Chapter 11
Endocrine System
Multiple Choice Questions
1. | Cancer patients often develop endocrine disorders because
A. | cancer cells sometimes secrete hormones inappropriately. |
B. | hormones are used to treat cancer. |
C. | cancers have no effect on endocrine glands. |
D. | hormones cause cancers. |
E. | cancer patients have unusual hormones. |
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2. | Steroid hormones produce their effects by
A. | combining with receptors on the surfaces of cell membranes. |
B. | activating the formation of adenylate cyclase. |
E. | clogging blood vessels. |
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3. | Hormone concentrations are regulated by
A. | positive feedback mechanisms. |
B. | negative feedback mechanisms. |
C. | nervous system control. |
D. | levels of substances in the blood. |
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4. | The secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is largely controlled by
A. | releasing hormones from the hypothalamus. |
B. | impulses from the autonomic nervous system. |
C. | impulses from the hypothalamus. |
D. | hormones from the posterior pituitary gland. |
E. | plasma concentrations of glucose. |
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5. | Which of the following hormones is release by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
A. | thyroid-stimulating hormone |
B. | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
E. | prolactin-releasing hormone |
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6. | Growth hormone
A. | promotes the movement of amino acids into cells only. |
B. | increases the rate of cell division only. |
C. | increases the rate of fat metabolism only. |
D. | promotes bone growth only. |
E. | does all of the above. |
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7. | Which of the following hormones exerts its effect primarily on the reproductive organs?
A. | Follicle-stimulating hormone |
B. | Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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8. | Diabetes insipidus is caused by
E. | a defective response of target cells to insulin. |
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9. | Growth hormone release is stimulated by
A. | growth hormone releasing hormone. |
B. | adrenocorticotropic hormone. |
C. | thyrotropin releasing hormone. |
D. | increased blood sugar. |
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10. | Thyroxine
A. | reduces the rate at which carbohydrates are utilized. |
B. | increases the rate at which proteins are synthesized. |
C. | inhibits activities of the nervous system. |
D. | inhibits the rate at which calcium enters body fluids. |
E. | lowers the basal metabolic rate. |
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11. | The hormone that decreases the plasma calcium concentration is
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12. | Cretinism is caused by
E. | low levels of calcitonin. |
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13. | A person with an abnormally high metabolic rate, who is underweight and who has protruding eyes is exhibiting symptoms of
E. | growth hormone deficiency. |
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14. | The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the
B. | blood calcium concentration. |
D. | anterior pituitary gland. |
E. | posterior pituitary gland. |
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15. | Parathyroid hormone stimulates
A. | follicular cell activity. |
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16. | An example of a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla is
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17. | Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to
A. | conserve sodium and excrete potassium. |
B. | excrete sodium and conserve potassium. |
C. | excrete sodium and potassium. |
D. | conserve sodium and potassium. |
E. | secrete erythropoietin. |
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18. | Cortisol
A. | increases the permeability of capillary walls. |
B. | increases the permeability of lysosomal membranes. |
C. | stimulates the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates. |
D. | promotes protein synthesis. |
E. | stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. |
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19. | The neurons that stimulate secretions from cells of the adrenal medulla are best described as
A. | somatic motor neurons. |
B. | parasympathetic neurons. |
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20. | A deficiency of hormones from the adrenal medulla is likely to produce
D. | sodium loss in the urine. |
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21. | Insulin causes
A. | a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose. |
B. | a decrease in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose. |
C. | an increase in the production of glucose from glycogen. |
D. | an increase in the concentration of blood glucose. |
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22. | Diabetes mellitus is characterized by
B. | excess urine production. |
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23. | Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by
A. | excess sugar in the diet. |
C. | an autoimmune disease. |
E. | a defect in antidiuretic hormone secretion. |
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24. | Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus usually includes
C. | maintaining desirable body weight. |
D. | reducing sugar intake. |
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25. | Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the formation of melanin, is produced by the
A. | pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. |
B. | posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. |
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26. | A person who is experiencing the effects of chronic stress usually has
A. | increased activity of the spleen and other lymphatic organs. |
B. | increased activity of the immune system. |
C. | increased resistance to infections. |
D. | increased blood pressure. |
E. | decreased plasma levels of cortisol. |
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27. | What is the term for chemical messengers that are released into interstitial fluid, diffuse into the blood stream and act on target cells that are a distance away?
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28. | __________ secretions, sometimes called "local hormones," only affect neighboring cells.
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29. | Cholesterol is the building block of which hormone group?
C. | polypeptides and proteins |
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30. | Receptors for all __________ hormones are located inside the cell, not in the plasma membrane.
