Chapter 12 Exam Prep Late Adulthood - Human Development ANZ Edition -Test Bank by Jensen Arnett. DOCX document preview.
Arnett, Human Development: A Cultural Approach, First edition
Chapter 12: Late adulthood
Section 1: Physical development
Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Developmental psychologists define the beginning of late adulthood as beginning at what age?
A. 55 years
B. 60 years
C. 65 years
D. 70 years
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
2. The stage of late adulthood begins at age ____.
A. 55
B. 60
C. 65
D. 70
Learning Objective: 12.1
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
3. When older adults are shown on television they are more likely to be portrayed _____.
A. positively
B. fairly neutrally
C. negatively
D. as incompetent
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
4. In what country is there a ‘Respect for the Aged Day’, which is a national holiday?
A. The United States
B. Japan
C. The Netherlands
D. Greece
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
5. Your roommate was talking about how after the academic year he is going back to Japan. His grandfather is turning 60 years old and they have a ritual that symbolises the person’s freedom from previous responsibilities and elevates the individual to a new and respected status as an elder. What is the name of this ritual?
A. Kanreki
B. Sensei
C. Koto
D. Utsubo
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
6. The practice that no matter how old children are, they owe obedience and respect to their parents, no matter how old the parents are, is referred to as _____.
A. Momma love
B. Children imperative
C. Parental positive regard
D. Filial piety
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
7. Which of the following best describes the Japanese ritual of kanreki? It celebrates a person’s
A. retirement from work and marks a time of leisure and rest.
B. 60th birthday and their transition into the respected status of an elder.
C. movement into young adulthood and marks a time of personal and social responsibility.
D. graduation from university and their transition into the workforce as a productive member of society.
Learning Objective: 12.1
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
8. Aoi is Japanese and just turned 60 years old, the celebration that his family will have to mark the occasion is referred to as _____.
A. tomoko
B. kanreki
C. yoko
D. ayaka
Learning Objective: 12.1
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
9. In Asian cultures, the tradition of filial piety is ____.
A. obedience and respect to parents, no matter how old they are
B. honour and trust to everyone in the family
C. loyalty to the laws and codes of society
D. commitment to one’s family and their village
Learning Objective: 12.1
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
10. Individuals in late adulthood are more likely to have high status in cultures where _____.
A. older adults are quite virile
B. extended families are common
C. older adult men have very young wives
D. older adult women are the head of the families
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
11. What is the most likely reason that older adults are portrayed positively in advertisements?
A. They have increasing economic power.
B. Most have depression, and the positive advertisements lift their spirits.
C. Advertisers feel bad that older people need the products that are advertised.
D. Older adults’ children usually have to help with their parents’ finances, but seeing positive advertisements makes it easier to get parent and child on board with the product or service.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
12. Increased social welfare and health entitlements during the 1960s and 1970s have now made older adults ____.
A. independent and powerful
B. dependent on social programs
C. the wealthiest segment of developed countries
D. the least wealthy segment of developed countries
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
13. You are speaking with your 67-year-old grandfather, who is jokingly telling you that he is about as old as one can get. Remembering your developmental class, what do you know about his age in reference to the lifespan? He is actually in the ____.
A. young–old group
B. old–old group
C. middle–old group
D. oldest–old group
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
14. If an older adult is 82 years old, what developmental group would he or she be in?
A. Young–old group
B. Old–old group
C. Middle–old group
D. Oldest–old group
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
15. If an older adult is 92 years old, what developmental group would he or she be in?
A. Young–old group
B. Old–old group
C. Middle–old group
D. Oldest–old group
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: Cultural beliefs about late adulthood
16. A developmental psychologist and demographer would describe an individual who is 85 years or older as ____.
A. young–old
B. old–old
C. oldest–old
D. older–old
Learning Objective: 12.1
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
17. What subcategory of late adulthood includes individuals who are 85 years of age and older?
A. Old–old
B. Older–old
C. octo-old
D. oldest–old
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
18. What percentage of Australians over 85 is impaired enough in their activities of daily living (ADL) capacities to be institutionalised in a nursing home or other facility?
A. 5%
B. 15%
C. 50%
D. 80%
Learning Objective: 12.1
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
19. Your 94-year-old great-grandmother is having difficulty with bathing, dressing, food preparation and eating, housekeeping and paying bills. Your family is considering getting some professional nursing care for her. During the interview with the nursing care provider, the nurse asks what your great-grandmother’s major concerns are. What would you tell the nurse?
A. Activities of daily living
B. Self-care activities
C. Grooming behaviour
D. Adult activities
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
20. What concept signifies the actual competence and performance of older adults?
A. Functional age
B. Chronological age
C. Competency age
D. Geriatric age
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
21. Countries that have a birth rate that is below 2.1 children per woman _____.
A. will see a decline in their total population
B. will see an increase in their total population
C. will see a levelling off in their total population
D. are unable to predict population values
Learning Objective: 12.2
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
22. The old-age dependency ratio (OADR) is calculated as the number of people who are _____.
A. age 65 years or older, divided by the number of people age 20 to 64, times 100
B. age 20 to 64 years old, divided by the number of people age 65 or older, times 100
C. age 55 years or older, multiplied by the number of people age 18 or older, times 50
D. age 55 years or older, added to the number of people age 21 or older, times 50
Learning Objective: 12.2
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
23. The number of persons aged 65 or older, divided by the number of persons age 20–64, times 100 is known as the _____.
A. young adulthood as compared to ageing adults ratio (YACA)
B. old-age comparison to youthfulness ratio (OACY)
C. age of retirement compared to the age of productivity ratio (ARCAP)
D. old-age dependency ratio (OADR)
Learning Objective: 12.2
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
24. Your grandfather is joking that there are going to be more people over 60 years of age than there will be people under 15 soon. He says that there will not be enough people working to cover the costs of Social Security. By what year will people over 60 years of age outnumber those under age 15?
A. 2020
B. 2030
C. 2040
D. 2050
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
25. What is the ratio of the number of persons aged 65 years or older to the number of persons aged 20 to 64 years (number of persons aged 65 years or older/number of persons 20 to 64 x 100) referred to as?
A. Medicare ratio
B. Old-age dependency ratio
C. Older-adult-to-younger-adult ratio
D. Social Security ratio
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
26. What is the OADR in Japan?
A. 26%
B. 36%
C. 46%
D. 56%
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
27. In developed countries, what is the life expectancy of a person who is 65 years old?
A. 5 to 15 additional years
B. 15 to 25 additional years
C. 25 to 35 additional years
D. 35 to 45 additional years
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
28. Around the world, about how much longer will women at age 65 live longer than men?
A. 5 additional years
B. 10 additional years
C. 15 additional years
D. 20 additional years
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
29. Your grandmother is 87 years old and she has remarked to you that nearly all of her friends are women. She told you that it is rare to see a man over age 85. Is she correct? Yes, past age 85 years of age, for every 100 men there are ____.
A. 678 women
B. 452 women
C. 192 women
D. 113 women
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
30. In which of the following countries is the ratio of older adults to non-older adults going to be the highest in 2050?
A. Japan
B. Germany
C. United States
D. China
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
31. On what continent is the current life expectancy the lowest?
A. North America
B. Africa
C. Asia
D. Australia
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
32. The inevitable biological ageing that takes place in all members of the human species, as it takes place in all living organisms, is referred to as _________.
A. primary ageing
B. secondary ageing
C. lateral ageing
D. tertiary ageing
Learning Objective: 12.3
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
33. The decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviours such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise and substance use, as well as environmental influences such as pollution, is referred to as _________.
A. primary ageing
B. tertiary ageing
C. lateral ageing
D. secondary ageing
Learning Objective: 12.3
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
34. ____ is the inevitable biological ageing that takes place in all members of the human species, as it takes place in all living organisms, whereas ____ is the decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviours such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise and substance use, as well as environmental influences such as pollution.
A. Tertiary ageing; vertical ageing
B. Vertical ageing; tertiary ageing
C. Primary ageing; secondary ageing
D. Secondary ageing; primary ageing
Learning Objective: 12.3
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
35. What is the term that is used to describe the inevitable biological ageing that takes place in all members of the human species?
A. Primary ageing
B. Secondary ageing
C. Tertiary ageing
D. Quaternary ageing
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
36. What is the term that is used to describe the decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviours such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise and substance use, as well as environmental influences such as pollution?
A. Primary ageing
B. Secondary ageing
C. Tertiary ageing
D. Quaternary ageing
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
37. Your grandmother has quite a bit of grey hair. She told you that she first started getting grey hair when she was 52 and it keeps getting greyer each year. What is happening that her hair is getting grey?
A. Grey pigments occur more frequently in older adults.
B. The hair becomes more transparent in old age.
C. Stress creates more grey pigment to appear in older adults.
D. Most people experience loss of pigment that provides hair colour.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
38. The hair continues to become greyer and thinner in both men and women as they age. Actually, it is not that hair turns grey or white, but that it loses the pigments that had previously made it appear to be other colours. During what stage of life is this loss of pigment the most profound?
A. Early adulthood
B. Young adulthood
C. Mid-adulthood
D. Late adulthood
Learning Objective: 12.3
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
39. The following description is of an individual in the early stages of ____. ‘The hair continues to become greyer and thinner in both men and women. Bones continue to thin, especially in women, which contributes to a stooped posture.’
