Test Bank Docx Chapter 11 Gender Bonvillain

Test Bank

Chapter 11

In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Cultural Anthropology, 4e. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the questions. In earlier editions, the questions were tagged in one of three ways: factual (recall of factual material), conceptual (understanding key concepts), and applied (application of sociological knowledge to a situation). In this revision, the questions are now tagged according to the six levels of learning that help organize the text. Think of these six levels as moving from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six levels are:

REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas

APPLY: a question applying anthropological knowledge to some new situation

ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship

EVALUATE: a question requiring critical assessment

CREATE: a question requiring the generation of new ideas

The ninety questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into two types of questions. Multiple-choice questions span a broad range of skills (over a third are “Remember” questions and the remainder are divided among four higher levels). Essay questions are the most demanding because they include the three highest levels of cognitive reasoning (from “Analyze” to “Create”) as well as lower levels.

Types of Questions

Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The Nordic folk tale at the beginning of the chapter is about the reversal of traditional gender roles with a ___________ result.

a. productive

b. comic

c. deadly

d. tragic

2. __________ is the term for the roles that people perform in their households and communities and the values and attitudes that people have regarding men and women.

a. Sex

b. Biology

c. Gender

d. Constructs

3. __________ denote(s) the biological differences between males and females.

a. Gender

b. Gender constructs

c. Evolutionary psychology

d. Sex

4. __________ is/are a set of cultural assumptions about gender roles and values.

a. Cultural constructs

b. Gender

c. Sex

d. Gender constructs

5. In many societies, the contrasting activities performed by women and men are constrained by __________.

a. age

b. reproductive roles

c. education

d. intelligence

6. What anatomical difference between men and women appears in the fossil record around 2 million years ago?

a. Increased sexual dimorphism

b. Longer legs in males

c. Wider pelvises in females

d. Bigger brains in males

7. Which of the following assumptions regarding the “man the hunter” model is likely false?

a. Bipedalism developed to free the hands for tool use.

b. Males were the primary hunters.

c. Males and females lived together in social groups.

d. Human ancestors ate meat.

8. Which of these statements is true, according to our current understanding of the fossil record?

a. Males have always been the dominant sex.

b. Females used to be the dominant sex.

c. Males and females used to be relatively egalitarian.

d. It is impossible to determine social dominance from the fossil record.

9. Cultural constructs are powerful influences on __________ in forming gender identity.

a. children

b. men

c. women

d. society

10. Research about cultural constructions of gender identity raises the question of the ___________ that many Americans have about gender.

a. fluid thinking

b. binary thinking

c. universal opinions

d. economic ideas

11. How does gender identity affect language use?

a. Women are more interruptive speakers than men.

b. Women are more direct speakers than men.

c. Women are more deferential speakers than men.

d. There is no difference in men’s and women’s speech.

12. A universal expression of gender identity is __________.

a. hunting activities

b. personality

c. bodily adornment

d. access to technology

13. Transvestism is defined as __________.

a. homosexuality

b. gender confusion

c. a mental disorder resulting in homophobia

d. dressing to look like someone of the opposite gender

14. In addition to clothing or hair styles, what behaviors help distinguish men from women?

a. Body language

b. Morals

c. Intelligence

d. Beliefs

15. All societies have some sort of taboo against __________.

a. same-sex marriage

b. arranged marriage

c. premarital sex

d. incest

16. Adultery is most strongly punished in __________.

a. some traditional societies

b. some industrialized societies

c. some Islamic societies

d. some Latin-American countries

17. __________ teachings view homosexual behavior as contrary to natural law.

a. Christian, Judaic, and Islamic

b. Hindu and Christian

c. Hindu and Buddhist

d. Judaic and Buddhist

18. The __________ represent a third-gender role in India, translated as “neither man nor woman.”

a. two-spirit people

b. transvestites

c. hijras

d. kathoey

19. As recently as 1986, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld states’ rights to ___________ homosexual activity between consenting adults.

a. make punishable by death

b. make punishable by imprisonment

c. monitor

d. declare universally acceptable

20. Hindu mythic stories portray both heterosexual and homosexual relationships as ____________.

a. natural and joyful

b. unnatural and deadly

c. harmful to women

d. nonexistent; Hindu deities are asexual

21. In many Native American societies, berdaches are __________.

a. perfect examples of maleness

b. single women past marriageable age

c. a third gender

d. infertile women

22. The term __________ is now often used instead of berdache.

a. Two-Spirit

b. Man-Woman

c. homosexual

d. transvestite

23. In Native American societies, people became Two-Spirits by __________.

a. birth order; third children were chosen if they were male

b. birth order; third children were chosen if they were female

c. personal inclination only

d. personal inclination, spiritual calling, or parental selection

24. Which of the following generally is true of Native American Two-Spirits?

a. They were social outcasts.

b. They were prosperous.

c. They did not have children.

d. They were considered homosexual within their societies.

25. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the number of Two-Spirits declined due to __________.

a. loss of their economic value

b. a switch to agriculture by Native Americans

c. contact with and pressure by Euro-American attitudes and practices

d. an increase in gender equality in Native American societies

26. The term __________ describes the constellation of rights, duties, attitudes, and behaviors that are culturally associated with each gender.

a. gender relations

b. gender model

c. gender

d. gender roles

27. The term __________ describes the norms of interaction between men and women, which may reflect differences in the relative status, prestige, and power of women and men.

a. gender

b. gender relations

c. gender roles

d. gender model

28. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the current anthropological understanding of gender relations?

a. All known societies are strongly patriarchal.

b. Some societies are matriarchal.

c. Although in some societies gender equality generally prevails, most societies are male dominated.

d. Although males dominate to a degree in some societies, most societies are basically egalitarian.

29. Which of the following is a task usually performed by women cross-culturally?

a. Clearing fields for planting

b. Keeping up dwellings

c. Herding small animals

d. Fishing as a secondary resource

30. Which of the following is a task with variable gender assignments cross-culturally?

a. Hunting small animals

b. Caring for children

c. Clearing fields for planting

d. Building a house

31. Which of the following is a task usually performed by men cross-culturally?

a. Clearing fields for planting

b. Keeping up dwellings

c. Herding small animals

d. Fishing as a secondary resource

32. One prominent theory to explain the origin of gender-based division of labor is that women were restricted from some activities due to __________.

a. a lack of physical strength

b. a lack of mobility due to their reproductive roles

c. religious taboos

d. differences in brain organization between males and females

33. In addition to a gendered division of labor, tasks are often divided by __________.

a. age

b. education

c. social rank

d. income

34. Industrialized societies maintain gendered divisions of labor that are not economic, but based on __________.

a. merit

b. legal systems

c. political systems

d. beliefs and attitudes about gender

35. Which of the following is an example of how gender ideologies affect labor roles?

a. Women are thought to make good leaders, because of the value they place on compromise.

b. Women are thought to make good nurses because they are innately nurturing.

c. Men are thought to make good teachers because they are natural scholars.

d. Men are thought to make good business because of the value they place on collaboration.

36. Gender equality is most likely to exist in societies where __________.

a. men own property but women provide the labor to make it productive

b. all individuals make contributions to subsistence and hierarchies are weak or absent

c. agriculture is the means of subsistence

d. matrilineal kinship systems are the norm

37. Egalitarian relationships between genders __________.

a. existed in some non-Western societies, but were undermined by the effects of colonialism

b. have never existed in any known society

c. have been most closely realized in European and American traditions

d. are unlikely to occur because of biological differences between the sexes

38. Which of the following contributes to the ability of men to dominate gender relationships?

a. A foraging or horticultural society

b. Ideological and religious constructs

c. Small family sizes

d. Industrialized society

39. We know more about men’s roles and interests around the world than about women’s because __________.

a. women are shy and unwilling to talk to anthropologists

b. early travelers, anthropologists, and historians were predominantly male

c. women are the submissive sex in nearly all indigenous cultures

d. men’s and women’s roles are identical in most traditional cultures

40. Who are most likely to engage in activities in the public sphere?

a. Men

b. Women

c. Children

d. The elderly

41. A correlation exists between female status and __________.

a. legal protections for women in a society

b. women’s economic importance in a society

c. the existence of advocacy groups for women

d. the importance placed on child rearing in a society

42. In foraging societies, women’s status __________.

a. is always higher than in nonforaging societies

b. is higher if they hunt

c. is higher in cases where they provide a greater percentage of caloric intake

d. is almost always very inferior to men’s status

43. The __________ are a case of a foraging society with great degrees of gender inequality.

a. Ju/’hoansi

b. Karenni

c. Inuit

d. Iroquois

44. How has the gendered division of labor changed for the Inuit people of the Arctic?

a. There are no longer male- or female-typical jobs.

b. Women have higher-paid positions than men.

c. Wage labor positions are now available for both men and women.

d. They maintain their traditional division of labor, but forage with advanced technology.

