Verified Test Bank Sex Hormones And Human Sexuality Ch.5

Chapter 5 | Sex Hormones and Human Sexuality

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What provide(s) a connection between the nervous system and the reproductive system?
   1. Fibroids
   2. Hormones
   3. The spinal cord
   4. Neurotransmitters
2. Why is the word “hormone” misleading?
   1. The word “hormone” is derived from the Greek word meaning “male needs,” but we now know that hormones are expressed by both males and females.
   2. The word “hormone” is derived from the Greek word meaning “to grow,” but we now know that hormones also affect our bodies in other ways as well.
   3. The word “hormone” is derived from the Greek word meaning “to arouse,” but we now know that hormones are related to many other functions in addition to arousal.
   4. The word “hormone” is derived from the Greek word meaning “in the body,” but we now know that hormones originated in the brain.
3. What is uniquely true of all endocrine organs?
   1. They all release sex hormones.
   2. They all release hormones.
   3. They all release chemicals.
   4. They are all affected by hormones.
4. Which of the following is NOT a hormone associated with sexual development, reproduction, and/or behaviour?
   1. Progesterone
   2. Testosterone
   3. Estradiol
   4. Prolactin
5. In both men and women, what must be produced before estrogens can be synthesized?
   1. Cortisol
   2. Aldosterone
   3. Androgens
   4. Corticosterone
6. The “HPG axis” is an abbreviation for __________.
   1. hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
   2. humoral-pituitary-glandular axis
   3. hypothalamic-parietal-gonadal axis
   4. humoral-parietal-gonadal axis
7. A hormone is considered a sex hormone if it has which of the following characteristics?
   1. If the amount produced differs between males and females
   2. If it is essential for reproduction
   3. If it is only produced by one of the two sexes
   4. If it plays a role in sexual maturity and reproduction
8. A surge of which sex hormone triggers ovulation by rupturing the follicle that contains an ovum?
   1. The luteinizing hormone
   2. The follicle-stimulating hormone
   3. Estrogen
   4. Progesterone
9. Which hormones are gonadotropic?
   1. The luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
   2. The luteinizing hormone, androgens, and estrogens
   3. Estrogens and progestogens
   4. Androgens, estrogens, and progestogens
10. Reproductive cycles begin at which point in the life cycle?
    1. During fetal development
    2. At birth
    3. At puberty
    4. At about age 18
11. When during her cycle does a woman produce the most luteinizing hormone?
    1. Just prior to menstruation
    2. During menstruation
    3. After ovulation
    4. During ovulation
12. Which sex hormone causes the maturation of an egg?
    1. Estrogen
    2. The luteinizing hormone
    3. The follicle-stimulating hormone
    4. Progesterone
13. In the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, which sex hormone increases the complexity of the endometrium?
    1. Progesterone
    2. Estrogen
    3. Androgen
    4. The luteinizing hormone
14. __________ may be strongly linked with libido and desire in males, and their insufficiency may cause a decrease in sexual desire in females.
    1. Progestogens
    2. Androgens
    3. The luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
    4. Estrogens
15. What is the role of the luteinizing hormone in creating sperm?
    1. It stimulates the testes which them produce sperm.
    2. It stimulates the pituitary and the pituitary produces testosterone, which then triggers sperm production.
    3. It binds to cells in the testes, causing them to secrete testosterone, which stimulates the production of sperm.
    4. It stimulates the production of the follicle-stimulating hormone, which binds to cells in the testes causing them to produce testosterone, which then results in the production of sperm.
16. In both sexes, what physical changes occur at puberty due to increased levels of estrogens?
    1. Cessation of the growth of the long bones
    2. Growth of pubic and axillary hair
    3. Increase in fat tissue
    4. Increase in muscle mass
17. What is the humans’ main sex organ?
    1. The uterus in females and the testes in males
    2. The brain in females and the testes in males
    3. The ovaries in females and the penis in males
    4. The brain in both males and females
18. Changes to the __________, due to exposure to specific hormones prior to birth, leads to male/female differentiation in the brain after birth.
    1. hypothalamus
    2. cerebral cortex
    3. pituitary gland
    4. thalamus
19. If a male is born with XY chromosomes but without a penis, the child is most likely to have a happy outcome if the parents do which of the following?