A. Early adulthood
B. Young adulthood
C. Mid-adulthood
D. Late adulthood
Learning Objective: 12.3
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
40. On the skin, many people develop ‘age spots’, or pools of dark pigment. Age spots are due to the accumulation of _____.
A. decades of exposure to the sun
B. an overabundance of calcium
C. low levels of iron
D. undue stress and anxiety
Learning Objective: 12.3
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
41. Loss of bone mass is considered ____.
A. primary ageing
B. secondary ageing
C. tertiary ageing
D. vertical ageing
Learning Objective: 12.3
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
42. Body weight decline, mainly from eating less due to changes in the hormones that regulate hunger, is considered ____.
A. primary ageing
B. secondary ageing
C. tertiary ageing
D. vertical ageing
Learning Objective: 12.3
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
43. When teeth lose their enamel and become yellower due to the accumulated effects of food, tea, coffee and tobacco, what type of ageing is occurring?
A. Primary ageing
B. Secondary ageing
C. Tertiary ageing
D. Vertical ageing
Learning Objective: 12.3
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
44. What are age-related changes that occur due to the accumulation of decades of exposure to the sun, and are most likely to develop on light-skinned persons and on the part of the bodies that receive the most sun exposure: the face, arms and hands?
A. Melanoma
B. Age spots
C. Sun tan
D. Age-related pigmentosa
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
45. Your 172 centimetre-tall grandfather always jokes that he used to be 188 cm. All of the other males in your family average about 178 cm tall. Is he telling the truth about his original height? No, men lose height after 60, but are usually about ____.
A. 1.5 centimetre
B. 2 centimetre
C. 4 centimetre
D. 7 centimetre
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
46. What percentage of Australians over age 65 years have lost all of their natural teeth?
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 15%
D. 34%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
47. Your neighbour is quite upset. She is 82 years old and has been having some serious vision problems. You have suggested quite a few times that she needs to see her doctor. She finally went and she was told that she has cataracts. She feels like she is the only one her age that has this problem. What could you tell her regarding what percentage of adults her age has cataracts?
A. 90%
B. 70%
C. 50%
D. 30%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
48. Cataracts can be treated with surgery that ____.
A. replaces affected lenses with artificial lenses
B. depressurising the eyes
C. reshapes the cornea
D. replaces the rods and cones of the retina
Learning Objective: 12.4
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
49. What is a condition in which there is a progressive thickening of the lens, causing vision to become cloudy, opaque and distorted?
A. Macular degeneration
B. Cataracts
C. Glaucoma
D. Retinosis pigmentosa
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
50. What is the most common visual impairment in late adulthood?
A. Macular degeneration
B. Cataracts
C. Glaucoma
D. Retinosis pigmentosa
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
51. What difficulty can affect older adult vision, in which there is a progressive thickening of the lens, causing vision to become cloudy and distorted?
A. Glaucoma
B. Cataracts
C. Macular degeneration
D. Retinopathy
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
52. What condition occurs as a result of a progressive thickening of the lens, causing vision to become cloudy, opaque and distorted?
A. A cataract
B. Macular degeneration
C. Glaucoma
D. Tinnitus
Learning Objective: 12.4
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
53. In what condition is there a loss of clarity in the centre of the visual field?
A. Glaucoma
B. A cataract
C. Tetanus
D. Macular degeneration
Learning Objective: 12.4
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
54. In some people, fluid builds up in the eye and the pressure damages the optic nerve, leading to loss of peripheral vision. What is the name of this condition?
A. Glaucoma
B. A cataract
C. Tetanus
D. Macular degeneration
Learning Objective: 12.4
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
55. What percentage of older adults aged 75 years of age and older develops macular degeneration?
A. 10%
B. 15%
C. 20%
D. 25%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
56. Primary ageing is the main cause, but what increases the risk of macular degeneration?
A. Uncorrected vision
B. Lack of exercise
C. Eating fish and green leafy vegetables
D. Smoking
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
57. According to the textbook, about what percentage of adults over 90 years of age have glaucoma?
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 40%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
58. What percentage of persons over 85 years old reports that their visual problems are serious enough to interfere with their daily lives?
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 40%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
59. By their late 70s, roughly what percentage of older individuals reports some degree of hearing impairment?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 95%
Learning Objective: 12.4
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
60. What condition involves hearing a ringing or buzzing sound with no external source?
A. Tinnitus
B. Glaucoma
C. A cataract
D. Macular degeneration
Learning Objective: 12.4
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
61. Other than natural ageing, which of the following are other known factors to increase the risk for hearing loss?
A. Smoking cigarettes
B. Excess of calcium
C. Exposure to sun
D. Sleep deprivation
Learning Objective: 12.4
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
62. About ____ of adults over age 65 report some degree of impairment in taste and smell.
A. one-fourth
B. one-half
C. two-thirds
D. three-fourths
Learning Objective: 12.4
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
63. You are talking to your grandmother and you keep hearing a noise that is a little irritating to you, but your grandmother does not seem to be bothered by it. Why?
A. She is good at ignoring irritating things.
B. It is a high-pitched noise, so she probably does not hear it.
C. It is a low-pitched noise, so she probably does not hear it.
D. She lip-reads and does not hear any noises.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
64. People who hear a ringing or buzzing sound with no external source probably have _____.
A. macular degeneration
B. presbycusis
C. tinnitus
D. a chronic middle ear infection
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
65. Your grandmother, who is a smoker and has a heart murmur, has hearing aids and does not like them because they seem to amplify all types of sounds rather than just the ones she has a difficult time hearing. What is one of the things she could have done to reduce hearing impairment?
A. Eat fish and green leafy vegetables.
B. Practice listening very carefully to conversations.
C. Stop smoking.
D. Turn down your mp3 player’s volume.
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
66. Because conversations are strenuous and stressful when a person experiences hearing loss, loss of hearing can lead to ____.
A. presbycusis
B. social withdrawal
C. thinning cilia
D. tinnitus
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
67. What has lessened the stigma associated with hearing aids?
A. They are less outwardly visible.
B. Celebrities use them.
C. They work so well.
D. They are a sign of maturity.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
68. After age 60 years, the olfactory bulbs in the brain begin to _____.
A. enlarge
B. shrivel
C. become cancerous
D. swell
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
69. What percentage of adults over the age of 80 years has impairments in taste and smell?
A. 80%
B. 60%
C. 40%
D. 20%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
70. Impairments in taste and smell in older adults can sometimes lead to _____.
A. obesity
B. alcoholism
C. malnutrition
D. excessive gum chewing
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
71. In adulthood, the prevalence of sleep problems begins to increase around age ____ years, but increases substantially again after age ____ years.
A. 10; 30
B. 20; 40
C. 40; 60
D. 60; 80
Learning Objective: 12.5
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
72. From middle adulthood to late adulthood, the amount of sleep people needs ____.
A. declines slightly
B. declines sharply
C. increases slightly
D. increases sharply
Learning Objective: 12.5
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
73. In late adulthood, the amount of time spent in Stage 1, the lightest sleep, ____, and time in the deepest sleep of Stage 4 and REM sleep ____.
A. increases; decreases
B. decreases; increases
C. remains the same; decreases
D. decreases; remains the same
Learning Objective: 12.5
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
74. Which of the following best describes sleep changes during late adulthood?
A. With age, most people come to prefer an earlier bedtime as well as an earlier wakeup time.
B. With age, most people come to prefer a later bedtime as well as a later wakeup time.
C. With age, most people come to prefer an earlier bedtime and a later wakeup time.
D. With age, most people come to prefer a later bedtime and an earlier wakeup time.
Learning Objective: 12.5
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
75. In one study comparing adults over age 65 to younger adults, most of the older adults and virtually none of the younger adults described themselves as feeling healthiest and most alert ____.
A. ‘definitely late at night’
B. ‘definitely midday’
C. ‘definitely evenings’
D. ‘definitely mornings’
Learning Objective: 12.5
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
76. ____ is a sleep disorder in which breathing actually stops for 10 seconds or more numerous times in the course of a typical night, as the air passage to the lungs closes, resulting in a sudden loud snore as the airway opens again and the sleeper awakens.
A. Sleep apnoea
B. Narcolepsy
C. Insomnia
D. Sleepwalking
Learning Objective: 12.5
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
77. Which of the following are correlating factors to sleep apnoea?
A. Obesity and heavy alcohol use
B. Anaemia and high levels of stress
C. A hyperactive central nervous system and low calcium levels
D. High exposure to sun and iron deficiencies
Learning Objective: 12.5
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
78. Sleep apnoea is _____.
A. substantially more common in men than among women
B. substantially more common in women than among men
C. slightly more common in men than among women
D. slightly more common in women than among men
Learning Objective: 12.5
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
79. What type of sleep decreases with age?
A. Alpha stage
B. Stage 1
C. Stage 3
D. REM
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
80. What is an especially common sleep problem of late adulthood, affecting more than half of persons over age 65 years?
A. Narcolepsy
B. Sleep apnoea
C. Insomnia
D. Snoring
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
81. Your grandfather is having quite a bit of difficulty sleeping. Your grandmother told you that he sometimes stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer several times during the course of a typical night. What is the most common treatment for this difficulty?