45. Why are women marginalized in traditional Maasai society?

a. They cannot attend school.

b. They cannot become elders.

c. They cannot be clan leaders.

d. They cannot be herders.

46. Which African society combines patrilineal descent and residence with female property rights?

a. Maasai

b. Igbo

c. Turkana

d. Ju/’hoansi

47. In traditional Iroquois society, women controlled __________.

a. food production and distribution

b. arranged marriages

c. all religious ceremonies

d. burial rituals

48. Igbo women can achieve independence through __________.

a. divorce

b. being successful traders

c. inheritance

d. women’s networks

49. Which of the following staples, produced by men, are primary resources for the Igbo of Nigeria?

a. Cow’s milk and blood

b. Pig meat

c. Yams and cassava

d. Barley

50. Yanomamo women are dominated by men because __________.

a. strict religious doctrines demand male dominance

b. women have so many children to care for

c. women are excluded from all important aspects of food production

d. none of these

51. In Yanomamo society, only men may be __________, the only sources for accruing status.

a. warriors and plantation owners

b. warriors and traders

c. warriors and craftsmen

d. warriors and shaman

52. Complex societies with centralized political systems that maintain some degree of control over local areas within the state are known as __________.

a. agrarian states

b. feudal states

c. foraging states

d. pastoral states

53. During the early industrial phase in the nineteenth-century America, textile workers were young women because __________.

a. industrial production was a secondary economic activity and unmarried women contributed the least to household economies

b. it was illegal for married women to work outside the home

c. industrial production was a very low-status occupation and men refused those jobs offered to them

d. textile production was unskilled labor

54. Gender gaps in industrialized society have been justified by the ideology that __________.

a. women have fewer financial responsibilities

b. men are more skilled workers

c. male status would decline if women’s wages were comparable

d. women are only interested in working until they are married

55. __________ is the constellation of beliefs popular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that promoted the notion that women were, by nature and biology, suited to the domestic tasks of nurturing and caring for their husbands and children.

a. Cult of domesticity

b. Gender gap

c. Male dominance

d. Gender relations

56. An important element in Confucianism was the idea of __________.

a. gender equality

b. filial piety

c. female inheritance in equal proportion to male inheritance

d. just warfare

57. In traditional Chinese society, __________ often acted as “surrogates for male authority.”

a. sons

b. local political leaders

c. mothers-in-law

d. daughters

58. In traditional Chinese society, __________ was practiced on all but the poorest women.

a. female circumcision

b. foot binding

c. arranged marriage

d. child marriage

59. The “One-Child Certificate Program” in __________ has caused a significant population imbalance because people prefer to have sons.

a. Canada

b. Nigeria

c. China

d. India

60. In China, what leads to disparities in family size between rich and poor?

a. Access to food

b. Ability to pay fines for having more than one child

c. House size

d. Amount of leisure time

61. In the modern history of industrial societies, when men and women have competed for jobs, __________.

a. women have not replaced men because of their lower pay

b. labor and political leaders have sought to limit women’s role in the workplace

c. women have been able to expect higher pay

d. women have out-competed men because of their more flexible work schedules

62. In the United States, the women’s suffrage movement secured women’s right to vote in __________.

a. 1887

b. 1897

c. 1920

d. 1938

63. Throughout American history, during __________, large numbers of women have tended to briefly enter the workforce for limited amounts of time.

a. wartime

b. depressions

c. economic booms

d. civil rights demonstrations

64. As of 2012, about __________ of women with children of all ages were working in America.

a. 40 percent

b. 50 percent

c. 60 percent

d. 70 percent

65. Over the course of American history women have entered the workforce in which pattern?

a. Immigrant women, young single women, married women

b. Young single women, immigrant women, married women

c. Immigrant women, married women, young single women

d. Young single women, married women, immigrant women

66. From 1975 to 2012, the segment of women in the workforce that increased the most was __________.

a. women without college education

b. women without children

c. women with very young children

d. women in managerial positions

67. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Women no longer face occupational segregation in the types of jobs for which they are hired.

b. Women continue to face occupational segregation in the types of jobs for which they are hired.

c. Men and women are hired to equivalent types of jobs.

d. Men and women have reversed their gender-typical types of jobs.