C. | polypeptides and protein |
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31. | For water soluble hormones, target cell receptors are usually found here.
C. | in the rough endoplasmic reticulum |
D. | in the plasma membrane |
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32. | Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is an example of this.
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33. | These lipid biochemicals are synthesized from arachidonic acid and have many diverse effects.
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34. | What is the most common regulator of hormone secretion?
A. | the autonomic nervous system |
B. | the central nervous system |
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35. | Which control pathway was responsible for the adrenaline release Goldilocks experienced when she woke up surrounded by 3 bears?
A. | The hypothalamus and pituitary stimulated a peripheral endocrine gland. |
B. | The nervous system directly stimulated an endocrine gland. |
C. | Changing plasma levels of a substance directly stimulated an endocrine gland. |
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36. | Which control path leads to the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary?
A. | The hypothalamus and pituitary stimulate a peripheral endocrine gland. |
B. | The nervous system stimulates a gland directly. |
C. | Changing plasma levels of a substance stimulate a gland directly. |
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37. | After a meal, glucose levels in the blood rise and in response, the pancreas releases a hormone to lower blood glucose. This is an example of which control path?
A. | The hypothalamus and pituitary stimulate a peripheral endocrine gland. |
B. | The nervous system stimulates a gland directly. |
C. | Changing plasma levels of a substance stimulate a gland directly. |
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38. | Thyroid hormone (TH) release in response to stimulation by TSH is an example of this control method.
A. | The hypothalamus and pituitary stimulate a peripheral endocrine gland. |
B. | The nervous system stimulates a gland directly. |
C. | Changing plasma levels of a substance stimulate a gland directly. |
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39. | In response to high blood calcium levels, the thyroid gland releases a hormone that works to lower blood calcium. This is an example of which endocrine control method?
A. | The hypothalamus and pituitary stimulate a peripheral endocrine gland. |
B. | The nervous system stimulates a gland directly. |
C. | Changing plasma levels of a substance stimulate a gland directly. |
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40. | This hormone sustains milk production after birth.
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41. | Some cancerous tumors act like endocrine glands, causing disturbances in electrolyte balance. What might be the result of very high calcium levels in interstitial fluid?
A. | Muscle and nerve cells would require less stimulation to depolarize. |
B. | Muscle and nerve cells would require more stimulation to depolarize. |
C. | Depolarization of muscle and nerve cells would not be affected by extra calcium outside the cells. |
D. | Muscle and nerve cell function could only be affected by changing levels of sodium and potassium. |
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True / False Questions
42. | A group of lipids called prostaglandins act as "local hormones" on a variety of tissues.
True False |
43. | Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus have target cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
True False |
44. | The secretion of pituitary hormones is largely controlled by the hypothalamus.
True False |
45. | Oxytocin acts on the myoepithelial cells of the breasts and causes them to eject breast milk.
True False |
46. | The sex hormones from the adrenal cortex are primarily androgens.
True False |
47. | The pancreas functions as both an endocrine gland and as an exocrine gland.
True False |
48. | Target cells for a specific hormone do not always have a receptor for that hormone.
True False |
49. | Hormone effects on target cells can continue even if hormone secretion has stopped.
True False |
50. | Steroid hormones are lipid soluble, so they cannot pass through the plasma membrane.
True False |
51. | Hormone binding to its membrane receptor may cause increased permeability to sodium ions.
True False |
52. | Hormone/receptor binding may lead to secretion of another different hormone.
True False |
53. | Hypophyseal capillary beds allow hypothalamic hormones to act on target cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
True False |
54. | Special hypophyseal capillary beds carry hormones from the pituitary gland to target cells in the hypothalamus.
True False |
Fill in the Blank Questions
55. | Glands that release their secretion into ducts leading to a body surface are called __________ glands.
________________________________________ |
56. | A group of lipids called __________ have powerful, regulating effects on a variety of tissues.
________________________________________ |
57. | Cyclic AMP is produced from molecules of _________ as a result of enzymatic action.
________________________________________ |
58. | When a gland is stimulated to increase its secretion by the substance it produces, a(an) __________ feedback system is operating.
________________________________________ |
59. | Releasing hormones are carried from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland by vessels called hypophyseal __________ veins.
________________________________________ |
60. | The hormone that stimulates the release of growth hormone is called ________.
________________________________________ |
61. | The __________ gland must have iodine before it can synthesize its hormones.
________________________________________ |
62. | The pancreas functions as part of the endocrine system and the __________ system.
________________________________________ |
63. | The ________ gland is a hormone-secreting structure located deep between the cerebral hemispheres, attached to the roof of the third ventricle. It is involved in functioning of the biological clock.