A. Prescription medications
B. Alcohol prior to bedtime
C. Sleeping in a chair
D. A continuous positive airway pressure device
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
82. Several aspects of ageing in late adulthood contribute to sleep disturbances. For men, what leads to frequent urination and can disrupt sleep?
A. Atrophy of the bladder
B. Shrinkage of the urethra
C. Slowing of the digestive system
D. Enlargement of the prostate gland
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
83. What can enhance sleep for many older adults?
A. Taking naps during the day
B. Drinking alcohol before bedtime
C. Eating spicy foods
D. Regular exercise
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
84. Which of the following is one of the most common chronic health problems in late adulthood?
A. Jaundice
B. Arthritis
C. Diabetes
D. Macular degeneration
Learning Objective: 12.6
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
85. Which of the following is one of the most common chronic health problems in late adulthood?
A. Jaundice
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes
D. Macular degeneration
Learning Objective: 12.6
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
86. What is a disease of the joints that especially affects the hips, knees, neck, hands and lower back?
A. Osteoporosis
B. Jaundice
C. Macular degeneration
D. Arthritis
Learning Objective: 12.6
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
87. Why are women older than age 65 years in developed countries affected more by symptoms of arthritis than men?
A. Decreases in oestrogen levels
B. Unknown reasons
C. Testosterone reduces the likelihood of arthritis
D. Arthritis is carried on the X-chromosome
Learning Objective: 12.6
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
88. What percentage of adults over age 65 years in developed countries reports symptoms of arthritis?
A. 70%
B. 50%
C. 30%
D. 10%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
89. What is an increasingly common and routine treatment in developed countries for arthritis pain that occurs in the hip or knee?
A. Artificial joint
B. Aspirin
C. Marijuana
D. DSMO
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
90. Osteoporosis occurs as a result of a steep ____.
A. decline in oestrogen and is more prevalent in women
B. increase in oestrogen and is more prevalent in women
C. decline in testosterone and is more prevalent in men
D. increase in testosterone and is more prevalent in men
Learning Objective: 12.6
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
91. Approximately what proportion of women age 60 years in developed countries are affected by osteoporosis?
A. One-fourth
B. One-third
C. One-half
D. Two-third
Learning Objective: 12.6
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
92. Wiona is in late adulthood and was diagnosed with a disease in which she is susceptible to major bone breakage if she falls. Wiona most likely has which of the following diseases?
A. Osteoporosis
B. Jaundice
C. Macular degeneration
D. Arthritis
Learning Objective: 12.6
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
93. High blood pressure is also known as ____.
A. hypertension
B. hypotension
C. hydraulic tension
D. hydrostatic tension
Learning Objective: 12.6
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
94. The risk of osteoporosis increases sharply for women in midlife as a consequence of a steep ____.
A. reduction in oestrogen
B. increase in progesterone
C. decrease in bone density
D. increase in androgens
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
95. What percentage of adults over age 70 in New Zealand has hypertension?
A. 26.4%
B. 36.8%
C. 58.9%
D. 67.8%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
96. Your grandmother, who is 72, just found out that she has osteoporosis. Her birthday is coming up and you thought you would get her a gift that would also help her improve her bone density and perhaps reverse the progress of osteoporosis. What gift should you give her?
A. A heating pad
B. Weight-lifting equipment
C. A cane
D. Salt-bath solutions
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
97. What is the medical term for high blood pressure?
A. Hypertension
B. Arteriosclerosis
C. Atherosclerosis
D. Cardiovascular disease
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
98. A third common health problem of late adulthood is _________. What percent of individuals in the United States older than 65 years of age have this problem?
A. Macular degeneration; 50%
B. Chronic fatigue syndrome; 60%
C. Hypertension; 70%
D. Myasthenia Gravis; 80%
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
99. The vast difference in life expectancy between developed and developing countries is due primarily to differences in infant/child mortality and ____.
A. diet
B. the amount of exercise adults receive
C. the type of job opportunities available to adults
D. access to health care in late adulthood
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
100. What are the best ways to maintain good health in late adulthood? Eat a healthy diet, exercise regularly and avoid ____.
A. accidents
B. smoking
C. divorce
D. high blood pressure
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
101. Which of the following are three lifestyle practices that are discussed in the text that have a positive influence on health?
A. Healthcare and promotion, a healthy diet and healthy exercise
B. Cease smoking, use sunblock and avoid environmental teratogens
C. Health conscientiousness, a healthy community and a healthy spirit
D. Ageing gracefully, mental soundness and physical well-being
Learning Objective: 12.7
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
102. Eating a good diet is even more important in late adulthood than at earlier ages because it ____.
A. prevents cancer
B. decreases the likelihood of cardiovascular disease
C. slows down primary ageing
D. provides energy boosts
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
103. Calcium, zinc and vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D and E are considered _____.
A. micronutrients
B. macronutrients
C. physiological elements
D. biological compounds
Learning Objective: 12.7
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
104. During late adulthood, poor diets that are high in fat and sugars are related to ____.
A. obesity and cardiovascular disease
B. hypertension and jaundice
C. dementia and osteoporosis
D. diabetes and Alzheimer’s
Learning Objective: 12.7
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
105. Which of the following is consistent with the recommended level of aerobic exercise for individuals in late adulthood?
A. Walking at a rapid pace
B. Cardio kickboxing
C. Heavy strength training
D. Intense karate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
106. The risk of cardiovascular disease is higher in adults who are _____.
A. widows/widowers
B. sedentary
C. alcoholics
D. obese
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
107. Your 73-year-old uncle is quite obese and is afraid that he might have serious physical and medical difficulties as a result. What would be your advice? He should lose weight because obesity raises the risk of cancer by what percentage?
A. 10%
B. 30%
C. 50%
D. 70%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
108. Which country uses the most medical resources during late adulthood?
A. Australia
B. Czech Republic
C. Korea
D. Sweden
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
109. What type of exercise includes walking at a rapid pace, jogging or pedalling a stationary bike, and enhances the functioning of the respiratory, cardiovascular and digestive systems?
A. Eccentric
B. Agility
C. Aerobic
D. Strength
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
110. What type of exercise builds muscle and bone mass and promotes the functioning of the circulatory system?
A. Eccentric
B. Agility
C. Aerobic
D. Strength
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
111. In the United States, what percentage of older adults between the ages of 65 and 74 years never engages in vigorous exercise?
A. 85%
B. 70%
C. 55%
D. 40%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
112. What percentage of adults aged 65–74 never engages in vigorous exercise?
A. 65%
B. 75%
C. 85%
D. 95%
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
113. What behaviour has an astonishing range of damaging health effects, including causing cancer of the lungs, mouth, throat, oesophagus, larynx, bladder, kidney, cervix, pancreas and stomach? It causes cardiovascular disease and leads to heart attacks. It also causes strokes and causes vision, hearing, taste and smell to decline more quickly.
A. Overeating
B. Excessive drinking
C. Smoking
D. Lack of exercise
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
114. What percentage of the adult population in Australia smoked in the 1960?
A. 50%
B. 40%
C. 30%
D. 20%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
115. What percentage of the adult population in Australia smokes today?
A. 48%
B. 38%
C. 28%
D. 16%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
116. What term is used to describe the number of years in which individuals’ physical functioning is favourable enough for them to enjoy their lives and to perform most of their daily activities without impairment?
A. Favourable lifespan
B. Chronological lifespan
C. Active lifespan
D. Functional lifespan
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Physical development: health in late adulthood
Short
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
118. At what age are people considered to be part of the oldest–old group? Can you think of someone who does not meet this age criteria, but still fits the definition? Explain.
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 12.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
119. Why is the old-age dependency ratio (OADR) rising and thus becoming a problem for certain countries?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
120. Describe two eye problems that are more likely to develop as people age.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
121. Discuss one sleep problem that is due to physiological causes and one that is due to psychological causes.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
122. In which country is there a ‘New Old People’s movement?’ Explain the benefits.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: cultural beliefs about late adulthood
123. Melina’s grandmother has trouble hearing and she says to her mother, ‘I don’t know why she won’t wear hearing aids; you said she has the money and that you would take her to the doctor to get them.’ Explain two reasons why she might have a hearing impairment and at least one reason why she will not get hearing aids.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Physical development: physical changes
Section 2: Cognitive development
Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. What classic psychological experiment was used to evaluate selective attention?
A. Vision/auditory test
B. Dichotomous listening test
C. Selective attention test
D. Stroop test
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
2. The ability to keep track of more than one information source simultaneously is referred to as _____.
A. selective attention
B. divided attention
C. sustained attention
D. on-task attention
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
3. As ageing occurs, people’s ability to concentrate on a task for an extended period of time ____.
A. increases
B. remains constant
C. declines
D. improves
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
4. Which of the following best describes changes to attention and memory in late adulthood?
A. Decline to some degree
B. Decline to a vast degree
C. Increase to some degree
D. Increase to a vast degree
Learning Objective: 12.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
5. Which of the following best describes the type of attention where individuals must tune out irrelevant information?
A. Selective attention
B. Deprived attention
C. Divided attention
D. Sustained attention
Learning Objective: 12.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
6. The ____ is a classic psychology experiment in which people were asked to indicate the colour of a word flashing on a screen, but the word itself presents contrary information.