68. Surveys of various types of employment show considerable __________ in the United States as of 2009.

a. income gains by women

b. income losses by women

c. gendered labor segregation

d. reduction of gendered labor segregation

69. __________ is defined as the care and sustenance of people who will be able to contribute productively to society.

a. Care giving

b. Childcare

c. Welfare

d. Social reproduction

70. Colonialism undermined women’s status in non-Western societies in all of the following ways EXCEPT __________.

a. Europeans tended to ignore female leaders in favor of male leaders

b. the growth of trade with Europeans tended to strengthen male economic positions

c. missionaries altered attitudes about the appropriate roles of men and women

d. it did not as native women refused to speak with the colonists

71. In Africa and Asia, studies have suggested that modernization has __________.

a. harmed the status of women

b. improved the status of women

c. had little effect on the status of women

d. bypassed women, who still live traditional lives

72. In assessments of labor contributions, __________ is/are often ignored.

a. women’s incomes

b. women’s contribution of domestic labor

c. women’s personal savings

d. combined family incomes

73. In industrializing nations, young women often benefit from their jobs because __________.

a. they may escape intense family control by living outside their households

b. they may save enough money to establish their own households

c. the skills they acquire help them find more desirable husbands

d. young women do not benefit from jobs in industrializing nations

74. Grace Sedio identifies all of the following as major goals of implementing aid related to HIV/AIDS in Botswana EXCEPT __________.

a. supporting sexual and reproductive health services

b. supporting women’s rights over their body and health

c. not giving up on prevention

d. requiring pledges of celibacy from aid recipients

75. Although full employment was available for women in socialist states such as the former Soviet Union, they still suffered from __________.

a. lack of educational opportunities

b. occupational segregation

c. lack of political representation

d. few reproductive rights

76. Women’s political representation has __________ in Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

a. been outlawed

b. been legalized

c. increased

d. decreased

77. Post–World War II interest in popular psychology reinforced what type of gender ideologies in the United States?

a. Men were inherently aggressive and domineering while women were inherently passive and docile.

b. Culture was the most powerful arbitrator of gender identity, and parenting could not affect gender roles as other forms of enculturation would win out.

c. While gender differences were not inherent, the teaching of gender roles that ran counter to social expectations would lead to unhappiness.

d. Men and women were seen as similar and equally capable in terms of employment and work, but fundamentally different as parents.

78. Post–World War II American attitudes toward parenting were __________.

a. focused on providing material benefits to children

b. influenced by the idea that hands-off parenting was the best way to raise children

c. focused on motherhood as the paramount responsibility of women

d. strictly authoritarian, with an increased participatory role for fathers

79. Government statistics show that in the United States in 2000, __________ of households consisted of a married couple.

a. 52 percent

b. 65 percent

c. 77 percent

d. 89 percent

80. Women’s advocacy groups such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development have argued that gender inequality is a major cause of __________.

a. religious extremism

b. population decline

c. urbanization

d. poverty

ESSAY QUESTIONS

81. Explain the distinction between gender and sex. In what ways do the two intersect? In what ways are they different?

(UNDERSTAND)

82. Distinguish between the concepts of gender and sexuality, using transvestites and third-gender roles to explain your answer.

(APPLY)

83. What were Two-Spirits in many Native American societies? In a general fashion, describe the role that Two-Spirits played in Native American societies.

(ANALYZE)

84. What are the circumstances under which gender relations tend to be most equal in a society? Under what circumstances do they tend to be the most unequal?

(APPLY)

85. Cross-culturally, what types of tasks are more usually performed by men? By women? What types of tasks are more likely to have variable gender assignments across cultures? How might these patterns be explained?

(APPLY)

86. What kinds of effects did colonialism have on gender relations in indigenous societies in Africa and the Americas?

(ANALYZE)

87. How have economic transformations affected gender relations in Ju/’hoansi and Inuit societies? Why have the outcomes been different in these two societies?

(EVALUATE)

88. Describe gender roles and relations in traditional Iroquois society. May it be said that different but balancing rights and obligations assigned to the genders resulted in a high degree of gender equality?

(EVALUATE)

89. Contrast the gender roles that are found in traditional pastoral societies, such as the Maasai or Turkana, with those of horticultural societies, such as the Igbo. How are these different levels of gender stratification related to subsistence strategies?

(ANALYZE)

90. Trace the changes that have taken place regarding women as members of the workforce in the United States from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present.

(CREATE)