________________________________________ |
Multiple Choice Questions
64. | Which of the following hormones is not produced by the anterior pituitary?
B. | thyroid stimulating hormone |
D. | follicle stimulating hormone |
E. | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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65. | Oversecretion of GH during childhood causes this disorder.
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Check All That Apply Questions
66. | Which hormone or hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary? Choose all that apply.
____ GH
____ LH
____ FSH
____ ACTH
____ ADH |
Multiple Choice Questions
67. | This hormone causes contraction of uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells of milk-secreting glands.
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68. | This hormone stimulates mitosis, growth of cells, and movement of amino acids into cells.
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69. | This hormone causes the kidneys to conserve water.
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True / False Questions
70. | Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) have opposite effects on target cells.
True False |
71. | T4 is 5 times more potent than T3.
True False |
72. | Mental retardation or even death may result from insufficient levels of thyroxine in infants and children.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
73. | This hormone lowers blood calcium levels.
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74. | What hormone raises blood calcium levels, stimulates osteoclasts, and increases absorption of calcium from the diet?
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True / False Questions
75. | PTH targets cells of the intestine, kidneys and bones in order to regulate sodium concentration in the blood.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
76. | What endocrine gland produces steroid hormones in regions called the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis?
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77. | The inner region of this endocrine gland produces hormones associated with fight or flight effects.
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78. | This steroid hormone is a mineralocorticoid that targets kidney cells to conserve sodium ions and excrete potassium ions.
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79. | This hormone causes protein synthesis, promotes fatty acid release from adipose tissue, and stimulates glucose formation from non-sugar sources.
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True / False Questions
80. | Sex hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
81. | What gland or organ below produces and releases both exocrine and endocrine secretions?
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82. | Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets produce this hormone.
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83. | Insulin is produced by __________ of the ___________.
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84. | Which statement best describes the action of glucagon?
A. | Liver cells convert glycogen to glucose, raising blood sugar. |
B. | Liver cells synthesize glycogen from glucose, lowering blood sugar. |
C. | Tissue cells transport glucose into cells, lowering blood sugar. |
D. | Tissue cells export glucose into the bloodstream, raising blood sugar levels. |
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85. | Which statement best describes the action of insulin?
A. | Liver cells convert glycogen to glucose, raising blood sugar. |
B. | Liver cells synthesize glycogen from glucose, lowering blood sugar. |
C. | Tissue cells transport glucose into cells, lowering blood sugar. |
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True / False Questions
86. | Diabetes insipidus is a metabolic disease caused by lack of insulin or decreased sensitivity to insulin.
True False |
87. | The main pancreatic duct runs the entire length of the pancreas and delivers insulin and other hormones into the small intestine.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
88. | This hormone is produced in response to the absence of light in the environment, and is associated with circadian rhythms.
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89. | This hormone is manufactured by cells of the pineal gland.
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True / False Questions
90. | Patterns of repeated activity such as contraction and relaxation of the heart and inhaling followed by exhaling in breathing are common examples of circadian rhythms.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
91. | Find the false statement below, if any, concerning melatonin.
A. | It is produced by the pineal gland. |
B. | Its secretion is influenced by light. |
C. | Its range of actions is poorly understood. |
D. | All of the above are true of melatonin. |
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92. | This endocrine gland is large in children but shrinks with age and its secretions affect the production and differentiation of specific white blood cells involved in immunity.
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93. | Which statement below describes the action of thymosin hormones?
A. | They stimulate production of sex cells. |
B. | They regulate sleep - wake cycles. |
C. | They stimulate production of immune cells. |
D. | They regulate production of T3 and T4. |
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94. | Which hormone is NOT produced by the placenta?
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95. | Which statement below is NOT a physiological response to stress during the alarm phase?
A. | The hypothalamus stimulates sympathetic pathways. |
B. | The adrenal cortex is stimulated. |
C. | Blood glucose levels increase. |
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True / False Questions
96. | In the resistance stage of a stress response, sympathetic nerves stimulate the adrenal cortex.
True False |
97. | In the alarm stage of a stress response, air passages dilate.
True False |
Fill in the Blank Questions
98. | Pupils dilate during the __________ stage of stress.
________________________________________ |
99. | Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released during the __________ stage of stress.
________________________________________ |
100. | Amino acids are used to make glucose during the __________ stage of stress.
________________________________________ |
101. | ACTH is released during the __________ stage of stress.
________________________________________ |
102. | Cortisol is released during the __________ stage of stress.
________________________________________ |
Check All That Apply Questions
103. | Which factor or factors listed here could be considered a stressor?
____ exercise
____ fear
____ homework
____ unemployment
____ sleep |