A. Stroop test
B. Myers-Briggs
C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
D. Q-sort
Learning Objective: 12.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
7. What type of attention is described as the ability to keep track of more than one information source simultaneously?
A. Selective attention
B. Deprived attention
C. Divided attention
D. Sustained attention
Learning Objective: 12.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
8. Which of the following is an example of when an individual must perform divided attention?
A. Driving a car while navigating with a map and carrying on a conversation
B. Using a blender while baking a cake
C. Painting a picture while passively listening to music
D. Planting a garden in the spring
Learning Objective: 12.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
9. What type of attention is described as when people are required to concentrate on a task for an extended period of time?
A. Selective attention
B. Deprived attention
C. Divided attention
D. Sustained attention
Learning Objective: 12.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
10. As ageing occurs, what happens to people’s ability to concentrate on a task for an extended period of time? In laboratory tests, older and younger adults were presented with a series of stimuli and were required to press a key only when they saw a particular pattern. Compared to younger adults, how did older adults do on this task? Older adults ____.
A. responded more quickly and made fewer errors
B. responded more slowly, but made fewer errors
C. responded more quickly, but made more errors
D. responded more slowly and made more errors
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
11. What type of memory is involved when an individual remembers how to perform a task or activity involving motor skills?
A. Task memory
B. Procedural memory
C. Instructional memory
D. Performance memory
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
12. Your grandmother used to play piano at her community organisation for many years. Lately, she has had some difficulty when she plays. She is having difficulty with what type of memory?
A. Task
B. Procedural
C. Instructional
D. Performance
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
13. Your grandfather works on the New York Times crossword puzzle every day. He has been very good at solving the puzzle and nearly always does. His ability to remember the meaning of words has shown no decline as he has aged, and really shows very little decline for most older adults. What type of memory is this?
A. Semantic memory
B. Procedural memory
C. Episodic memory
D. Lexical memory
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
14. What type of memory, which involves memory for information that is the current focus of a person’s attention, declines with age?
A. Semantic memory
B. Working memory
C. Episodic memory
D. Lexical memory
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
15. What is the feeling of knowing information that is in long-term memory, but being unable to retrieve it at the moment?
A. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
B. Stroop phenomenon
C. Gotcha memory
D. Forgetful memory
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
16. Your 83-year-old uncle has always been a very entertaining storyteller. In the past few years, he has been having difficulty remembering the names of people who are important for his stories. What difficulty is your uncle experiencing?
A. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
B. Stroop phenomenon
C. Gotcha memory
D. Forgetful memory
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
17. Older adults often believe that they can remember events of long ago with special clarity. Research has found that there are ____.
A. actual increases in episodic memory abilities
B. substantial declines in episodic memory
C. very few changes in episodic memory
D. few changes in older adult males and substantial changes in older adult females
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
18. You overheard your parents talking about your grandfather and his memory of his past. It seems that he remembers pleasant events very well, but often forgets unpleasant events entirely. What type of memory are your parents discussing?
A. Episodic memory
B. Procedural memory
C. Autobiographical memory
D. Working memory
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
19. In the course of late adulthood, people have increasing difficulty in remembering where they learned something or when an item was first used. What type of memory is this?
A. Source memory
B. Procedural memory
C. Autobiographical memory
D. Working memory
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
20. When older adults were shown a list of related items and then later shown another list and asked which of the items on the new list had been on the original list, older participants ____.
A. did not recognise any of the items from the old list
B. recognised all of the items from the old list
C. panicked and refused to participate any longer
D. were more likely to indicate that they recognised a word, even though it was not on the original list
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
21. What type of memory is involved in remembering how to perform tasks or activities involving motor skills, such as playing a musical instrument, typing on a keyboard or sewing a button?
A. Procedural memory
B. Long-term memory
C. Episodic memory
D. Sensory memory
Learning Objective: 12.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
22. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that individuals who are in late adulthood show ____ in procedural memory.
A. Little decline
B. Dramatic decline
C. Slight increase
D. Dramatic increase
Learning Objective: 12.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
23. Your grandmother describes countless recollections of her life such as her 16th birthday, the first time she drove a car, and the birth of her children. What type of memory is your grandmother using?
A. Procedural memories
B. Working memories
C. Autobiographical memories
D. Unconscious memories
Learning Objective: 12.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
24. Which of the following best describes working memory?
A. Memory for information that is currently the focus of your attention
B. Memories that are stored in the cerebral cortex
C. Memories that are below one’s level of awareness
D. Memories for simplistic motor skills that are stored in the cerebellum
Learning Objective: 12.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
25. Your grandfather explains to you how to use his new multifunctional phone. You ask him where he learned to use his new phone but he cannot recall. Trying his best, he can only tell you how it works. It is clear that your grandfather has limited ____.
A. source memory
B. episodic memory
C. working memory
D. procedural memory
Learning Objective: 12.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
26. Which of the following are examples of factors that influence secondary ageing?
A. Smoking, exercise and cognitive stimulation
B. Neurogenesis, maturation and cell death
C. White blood cells, red blood cells and capillaries
D. Decreased oestrogen, loss of bone density and nearsightedness
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
27. In late adulthood, the brain ____ and total brain mass ____.
A. shrinks; remains the same
B. enlarges; remains the same
C. enlarges; increases
D. shrinks; declines
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
28. In late adulthood, the brain shrinks and total brain mass declines, so that by age 80 years, most people have lost what percent of their peak brain mass?
A. 5%–10%
B. 15%–25%
C. 25%–45%
D. 45%–60%
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
29. Which of the following brain structures helps to transfer information into the long-term memory system?
A. Hippocampus
B. Cerebellum
C. Frontal lobe
D. Reticular formation
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
30. Samantha was diagnosed with Lyme disease and as a result has problems with balance and coordination. When she walks, it looks as if she is intoxicated, even though she does not drink alcohol. Which of the following structures is related to Samantha’s balance and coordination?
A. The hippocampus
B. The cerebellum
C. The brain stem
D. The corpus callosum
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
31. The cerebellum is ____, whereas the frontal lobes are ____.
A. responsible for planning and judgment; involved in balance and coordination
B. involved in balance and coordination; responsible for planning and judgment
C. responsible for auditory and visual processing; involved in sensory and motor skills
D. involved in sensory and motor skills; responsible for auditory and visual processing
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
32. By age 80 years, most people have lost what percentage of their peak brain mass?
A. 1% to 4%
B. 5% to 10%
C. 11% to 15%
D. 16% to 20%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
33. From age 30 to 70 years, the amount of space between the brain and the skull ____.
A. halves (decreases by 50%)
B. remains the same
C. triples (increases by 200%)
D. doubles (increases by 100%)
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
34. What brain structure influences the transfer of information to long-term memory?
A. Hippocampus
B. Cerebellum
C. Frontal lobes
D. Thalamus
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
35. According to the text, what brain structure is involved in balance and coordination?
A. Hippocampus
B. Cerebellum
C. Frontal lobes
D. Thalamus
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
36. What brain structure is responsible for planning and judgment?
A. Hippocampus
B. Cerebellum
C. Frontal lobes
D. Thalamus
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
37. Neurons are dying and being generated anew throughout life. What happens in late adulthood?
A. Many more neurons are being generated to assist with the loss of brain functioning.
B. There are slightly more neurons being generated to assist with the loss of brain functioning.
C. There are no changes in the number of neurons being generated.
D. More neurons die than are being generated.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
38. What can be done to lessen the decline and preserve brain functioning?
A. Take mega-doses of vitamins C and E.
B. Stay physically and cognitively active.
C. Drink red wine.
D. Enjoy life.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
39. What neurotransmitter, which is especially involved in the functioning of memory, declines in late adulthood?
A. Norepinephrine
B. Serotonin
C. Dopamine
D. Acetylcholine
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
40. What neurotransmitter, which is especially involved in movement and motor coordination, declines in late adulthood?
A. Norepinephrine
B. Serotonin
C. Dopamine
D. Acetylcholine
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
41. Your 74-year-old grandfather was recently diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. Initially, he will have difficulties with involuntary movement and motor coordination. One form of treatment is to provide medication that increases what neurotransmitter?
A. Norepinephrine
B. Serotonin
C. Dopamine
D. Acetylcholine
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
42. A condition that entails losses in cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily life is ____.
A. dementia
B. catastrophic illness
C. biological decrement
D. cognitive impairment
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
43. What is a condition that entails losses in cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily life?
A. Diabetes
B. Myopia
C. Jaundice
D. Dementia
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
44. Across developed countries, only ____ of persons in their 60s are afflicted with dementia, but the prevalence rises steeply after age 75 and reaches over ____ beyond age 85.
A. 1%–2%; 50%
B. 10%; 25%
C. 15%; 35%
D. 25%; 75%
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
45. As cited in your text, which of the following best describes why few people in India or Africa are affected by dementia?
A. Relatively few people live into late adulthood.
B. Their diets are primarily made of fish, which is high in the B vitamins.
C. They have lower levels of calcium in their diet.
D. There are less environmental teratogens, which are known to cause dementia.
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
46. Which of the following is the most common disease that causes dementia?
A. Alzheimer’s disease
B. Huntington’s disease
C. AIDS
D. Parkinson’s disease
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
47. What percentage of people in their 60s is afflicted with losses in cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily life?
A. 1%–2%
B. 4%–5%
C. 7%–8%
D. 10%–12%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
48. What percentage of people past age 85 is afflicted with losses in cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily life?