    1. Raise the child as a male.
    2. Raise the child as a female.
    3. Do not decide the child’s gender for the child.
    4. Raise the child as asexual, discouraging the adoption of either male or female tendencies.
20. In men and women, where are androgen and estrogen receptors located?
    1. They are distributed throughout the brain.
    2. They are located in the hypothalamus.
    3. They are located in the gonads.
    4. They are dispersed throughout the body.
21. Subjective sexual arousal in men and women is influenced by which hormones?
    1. The luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
    2. Androgens and estrogens
    3. Androgens
    4. Estrogens
22. The administration of which hormones have been used to treat sexual dysfunction in both men and women?
    1. Androgens
    2. Estrogens
    3. The luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
    4. Progestogens
23. What happens to a developing embryo if the SRY gene is not switched on?
    1. Ovaries will develop.
    2. The indifferent gonads will remain ambiguous.
    3. Testes will develop.
    4. Secondary sexual characteristics will not develop in males.
24. In some regions of North Eastern Africa, why is circumcision performed?
    1. Because of the belief that the foreskin is unclean
    2. Because of the belief that to be male is to endure pain
    3. Because of the belief that all children are born part male and part female and the foreskin is the female part on an otherwise male child
    4. To differentiate sexually mature males from sexually immature males
25. In some regions of North Eastern Africa, why is the clitoris is removed?
    1. Because of the belief that women should not experience sexual pleasure
    2. Because of a belief that a female is born with some male parts that need to be removed for her to be fully female
    3. In preparation for the pain of childbirth
    4. To show that a female is ready for marriage
26. Increases in vasopressin is related to which of the following?
    1. Increased aggression
    2. Decreased aggression
    3. Increased affiliation
    4. Increased lactation
27. Gail recently had a baby and finds herself feeling a sense of peace and happiness while breastfeeding her son. This is likely a result of which hormone?
    1. Estrogen
    2. Oxytocin
    3. Vasopressin
    4. Progesterone
28. Prolactin-secreting tumours can lead to which of the following?
    1. An increase in multiple births
    2. An increase in sexual desire
    3. Low sperm count
    4. Decreased testicle size
29. In humans, where are pheromones primary produced?
    1. Apocrine glands
    2. External genital area
    3. Pituitary gland
    4. Thyroid gland
30. Researchers have repeatedly found that women prefer the smell of a t-shirt worn by what kind of man?
    1. A physically strong man
    2. A man who is genetically similar to them
    3. A man who is genetically different from them
    4. A man who produces more testosterone
31. Max’s pituitary gland is releasing too much prolactin. What is Max is most likely experiencing?
    1. Low libido
    2. High sex drive
    3. Increased sperm production
    4. Increase in breast tissue
32. An example of an endocrine organ is __________.
    1. a testis
    2. the liver
    3. the heart
    4. the penis
33. What do the testes and the brain have in common?
    1. They are located in a similar part of the body.
    2. They are made from similar cells.
    3. They don’t grow or change with age.
    4. They are both endocrine organs.
34. Hormones are released into __________.
    1. the synapses
    2. the blood
    3. the muscles
    4. the spinal cord
35. All of the following are hormones linked to sexual behaviour or development EXCEPT __________.
    1. insulin
    2. estradiol
    3. vasopressin
    4. testosterone
36. If a hormone level is too low, a feedback signal will tell the __________ to produce more.
    1. liver
    2. endocrine organs
    3. brain
    4. kidneys
37. In which season are women MOST likely to become pregnant?
    1. Spring
    2. Summer
    3. Fall
    4. Winter
38. In which season are women LEAST likely to become pregnant?
    1. Spring
    2. Summer
    3. Fall
    4. Winter
39. There are __________ common patterns for the development and regulation of the reproductive cycles in humans.
    1. five
    2. two
    3. three
    4. four
40. Polly’s reproductive cycles will begin to develop at __________.
    1. birth
    2. age eight
    3. puberty
    4. adulthood
41. The menstrual cycle involves the buildup and shedding of the __________.
    1. endometrium
    2. ova
    3. follicles
    4. uterus
42. Estrogen has stimulated the growth of Ursula’s uterine line. Ursula is in the __________ phase of her menstrual cycle.
    1. luteal
    2. follicular
    3. premenstrual
    4. menses
43. Which of the following phases occurs before ovulation during the menstrual cycle?
    1. The follicular phase
    2. The luteal phase
    3. The premenstrual phase
    4. The menses phase
44. Which phase of the menstrual cycle is MOST closely associated with increased progesterone?
    1. Menses
    2. Follicular phase
    3. Secretory phase
    4. Dormant phase
45. Days 0 through 7 of the menstrual cycle comprise __________.
    1. Menses
    2. The luteal phase
    3. The follicular phase
    4. The secretory phase
46. Estrogen levels rise rapidly during the __________ phase of the menstrual cycle.
    1. menses
    2. proliferative
    3. secretory
    4. premenstrual
47. The luteinizing hormone levels are highest during __________.
    1. menses
    2. the luteal phase
    3. ovulation
    4. pregnancy
48. Which area of the brain is extremely sensitive to hormones during gestational development?
    1. The hypothalamus
    2. The cerebellum
    3. The reticular formation
    4. The lateral geniculate nucleus
49. Some researchers have suggested that variations in sexual orientation may result from different exposures to __________ during a critical developmental period of the sexual brain.
