefly families at the expense of nonchiefly families.

c. It buffered chiefs and the king from contact with ordinary people and their demands.

d. It upheld the traditional right of fahu, resulting in the independence of women from their husbands.

59. __________ are highly organized, centralized political systems with a hierarchical structure of authority.

a. States

b. Bureaucracies

c. Empires

d. Colonies

60. Which of the following is NOT an example of a state society?

a. Republic

b. Kingdom

c. Empire

d. Sect

61. Empires expand through __________.

a. population growth

b. conquering or annexing neighboring land

c. uniting chiefdoms through alliances

d. well-controlled state trade

62. Which of the following is an example of a head of state?

a. Army general

b. Chief executive officer (CEO)

c. Judge

d. President

63. Societies that control the use of force and develop military power are usually called __________.

a. bands

b. tribes

c. chiefdoms

d. states

64. Which of the following traits are only found among state-level societies?

a. Collaborative labor

b. Bureaucrats who help organize projects

c. Large population aggregations

d. Complex social organizations

65. All of the following are examples of social control in the United States EXCEPT __________.

a. the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

b. the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF)

c. the Michigan Militia

d. the New York City Police Department

66. While elites in state societies control resources, production, and surplus just as chiefs do, a difference between them is __________.

a. chiefs personally own all of these economic systems

b. elites pay taxes rather than tribute

c. elites retain the majority of surplus for their own use

d. chiefs directly control their bureaucracies while elites do not

67. Regardless of the system of leadership, states show __________ compared to other political systems.

a. greater stratification

b. less stratification

c. less efficiency

d. less warfare

68. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of force that state societies use to control an unruly populace?

a. An unwritten but generally understood code of manners

b. A system of courts that decide the guilt or innocence of individuals

c. The use of a police force to enforce laws

d. A codified and standardized set of laws

69. Which of the following is NOT an example of terrorism?

a. The attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001

b. Car bombings carried out by the Irish Republic Army

c. Package bombs delivered by the Unabomber

d. The assassination of Osama Bin Laden

70. According to Robert Carneiro’s theory of state formation, __________ was the critical factor in the formation of early states.

a. the need for a military

b. massive social organization for irrigation works

c. environmental circumscription

d. the emergence of religious priesthoods

71. In situations where there is no environmental circumscription, Carneiro suggests that __________ explains the emergence of states.

a. expansion of trade

b. unequal distribution of resources across a landscape

c. consolidation of chiefly power by one family

d. divine right

72. Which of the following could be considered the best evidence to support Robert Carneiro’s theory of environmental circumscription?

a. Many early state-level societies are found near lakes, rivers, and oceans.

b. Violence and warfare accelerated prior to early state formation.

c. Early states relied almost exclusively on agriculture.

d. Some state-level societies formed in river valleys.

73. Which of the following could be considered the best evidence to support Karl Wittfogel’s hydraulic hypothesis?

a. Many early state-level societies are found near lakes, rivers, and oceans.

b. Violence and warfare accelerated prior to early state formation.

c. Early states relied almost exclusively on agriculture.

d. Some state-level societies formed in river valleys.

74. __________ are states ruled by religious leaders.

a. Divinely mandated governments

b. Theocracies

c. Kleptocracies

d. Oligarchies

75. Some early states made use of __________ in order to consolidate the power of rulers.

a. religious sacrifice of prisoners of war

b. kinship alliances with commoners

c. brother–sister marriages

d. propaganda

76. The tendency for groups to split into opposing groups over political differences, or __________, can lead to turmoil, violence, and even revolution.

a. culture wars

b. rebellion

c. factionalism

d. class warfare

77. Which of the following is NOT an example of factionalism?

a. The demolition of the Berlin wall

b. The declaration of independence for the United States

c. The American Civil War

d. The disintegration of Yugoslavia

78. What does the result of the factionalist movement within the Hopi culture in 1906 say about societies?

a. Disruption in societies linked by kinship, marriage, or social association are usually resolved without violence.

b. Only state societies have a structure that allows for conflicts to be resolved without bloodshed.

c. Conflicts in tribal societies are always influenced by the encroachment of state societies.

d. A lack of a police force is but one example of how tribal societies are inferior to state societies.

79. Which of the following is NOT an example of a successful factionalist campaign?

a. The Civil Rights Movement

b. The Mexican Revolution

c. The U.S. Confederacy

d. The American Revolution

80. All of the following are examples of elitist tactics that are used to maintain political and social control EXCEPT __________.

a. using a police force to quell revolutionist movements

b. using public forums to allow all voices to be heard

c. separating society based upon skin color or race

d. genocide, or ethnic cleansing

ESSAY QUESTIONS

81. What cultural correlates may be expected to be present in societies with band-level organization? What about tribal organization? Can you think of a group or subculture in our own society that shares attributes with either organizational level?

(APPLY)

82. What cultural correlates may be expected to be present in societies that are chiefdoms? Can you think of a group or subculture in our own society with these same attributes?

(APPLY)

83. What cultural correlates may be expected to be present in societies with a state-level political organization? Given these attributes, why do you think state-level societies fail? What about this political system is unstable?

(CREATE)

84. Explain rebellion, revolution, and terrorism in terms of movements for social change. In what ways are these methods both effective and ineffective?

(EVALUATE)

85. Briefly explain the political and economic characteristics of the Incan Empire of Peru and Ecuador. How does this example fit Elman Service’s ideal state-level society?

(ANALYZE)

86. Discuss two theories that attempt to explain the emergence of early states. Which do you think best explains state formation?

(EVALUATE)

87. Describe the transition of Tongan society from chiefdoms to a kingdom. What role did outsiders play? What role did Tongans play?

(EVALUATE)

88. What are age grades? How were age grades used by the Hidatsa of the Dakotas to serve social functions? Can you think of example from our own society that serves this same social function? What other ways might a society fill this social function?

(CREATE)

89. Societies have gone through many social and political transitions in human history. What kinds of social changes do you think that globalization will lead to in the future? How will this affect our current concept of societal “types,” including bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states?

(ANALYZE)

90. Discuss the roles that kinship and social associations play in each type of political system. Why do you think the role of family differs in different societies?

(ANALYZE)