A. 30%
B. 40%
C. 50%
D. 60%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
49. Your 78-year-old grandmother is having difficulty with memories of her grandchildren, whom she dearly loves. She has difficulty with simple tasks that she has performed hundreds of times, such as remembering the route to the grocery store. She is also quite a bit different in her personality than she used to be. There are several types of dementia; what type is your grandmother most likely experiencing?
A. Alzheimer’s disease
B. Lou Gehrig’s disease
C. Huntington’s disease
D. A negative medical interaction effect
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
50. Fred was diagnosed with a disease that is characterised by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Which of the following diseases does Fred have?
A. Huntington’s disease
B. Parkinson’s disease
C. Korsakoff’s disease
D. Alzheimer’s disease
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
51. Amyloid plaques are an indicator of Alzheimer’s disease, and are best described as ____.
A. small deposits of iron and calcium in the brain
B. large areas of dead and low density neurons
C. deposits of proteins along with clumps of dead neurons
D. bundles of twisted neurons that are tangled with each other
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
52. Your great-uncle, who is 70 years old, was diagnosed 2 years ago with Alzheimer’s disease. What is his life expectancy?
A. 73 years
B. 78 years
C. 82 years
D. 86 years
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
53. Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are two of the main characteristics of what disease?
A. Hodgkin’s disease
B. Lou Gehrig’s disease
C. Huntington’s disease
D. Alzheimer’s disease
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
54. Early-onset Alzheimer’s, occurring before age 65, clearly has a genetic basis as it runs strongly in a family and accounts for ____ cases of this disease.
A. a relatively small portion of
B. a moderate portion of
C. a relatively large portion of
D. almost all
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
55. Which of the following is a gene that is suspected to be related to early-onset Alzheimer’s disease?
A. ApoE
B. XQ–28
C. UC–1
D. U–47
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
56. When is a 100% accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease possible?
A. After the first two symptoms have occurred
B. After a blood test has detected antibodies for the disease
C. After a brain biopsy
D. After an autopsy
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
57. A definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease can only be made by ____.
A. autopsy
B. biopsy
C. a urine test
D. a spinal tap
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
58. There is an early-onset form of Alzheimer’s in which the symptoms occur before age 65. This form of Alzheimer’s has a very strong genetic basis. What percentage of Alzheimer’s patients has early-onset Alzheimer’s?
A. 5%
B. 20%
C. 35%
D. 50%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
59. Many individuals in your family have difficulties associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Your parents just learned that there is a test to detect the presence of a gene that has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease and are interested in having lab work done to determine if they have that gene. What is that gene?
A. Ape-IV
B. ApoE
C. Alz-II
D. Alpo3
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
60. The Yoruba tribe in Nigeria has the same likelihood of carrying the gene for Alzheimer’s that individuals in the United States do, but they are less likely to experience Alzheimer’s disease. Why?
A. Their diet has low levels of fats and sugars.
B. They live in less polluted areas.
C. They are not exposed to urban crowding.
D. They do not live long enough to have difficulties with Alzheimer’s disease.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
61. Who has the highest rate of Alzheimer’s disease among American ethnic groups?
A. African Americans
B. Hispanic Americans
C. Native Americans
D. Asian Americans
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
62. Which of the following is described as a protective factor for the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Maintaining a high level of cognitive activity
B. Maintaining a high level of calcium
C. Avoiding environmental teratogens
D. Decreasing stress and anxiety
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
63. Your 82-year-old grandmother was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease 4 years ago. Your mother is very concerned about the potential of being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease herself. She has been an avid runner for many years and vigorously exercises at least five times a week for 20 to 30 minutes a day. What would you tell your mother?
A. Exercise surely will help, but there is no evidence that it does.
B. Do not worry too much, exercise has been shown to decrease the likelihood of Alzheimer’s disease.
C. For any benefit to accrue from exercise, she will also need to closely monitor her diet.
D. Very strenuous exercise actually increases the likelihood of experiencing Alzheimer’s disease.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
64. There is a strong negative association between Alzheimer’s risk and ____.
A. family income
B. number of siblings
C. educational level
D. weight
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
65. Cognitive activity in late adulthood appears to act as a kind of brain exercise, creating new dendritic connections and a ____, or a larger bank of neural pathways that can enable the brain to keep functioning well even as primary ageing of the brain continues.
A. cognitive reserve
B. cognitive pool
C. neurological savings account
D. neurological backup
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
66. Alzheimer’s disease ____.
A. has no known cure
B. is caused by malnutrition
C. can be prevented with a vaccine
D. can be cured with an antibiotic
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
67. Caregivers for patients with Alzheimer’s disease have a higher than normal rate of ____.
A. depression
B. anxiety
C. hypertension
D. diabetes
Learning Objective: 12.9
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
68. In terms of medical interventions for Alzheimer’s disease, current medications seek to limit the loss of ____.
A. norepinephrine
B. serotonin
C. dopamine
D. acetylcholine
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
69. Which of the following is the definition of wisdom?
A. Expertise in the conduct and meaning of life
B. An IQ score of 130 or greater
C. The mental process of knowing, such as awareness and perception
D. The growth of neurological pathways in the brain
Learning Objective: 12.10
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
70. As cited in the textbook, which of the following are components of wisdom?
A. Insight, knowledge, strategies, values and awareness
B. Metacognition, megacognition and metalinguistic awareness
C. Assimilation, accommodation, disequilibrium and formal operations
D. Morals, ethics, values and social responsibility
Learning Objective: 12.10
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
71. In many traditional cultures, village elders are known to have insight into human nature, knowledge of human social relations and emotions and they apply strategies from insight and knowledge to help with everyday life. It is clear that village elders possess ____.
A. wisdom
B. morals and values
C. low working memory
D. effective procedural memory
Learning Objective: 12.10
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
72. What did Baltes define as ‘expertise in the conduct and meaning of life’?
A. Ethics
B. Wisdom
C. Existentialism
D. Enlightenment
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
73. At what age is wisdom the most probable?
A. Emerging adulthood
B. Middle adulthood
C. Late adulthood
D. Wisdom is not related to age
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
74. Wisdom is positively correlated with _____.
A. family income
B. gender
C. educational level
D. age
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
75. In research using Baltes’ model to assess wisdom on adults of all ages, it was found that ____.
A. less than 10% of subjects were considered wise
B. roughly 25% of subjects were considered wise
C. 50% of subjects were considered wise
D. the great majority of subjects were considered wise
Learning Objective: 12.10
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
76. Which of the following is consistent with the research findings that used Baltes’ model to assess wisdom?
A. Wisdom is negatively correlated with educational levels
B. People who hold leadership positions are more likely to score lower in wisdom
C. Wisdom is generally unrelated to age
D. Wisdom correlates strongly with brain size
Learning Objective: 12.10
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
77. Which of the following individuals was an anthropologist who examined how wisdom is passed from one generation to another?
A. Margaret Mead
B. G. Stanley Hall
C. Quanah Parker
D. Charles Cooley
Learning Objective: 12.10
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
78. Who is likely to score highly on measures of wisdom?
A. People who have children
B. People in leadership positions
C. People who have no formal education
D. People who have little income
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
79. Willis and Schaie’s longitudinal study on cognitive performance allowed for the comparisons of participants ____.
A. to a larger mainstream group, who possessed similar characteristics
B. current performance on cognitive tasks to their performance years earlier
C. to others in various parts of the world and geographical locations
D. current performance to others who are at a different developmental stage
Learning Objective: 12.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
80. Willis and Schaie’s longitudinal study that utilised participants from the Seattle Longitudinal Study demonstrated that ____.
A. training sessions in spatial orientation and reasoning skills had long-term effects on cognitive performance
B. training sessions in fine and gross motor skills improved the physical health of subjects
C. aerobic exercise and moderate weight training improved muscle mass and increased bone density
D. cognitive functioning would deteriorate regardless of intervention
Learning Objective: 12.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
81. When assessed 7 years later, participants in Willis and Schaie’s longitudinal intervention study performed ____ on memory, reasoning and processing-speed tasks as compared to the control group.
A. slightly better
B. significantly better
C. slightly worse
D. significantly worse
Learning Objective: 12.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
82. Your grandparents have both been interested in solving puzzles, playing card games, watching educational television and reading books. How do these activities affect the primary ageing process?
A. They have no effect on primary ageing.
B. Since they interfere with physical activities, they actually quicken the primary ageing process.
C. They enhance mental abilities and slow cognitive decline.
D. They negatively impact primary ageing.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
83. According to Baltes and his colleagues, the most successful adaptation to declining physical and cognitive abilities in late adulthood involves ____.
A. maintaining a good family life
B. selective optimisation with compensation
C. trying to improve the skills that have declined the most
D. devices that allow for adjusting to the challenges of diminished strength and perception
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
84. According to Baltes and his colleagues, the most successful adaptation to declining physical and cognitive abilities in late adulthood involves ____ to promote cognitive functioning.
A. habituation and dishabituation to create equilibrium (HDE)
B. cognitive reserve to improve IQ scores (CRI)
C. mental images and language to improve cognitive functioning (MILCF)
D. selective optimisation with compensation (SOC)
Learning Objective: 12.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
85. Although keeping mentally and physically active slows the ageing process, decline eventually will take place due to primary ageing. Which intervention meant to slow some of the ageing processes includes selecting valued activities and dropping others, optimising performance in the remaining activities?