    1. genes
    2. hormones
    3. behaviours
    4. social norms
50. Max was born female but is a transgender man. Before he began receiving gender-affirming hormones, his hormone levels would have been similar to __________.
    1. a straight woman
    2. a gay man
    3. a lesbian
    4. a transgender woman
51. The sense of sexuality is the result of __________.
    1. nature alone
    2. nurture alone
    3. a combination of nature and nurture
    4. either nature or nurture — it depends on the person
52. Chris has an XX chromosome pattern and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Chris will MOST likely identify as __________.
    1. female
    2. male
    3. transsexual
    4. bisexual
53. Where in a man’s body can estrogen receptors be found?
    1. In the testes only
    2. In the breast tissue only
    3. Throughout the body
    4. In the brain only
54. Where in a woman’s body can testosterone receptors be found?
    1. In the ovaries only
    2. In the breast tissue only
    3. Throughout the body
    4. In the brain only
55. Which of the following hormones can increase genital sexual arousal in both men and women?
    1. Testosterone
    2. Estrogen
    3. Progesterone
    4. Oxytocin
56. Marg is a menopausal woman. What hormone can she take to improve vaginal wall thickness and elasticity, lubrication, and vasocongestion?
    1. Testosterone
    2. Progesterone
    3. Oxytocin
    4. Estradiol
57. Low levels of which hormone are sometimes found to be linked to low sexual desire in women?
    1. Androgens
    2. Progesterone
    3. Oxytocin
    4. Vasopressin
58. Which hormone is the major androgen in humans?
    1. Progesterone
    2. Estradiol
    3. Testosterone
    4. Oxytocin
59. Mark and Tina are both receiving the same hormone therapy to treat low levels of sexual desire. What does this therapy most likely consist of?
    1. Progesterone
    2. Oxytocin
    3. Androgens
    4. Estrogen
60. Sexual activity increases levels of which hormone in women?
    1. Testosterone
    2. Estrogen
    3. Progesterone
    4. Vasopressin
61. Amy and Megan are travelling the world together. They are extremely close friends but do not have a sexual relationship with each other. Which hormone level is MOST likely to increase as a result of this intimate relationship?
    1. Estrogen
    2. Progesterone
    3. Estradiol
    4. Testosterone
62. In women, sexual arousal leads to a decrease in __________.
    1. Cortisol
    2. Androgens
    3. Estrogen
    4. Progesterone
63. Ella has just started a new sexual relationship. As a result of sexual activity, Ella is producing more __________.
    1. Cortisol
    2. Estradiol
    3. Oxytocin
    4. Vasopressin
64. Greg is taking part in an experiment where he is being asked to imagine sexual activity. What hormone changes will the researchers likely detect in Greg’s blood as a result of this experiment?
    1. An increase in testosterone
    2. A decrease in vasopressin
    3. An increase in cortisol
    4. A decrease in estrogen
65. Cora is looking forward to having sex with her boyfriend tonight. Her anticipation is likely resulting in an increase in which hormone?
    1. Estrogen
    2. Progesterone
    3. Testosterone
    4. Oxytocin
66. Michael is viewing pornography as part of an experiment. Which hormone’s level is likely to increase in his bloodstream as a result of the experiment?
    1. Testosterone
    2. Estrogen
    3. Vasopressin
    4. Cortisol
67. Alice is viewing pornography as a part of an experiment. Which hormone’s level is likely to increase in her bloodstream as a result of the experiment?
    1. Estradiol
    2. Testosterone
    3. Estrogen
    4. Progesterone
68. Which hormone is strongly related to childbirth and lactation?
    1. Estrogen
    2. Progesterone
    3. Oxytocin
    4. Cortisol
69. Maria has just had a baby and is breastfeeding. What hormone’s level will likely be high in her bloodstream?
    1. Oxytocin
    2. Progesterone
    3. Estrogen
    4. Cortisol
70. The higher the level of __________, the greater the level of maternal care in animals.
    1. Oxytocin
    2. Progesterone
    3. Estrogen
    4. Cortisol
71. Which hormone is linked to both cardiovascular regulation and social/sexual functions?
    1. Oxytocin
    2. Vasopressin
    3. Cortisol
    4. Progesterone
72. Which hormone seems to amplify the sense of physiological arousal in women?
    1. Oxytocin
    2. Estrogen
    3. Androgens
    4. Cortisol
73. Which hormone may be responsible for the sense of contentment a woman feels after an orgasm?
    1. Estrogen
    2. Oxytocin
    3. Vasopressin
    4. The luteinizing hormone
74. Helen has just had an orgasm and feels very content. This is most likely because her orgasm led to the release of __________.