A. Selective organisation with withdrawal
B. Selective withdrawal
C. Selective optimisation with compensation
D. Selective overt manifestation of ageing
Learning Objective: 12.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
86. According to Baltes and his colleagues, the most successful adaptation to declining physical and cognitive abilities in late adulthood involves ____.
A. increasing one’s cognitive reserve to improve IQ scores by engaging in lifelong learning
B. using mental images in cognitive processing, increasing his or her language skills and nurturing cognitive functioning
C. habituation of one’s self to new environments, dishabituating one’s self to old environments and creating equilibrium in one’s worldview
D. selecting valued activities, optimising performance in the remaining activities and compensating for physical and cognitive declines
Learning Objective: 12.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
87. When renowned pianist Arthur Rubinstein was asked how he managed to maintain a reputation as one of the world’s top concert pianists even into late adulthood, he explained that he had reduced the range of pieces he played, practiced each of the remaining pieces more and learned to play very slowly just before beginning a fast passage, to make the contrast more effective since he could not play as fast as when he was younger. Arthur Rubinstein’s behaviours are an illustration of ____.
A. the SQ3R: survey, question, read, recite and review approach to adaption
B. the habituation, dishabituation and equilibrium approach to adaption
C. the selective optimisation with compensation method of adaption
D. the mental images paired with language skills approach to adaption
Learning Objective: 12.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
88. A person who begins to find large family gatherings overwhelming in late adulthood may choose to attend fewer of them so that they can enjoy the occasions more, and be sure to get extra rest before a gathering occurs. According to Baltes and his colleagues’ model for adaption for late adulthood, which of the following is closest to selection?
A. Choosing to attend fewer events
B. Enjoying each occasion more
C. Getting extra rest before a gathering
D. Feeling overwhelmed by large family events
Learning Objective: 12.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
89. A person who begins to find large family gatherings overwhelming in late adulthood may choose to attend fewer of them so that they can enjoy the occasions more, and be sure to get extra rest before a gathering occurs. According to Baltes and his colleagues’ model for adaption in late adulthood, which of the following is closest to compensation?
A. Choosing to attend fewer events
B. Enjoying each occasion more
C. Getting extra rest before a gathering
D. Feeling overwhelmed by large family events
Learning Objective: 12.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
90. A person who begins to find large family gatherings overwhelming in late adulthood may choose to attend fewer of them so that they can enjoy the occasions more, and be sure to get extra rest before a gathering occurs. According to Baltes and his colleagues’ model for adaption in late adulthood, which of the following is closest to optimisation?
A. Choosing to attend fewer events
B. Enjoying each occasion more
C. Getting extra rest before a gathering
D. Feeling overwhelmed by large family events
Learning Objective: 12.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
Short
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
92. Nancy recently lost her father, who suffered from Alzheimer’s the last several years of his life. She said she was going to do everything in her power to avoid the same fate. What are two measures that she can take to reduce the risk of developing this disease?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
93. How do researchers using Baltes’ model measure wisdom? Are there any shortcomings to this approach?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
94. What is one variable that has been found to predict wisdom?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
95. Explain what selective optimisation with compensation means. Give a specific example, perhaps imagining yourself in late adulthood.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: alternative views of cognitive development
Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
96. Although various aspects of memory decline in late adulthood, research has shown that the elderly do quite well when it comes to remembering certain events in their lives. Explain.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
97. Your friend, who you have not heard from in a while, calls and tells you that her grandmother has dementia. She goes on to say that the doctor said that her grandmother has Alzheimer’s, but she said, ‘I’m not worried. She doesn’t have Alzheimer’s, just dementia.’ Explain the inaccuracy of this comment and include information about the progression of the disease.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Cognitive development: cognitive changes in decline
Section 3: Emotional and social development
Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Mroczek (2001) asked over 2,700 people aged 25 to 74 years about their emotional status during the past 30 days. Mroczek found that positive emotions _____.
A. increased sharply during late adulthood
B. increased slightly during late adulthood
C. decreased slightly during late adulthood
D. decreased sharply during late adulthood
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
2. The majority of research on emotions and the self-concept of individuals in late adulthood have concluded that most individuals have a greater number of _____.
A. positive emotions and experience a more positive self-esteem
B. negative emotions and experience a low self-esteem
C. positive emotions and experience a low self-esteem
D. negative emotions and experience a high self-esteem
Learning Objective: 12.12
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
3. Girls and young women tend to have self-esteem issues and depressive symptoms more frequently than do boys and men. What happens in late adulthood?
A. Gender differences increase and older adult women are considerably more depressed than men.
B. Gender differences reverse, where older adult men are considerably more depressed than women.
C. Gender differences disappear.
D. Gender differences increase, but only in depression, not self-esteem.
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
4. From research on emotions in the self-concept of individuals during late adulthood, descriptors such as ‘cheerful’, ‘calm and peaceful’ and ‘in good spirits’ describe _____.
A. positive emotions
B. negative emotions
C. desirable emotions
D. undesirable emotions
Learning Objective: 12.12
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
5. Research on emotions and the self-concept of individuals during late adulthood has speculated that positive emotions and self-esteem tend to be high because older adults _____.
A. tend to be more accepting of their past and present selves
B. have a mature parietal lobe of the brain
C. have greater financial stability
D. have successfully completed an identity crisis
Learning Objective: 12.12
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
6. A longitudinal study (Smith & Freund, 2002) examined the ‘possible selves’ of Germans who were between 70 and 103 years old over a 4-year period and found that they _____.
A. had no goals for self-development
B. had very negative views of themselves
C. were satisfied with themselves
D. still had goals for self-development that they wanted to achieve
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
7. Which of the following diagnoses is most consistent between men and women during late adulthood compared to adolescence and early adulthood?
A. Paranoid schizophrenia
B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
C. Generalised anxiety disorder
D. Major depressive disorder
Learning Objective: 12.12
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
8. For both self-esteem and depressive symptoms, studies have consistently found that the gender differences that exist in earlier development _____.
A. slightly increase by late adulthood
B. dramatically increase by late adulthood
C. maintain themselves into adulthood
D. diminish or disappear by late adulthood
Learning Objective: 12.12
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
9. Erik Erikson, in his theory of the lifespan, proposed that late adulthood is when the central challenge is _____.
A. trust vs. mistrust
B. industry vs. inferiority
C. identity achievement vs. confusion
D. ego integrity vs. despair
Learning Objective: 12.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
10. An individual who is in late adulthood can be categorised into Erikson’s stage of _____.
A. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B. identity vs. role confusion
C. ego integrity vs. despair
D. intimacy vs. isolation
Learning Objective: 12.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
11. According to Erikson, an individual who experiences ego integrity has _____.
A. reflected upon his or her life and has accepted its outcomes
B. reflected upon his or her life and is experiencing regret in bitterness
C. developed a sense of mistrust for individuals in their life
D. feels as if he or she is not a productive member in society
Learning Objective: 12.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
12. According to Erikson, an individual who experiences ego despair has _______.
A. reflected upon his or her life and has accepted its outcomes
B. reflected upon his or her life and is experiencing regret and bitterness
C. developed a sense of mistrust for individuals in their life
D. feels as if he or she is not a productive member in society
Learning Objective: 12.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
13. According to Erikson, ego _____ involves looking back on one’s life and accepting the outcome of it; whereas ego _____ entails regrets and bitterness about the course of one’s life, and a conclusion that it has not gone well and now cannot be changed.
A. inferiority; mistrust
B. mistrust; inferiority
C. integrity; despair
D. despair; integrity
Learning Objective: 12.13
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
14. In asking Fred, who is in late adulthood, if he could go back to any age in his life and change anything, which age would it be? Fred replies that he is content, that his life has been good, and that he rather not change anything about it, even his mistakes. According to Erikson, it is clear that Fred possesses _________.
A. ego integrity
B. ego despair
C. ego contentment
D. ego mistrust
Learning Objective: 12.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
15. Erikson proposed that late adulthood is when the central challenge is _______.
A. identity vs. role confusion
B. intimacy vs. isolation
C. generativity vs. stagnation
D. integrity vs. despair
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
16. In a classic study (Neugarten; 1972, 1977), Americans in late adulthood were interviewed and the study revealed a variety of different paths of self-development. The most common was what she termed the ‘integrated personality’ in which the individual _______.
A. mourns becoming older
B. rejects becoming older
C. is ambivalent about becoming older
D. accepts becoming older
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
17. Your uncle, who is 82 years old, has very been having serious difficulties with his hearing. Although he does not want to get hearing aids, you know that if he does not get some help with his hearing, he is likely to become _________.
A. angry
B. depressed
C. frustrated
D. relieved
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
18. Which of the following is Laura Carstensen’s theory that proposes older adults maximise their emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective in their social contacts?
A. Psychosocial obligation theory
B. Psychosocial contractual theory
C. Socioemotional moratorium theory
D. Socioemotional selectivity theory
Learning Objective: 12.13
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
19. According to Carstensen and her colleagues, the goals that people have for their social relationships when they are younger are _________.
A. knowledge-based
B. emotions-based
C. task-based
D. conflict-based
Learning Objective: 12.13
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
20. According to Carstensen, the goals that people have for their social relationships when they are in late adulthood are _________.
A. knowledge-based
B. emotions-based
C. task-based
D. conflict-based
Learning Objective: 12.13
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
21. Older adults seek to maintain and develop relationships that are low in conflict and high in mutual enjoyment, and drop the rest. This is as also known as _________.
A. emotions-based social relationships
B. knowledge-based social relationships
C. task-based social relationships
D. people-based social relationships
Learning Objective: 12.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
22. Kathy, who is in late adulthood, has noticed that she no longer spends time with her former colleagues from work, but spends a great deal of time with people who she volunteers with at a local volunteer ambulance base. She finds that her friends who volunteer bring her a great degree of happiness and she has a lower degree of conflict, if any, with them. It is clear that Kathy has moved towards a(n) _________.
A. emotions-based social relationship
B. knowledge-based social relationship
C. task-based social relationship
D. people-based social relationship
Learning Objective: 12.13
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
23. Why is depression high in the early stages of dementia? Because _________.
A. changes in brain chemistry cause depression
B. the individual understands the incurable nature of their condition
C. going to physicians is a depressing activity for individuals in late adulthood
D. their family members generally talk about the disease constantly, which is depressing
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
24. Your grandfather has Alzheimer’s disease and your grandmother is the sole person taking care of him. She does not want outside help at this point. As a result, your grandmother is at risk for _________.
A. depression
B. also acquiring Alzheimer’s disease
C. exhaustion
D. memory loss
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
25. According to Carstensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults maximise their emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective in their _________.
A. entertainment choices
B. physical activities
C. social contacts
D. time commitment to family
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
26. According to Carstensen, how do older adults maximise their emotional well-being during older adulthood?
A. By increasing the number of social contacts
B. By limiting their social contact to family members exclusively
C. By withdrawing from all social contacts
D. By becoming increasingly selective in their social contacts
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
27. You have noticed that your 84-year-old great-grandmother has a much smaller set of friends than she used to have. You know that the same individuals who she used to be friends with are still living in the same neighbourhood. According to Cartensen, why is your grandmother not interacting with some of the people for whom she was a friend? Older adults tend to ________.
A. withdraw from friendships that are not rewarding
B. become more reclusive
C. not care about friends any longer
D. become increasingly nervous around other old people
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
28. According to Carstensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory, at younger ages the goals that people have for their social relationships are ________.
A. activity-based
B. emotion-based
C. knowledge-based
D. romance-based
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
29. According to Carstensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory, in late adulthood the goals that people have for their social relationships are ________.
A. activity-based
B. emotions-based
C. knowledge-based
D. romance-based
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
30. In a national American study (Ward, 2008), what percent of older adults had at least one child who they saw several times a week?
A. 46%
B. 58%
C. 70%
D. 82%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
31. In developed countries, what percentage of individuals in late adulthood has a grandchild who is at least 18 years old?
A. 10%
B. 30%
C. 50%
D. 70%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
32. What percent of individuals older than 65 years in developed countries have at least 1 grandchild who is at least 18 years old?
A. 30%
B. 40%
C. 50%
D. 60%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
33. In terms of assisting each other, children in the West provide more assistance when their parents reach late adulthood
A. but the balance of financial assistance still flows from parents to children.
B. which results in children providing considerably more financial assistance to their parents than the parents do for their children.
C. but their parents generally resent financial support.
D. which puts a serious strain on the relationship when adult children must financially support their late-adulthood parents.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
34. From a global perspective, which of the following best describes the living arrangements for most individuals who are in late adulthood and their children?
A. Parents and children live in separate households once children reach adulthood
B. Parents and children live in different towns or cities
C. Parents and children live in different homes but in the same town
D. Parents and children continue to live in the same household
Learning Objective: 12.14
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
35. In Asian countries, filial piety requires that adult children _____.
A. leave the town in which their late-adulthood parents live
B. provide their late-adulthood parents a financial stipend
C. provide care for their late-adulthood parents
D. make sure that their late-adulthood parents gain entrance into the best nursing homes
Learning Objective: 12.14
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
36. Tawanda is a typical Australian who is in the stage of late adulthood and has 3 children. Statistically speaking, one can assume that she speaks with at least one of her children _____.
A. several times a week
B. one hour a month
C. once a week
D. daily
Learning Objective: 12.14
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
37. Most people become grandparents for the first time in _______.
A. emerging adulthood
B. young adulthood
C. middle adulthood
D. late adulthood
Learning Objective: 12.14
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
38. According to Chan and Elder (2000), most grandchildren report being _________.
A. more emotionally close to their grandmother than their grandfather
B. more emotionally close to their grandfather than their grandmother
C. equally emotionally close to both their grandfather and grandmother
D. emotionally close to their grandfather and emotionally disconnected to their grandmother
Learning Objective: 12.14
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
39. In the West, parents in late adulthood reported that their children provided mainly what type of support?
A. Financial
B. Medical
C. Emotional
D. Transportation
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
40. In Eastern countries like China, Japan and India, the tradition is that older parents live with _______.
A. the oldest daughter
B. the youngest daughter
C. the eldest son
D. the youngest son
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
41. In Western countries, who consistently is more likely to provide care for elderly parents?
A. A son
B. A daughter
C. A geriatric nurse practitioner
D. An orderly in a nursing home
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
42. In developed countries, what percent of older adults have at least 1 grandchild who is 18 years old or older?
A. 90%
B. 70%
C. 50%
D. 30%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
43. If your relationship with your grandparents is like most people’s, what do your grandparents think about the relationship that they have with you? Their relationship with you is _____.
A. highly positive
B. relatively positive
C. relatively negative
D. highly negative
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
44. Due to the social welfare programs instituted in developed countries in the course of the 20th century, people over age 65 are now _____.
A. the most dependent segment of the population
B. the poorest segment of the population
C. the most affluent segment of the population
D. the least self-sufficient segment of the population
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
45. Your grandmother has been living alone for the past 14 years since your grandfather died. She is 86 years old and your parents have been discussing the possibility of having her come to live with them. How is your grandmother likely to feel about this option? She would prefer to live _____.
A. with a friend
B. alone and independently
C. with your parents, she is lonely
D. in a nursing home or other long-stay institution
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
46. What type of living facility for older adults has separate apartments for each person, but residents are provided with meals in a common dining area and are offered housekeeping services, transportation for shopping and medical appointments and access to social activities?
A. Assisted living
B. Nursing homes
C. Geriatric hospitals
D. Hospice
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
47. What type of living facility for older adults has separate apartments for each person, but residents are provided meals in a common dining area, are offered housekeeping services, transportation for shopping and medical appointments and access to social activities, but also offers extensive medical care and most residents are afflicted with dementia or other serious health problems?
A. Assisted living
B. Nursing homes
C. Geriatric hospitals
D. Hospice
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
48. In what countries are older adults more likely to live in nursing homes, assisting living or other institutional care facilities?
A. Japan and Korea
B. United States, Canada and northern Europe
C. Kenya, South Africa and Somalia
D. Denmark and Switzerland
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
49. In Denmark, a program to provide home services and an assisted living option to older adults results in a
A. 30% increase in the number of nursing home placements over 15 years.
B. 60% increase in the number of nursing home placements over 15 years.
C. 60% decrease in the number of nursing home placements over 15 years.
D. 30% decrease in the number of nursing home placements over 15 years.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
50. A century ago, the elderly were the ____ segment of the population; however, currently, in developed countries they are now the ____ segment.
A. poorest; most affluent
B. most affluent; poorest
C. most educated; least educated
D. least educated; most educated
Learning Objective: 12.15
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
51. In Western countries, most people in late adulthood would prefer to live _____.
A. in a group home rather than independently
B. in a nursing home rather than with their children
C. with their children rather than independently
D. independently rather than with their children
Learning Objective: 12.15
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
52. Which of the following countries has the lowest rate of those listed individuals in late adulthood who live, or share co-residents, with her adult children?
A. Denmark
B. Greece
C. Italy
D. Spain
Learning Objective: 12.15
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
53. In a study comparing the living arrangements of older adults in 43 countries, rates of living with children were highest in _____.
A. Africa
B. North America
C. Asia
D. Australia
Learning Objective: 12.15
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
54. In the Scandinavian countries of Northern Europe such as Denmark, Netherlands and Sweden, about ____ of older adults lived with a child.
A. 5%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 85%
Learning Objective: 12.15
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
55. Co-residence of older adults and adult children in Southern European countries such as Greece, Italy and Spain is about ___.
A. 5%
B. 25%
C. 45%
D. 85%
Learning Objective: 12.15
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
56. ____ facilities have separate apartments for each person, but residents are provided with meals in a common dining area, housekeeping services, transportation for shopping and medical appointments and social activities, whereas ____ provide all of these services as well as extensive medical care, and most residents are afflicted with dementia or other serious health problems.
A. Assisted living; nursing homes
B. Nursing home; assisted living facilities
C. Group home; community homes
D. Community home; group homes
Learning Objective: 12.15
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
57. ____ facilities have separate apartments for each person, but residents are provided with meals in a common dining area, housekeeping services, transportation for shopping and medical appointments and social activities, and most residents are semi-independent without dementia or serious health problems.
A. Assisted living
B. Nursing home
C. Group home
D. Community home
Learning Objective: 12.15
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
58. ____ provide meals, housekeeping, transportation and social activities for their residents, as well as extensive medical care, and most residents are afflicted with dementia or other serious health problems.
A. Assisted living facilities
B. Nursing homes
C. Group homes
D. Community homes
Learning Objective: 12.15
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
59. Which of the following best describes the sentiments of most Asian countries in regards to placing an elderly parent in a nursing home or assisted living facility?
A. It is something shameful and should be avoided if possible.
B. It is of little controversy because it is common practice.
C. Most families look forward to placing parents in these facilities.
D. It is not shameful because it is mandated by the government.
Learning Objective: 12.15
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
60. Your roommate is from China. He was discussing his home life with you, and part of that discussion centred around his grandparents, who are in late adulthood. Most likely, where do his grandparents live?
A. In a state-sponsored assisted living centre
B. In a state-sponsored nursing home
C. With his parents
D. With your grandparents’ sister
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
61. In general, marital satisfaction tends to be the highest during _____.
A. young adulthood
B. early adulthood
C. late adulthood
D. quarterly adulthood
Learning Objective: 12.16
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
62. Clarence and Wiona have been married for 50 years and have a peaceful and tranquil relationship, with high marital satisfaction. As compared to a younger married couple, which of the following is most likely a characteristic that fosters their higher marital satisfaction?
A. They are both retired and have more time to enjoy joint leisure activities.
B. They both have slow to warm up temperament styles that match well with each other.
C. They both have insecure attachments with each other and their children.
D. They both keep their religious and political views to themselves, to avoid conflict.
Learning Objective: 12.16
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
63. In general, it is during this stage that marriage is the strongest and happiest:
A. the second year of marriage
B. childrearing
C. the first year after divorce
D. late adulthood
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
64. At what age group did Cherlin (2009) and Jose and Alfons (2007) find the highest marital satisfaction?
A. Emerging adulthood
B. Young adulthood
C. Middle adulthood
D. Late adulthood
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
65. What percent of divorces take place after individuals are 65 years of age or older in the United States and Canada?
A. 1%
B. 11%
C. 21%
D. 31%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
66. Your uncle died 9 years ago and since that time, your 78-year-old aunt has developed a relationship, and for the past 3 years has had a boyfriend. They are thinking about taking their relationship to the next level. What is that likely to be?
A. Getting married and sharing a household
B. Cohabitating
C. Getting married, but not living together
D. Moving into an assisted living centre
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
67. During late adulthood, after the death of a spouse, men are more likely to become depressed and take longer to recover from the loss. Of the following, which one is cited in the text as a reason that contributes to this?
A. Most men have difficult temperaments, which do not match well with the loss of a loved one.
B. Men tend to be inexperienced in expressing and coping with emotions such as loss.
C. Most men tend to have insecure attachments with people they are close to, and this makes them prone to depression.
D. Men have fewer friends than women do and fewer close family relations, so they have less social support.
Learning Objective: 12.16
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
68. Which of the following is the largest predictive value of whether or not an individual in late adulthood is sexually active?
A. Whether or not they have a partner
B. Whether or not they have a strong libido
C. Whether or not they have high testosterone levels
D. Whether or not they are physically fit
Learning Objective: 12.16
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
69. What are the two most important considerations when examining sexual activity in late adulthood?
A. Physical attractiveness and if their spouse is still alive
B. If their spouse is alive and if they are healthy
C. Physical health and physical attractiveness
D. Religious orientation and physical health
Learning Objective: 12.16
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
70. In a recent New Zealand survey of adults ages 40–70, ____ of men reported occasional erectile problems.
A. 15%
B. 37%
C. 42%
D. 68%
Learning Objective: 12.16
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
71. Sexual activity in late adulthood depends on the individual’s _____.
A. health
B. wealth
C. imagination
D. leisure time
Learning Objective: 12.16
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
72. About ____ of people in France still work.
A. 2%
B. 6%
C. 13%
D. 19%
Learning Objective: 12.17
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
73. In developed countries, the median age of retirement is _____.
A. 55 to 58
B. 60 to 63
C. 65 to 72
D. 72 to 73
Learning Objective: 12.17
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
74. In men, testosterone levels decrease by what percent between the ages of 40 and 70 years?
A. 22%
B. 33%
C. 44%
D. 55%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
75. In a national survey of adults in their 60s, what percent of men reported erectile problems?
A. 90%
B. 70%
C. 60%
D. 50%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
76. Which of the following occurs most often during late adulthood?
A. Sexual intercourse
B. Hugging and kissing
C. Sexual touching or caressing
D. Self-stimulation
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
77. For nearly all of human history, people have worked until they _________.
A. retired
B. could simply no longer work
C. died
D. had grandchildren
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
78. Currently, what percent of men aged 65 years and older continue to work in the United States?
A. 9%
B. 19%
C. 29%
D. 39%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
79. Currently, what percent of men aged 65 years and older continue to work in Japan?
A. 21%
B. 31%
C. 41%
D. 51%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
80. Your 65-year-old grandfather has been retired for nearly 20 years. He says that he is the happiest that he has ever been, which seems to be true from your observations. What type of job did he have when he was employed?
A. A manual labour job
B. A high-status job
C. An hourly clerk job
D. A job in sales
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
81. What percent of American workers aged 55 years and older said that the only reason they continued to work was for the money?
A. 33%
B. 44%
C. 55%
D. 66%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
82. When a person retires, what is the most likely scenario with regard to work?
A. They completely stop working altogether.
B. They reduce the number of hours they work or take another less-demanding job before fully retiring.
C. They find another job, but work the same number of hours.
D. They are usually forced to retire or are fired.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
83. About ____ of people in Germany still work past age 65.
A. 2%
B. 6%
C. 13%
D. 19%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.17
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
84. About ____ of people in Canada still work past age 65.
A. 2%
B. 6%
C. 13%
D. 19%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
85. In developing countries, what percentage of women past age 85 years are widows?
A. 90%
B. 80%
C. 70%
D. 60%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
86. Walter is 66 years old and was forced to retire due to the financial hardships of his company. He knew that if he did not retire, he could have been laid off. He was not prepared to retire and would rather be working. Walter is not prepared financially, emotionally or psychologically. Based upon statistics, what percent of retirees share similar sentiments to Walter?
A. 5%
B. 15%
C. 25%
D. 45%
Learning Objective: 12.17
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
87. Which of the following is an example similar to the activities of the Exploritas program?
A. Studying architecture in London, seals in Antarctica, or ancient art in Greece
B. Exploring uncharted territory such as the Amazon rainforest, the forests of New Guinea and the deserts of North Africa.
C. Climbing large mountain peaks such as K2, Denali and Mount Everest
D. Black bear hunting in the Appalachian Mountains and trout fishing in Alaska of the United States
Learning Objective: 12.18
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
88. As amount of time spent working declines in late adulthood, older adults spend a lot more time ______.
A. engaged in reminiscing about the ‘good-old days’
B. alone and unhappy
C. looking for part-time work
D. pursuing leisure activities
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
89. What percentage of people in their 60s do volunteer work?
A. 60%
B. 50%
C. 40%
D. 30%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
90. What percentage of older adult Americans attends religious services weekly?
A. 10% to 20%
B. 20% to 30%
C. 30% to 40%
D. 40% to 50%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
91. Which of the following is a common organisation for older adults to be involved in?
A. Book clubs
B. Religious congregations
C. Political action groups
D. All of the above
Learning Objective: 12.18
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
92. Community service and civic engagement are very important for all adults including older adults. What percent of old–old and oldest–old adults engage in volunteer work?
A. 10%
B. 15%
C. 20%
D. 25%
Learning Objective: 12.18
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
93. Various surveys report that ____ of Americans over age 65 attend religious services occasionally.
A. 25%
B. 35%
C. 45%
D. 55%
Learning Objective: 12.18
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
94. During late adulthood, across cultures and countries, ____ are more religious than ____, in both beliefs and practices.
A. men; women
B. women; men
C. those who are married; individuals who are single
D. individuals who are single; those who are married
Learning Objective: 12.18
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
95. It seems like whenever you visit your grandparents, they are watching television. Is this unusual? What percent of older adult Australian’s leisure time is spent watching audio and visual media?
A. 20%
B. 50%
C. 60%
D. 80%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
96. Medical practitioners in a variety of developed countries are now advocating the use of the Internet and electronic devices to enhance communication between health providers and patients, especially older adults. What is the name of this program?
A. Elder care
B. E-health
C. Medical Bridge
D. Doctor Talk
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
Short
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
98. Are there sex differences between the West and East in the care of ageing parents? Explain.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
99. Coping with the loss of a spouse is difficult, but it seems especially hard for men. Explain why using two research findings.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.16
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
100. Your 70-year-old mother, who is in good health, tells you that she gets bored, especially during the long, cold winters. When you suggest that she volunteer, she says, ‘I don’t want to be tied down with any commitments.’ What arguments could you make that volunteering is well worth the investment?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
101. A selection effect is a possible explanation for the finding that people become more religious with age. Explain this rationale.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 12.18
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood
Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
102. What theory proposes that the relationships of younger adults are knowledge-based, whereas those of late adulthood are more emotions-based? Explain.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: emotional and self-development
103. Describe ethnic and cultural differences in rates of institutional care for ageing parents.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 12.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of late adulthood