    1. progesterone
    2. estrogen
    3. estradiol
    4. oxytocin
75. Which hormone may help people overcome their natural avoidance of being in close proximity to others?
    1. Oxytocin
    2. Progesterone
    3. Cortisol
    4. Vasopressin
76. In an experiment, Talia was administered a hormone, shown images of faces, and asked to rate each face on attractiveness and trustworthiness. She rated faces as more trustworthy than did Ali, who was not administered a hormone before seeing the images. What hormone was Talia most likely administered?
    1. Progesterone
    2. Oxytocin
    3. Estradiol
    4. Vasopressin
77. All of the following have been linked to the feeling of “being in love,” EXCEPT __________,
    1. estrogen
    2. dopamine
    3. oxytocin
    4. vasopressin
78. What do the apocrine glands produce?
    1. Estrogen
    2. Testosterone
    3. Pheromones
    4. Cortisol
79. Dr. Meyer is studying pheromones in humans and needs to collect sweat samples from study participants. Which area of the human body would NOT provide samples containing pheromones?
    1. Area under the breasts
    2. Armpits
    3. Pubic area
    4. Area behind the ears
80. All of the following are categories of pheromones, EXCEPT __________.
    1. food source
    2. territorial
    3. sexual
    4. maternal-infant
81. Some researchers believe that being able to detect someone’s __________ may provide an important survival benefit.
    1. estrogen
    2. major histocompatibility complex compounds
    3. the luteinizing hormone
    4. testosterone
82. Marsha just had a hot flash. She is most likely experiencing __________.
    1. menopause
    2. perimenopause
    3. premenstrual syndrome
    4. ovulation
83. Once menstruation has not occurred for __________ months, a woman is considered to be menopausal.
    1. 6
    2. 9
    3. 12
    4. 15
84. The decline in libido that occurs in perimenopause and menopause is linked to a decline in __________.
    1. estradiol
    2. vasopressin
    3. progesterone
    4. oxytocin
85. Low levels of __________ may produce low libido in post-menopausal women.
    1. estradiol and testosterone
    2. testosterone and progesterone
    3. progesterone and oxytocin
    4. oxytocin and estradiol
86. Androgen therapy to increase libido would be most effective for a woman who __________.
    1. has never been pregnant
    2. has had ovaries removed
    3. has had more than four children
    4. began menstruating before the age of 13
87. Maggie is menopausal and has low libido. She is considering whether androgen therapy will help her. Her doctor says there is a good chance it will because __________.
    1. Maggie has never been pregnant
    2. Maggie had her ovaries removed
    3. Maggie had a tubal ligation
    4. Maggie had a Caesarean section
88. Andropause is caused by a decline in __________.
    1. cortisol
    2. pheromones
    3. testosterone
    4. vasopressin
89. All of the following changes are related to reduced testosterone levels in older men, EXCEPT __________.
    1. breast development
    2. loss of muscle mass
    3. hair loss
    4. increased visceral fat
90. What percentage of older men experience sexual problems that last for more than six months?
    1. 7%
    2. 17%
    3. 27%
    4. 37%

Short Answer Questions

1. The word “hormone” is derived from the Greek word meaning to “__________” or “excite”.
2. A part of the body that releases hormones is known as a(n) __________ organ.
3. Hormones are regulated by __________ __________ that indicate the difference between the actual level of a hormone and the expected level of that hormone.
4. In XY embryos, male characteristics begin to develop when the __________ gene “switches on.”
5. Sexual arousal decreases the amount of the stress hormone __________.
6. The hormone best known for its involvement in fluid balance and cardiovascular and autonomic regulation is __________.
7. The period of time when a woman’s hormone levels wax and wane is referred to as the __________ period.
8. The main regions in the brain that are associated with hormone production are the pituitary and the __________.
9. A woman’s body prepares for the implantation of an egg during the __________ phase of her menstrual cycle.
10. Estrogen levels vary across the menstrual cycle and are at their highest level during __________.
11. After ovulation, in the luteal phase, __________ increases the complexity of the endometrium.
12. Paul has congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Paul’s sex chromosomes are __________ .
13. Another term for “sex drive” is “__________.”
14. Bonding is associated with the hormone __________.
15. Pheromones are produced by the __________ glands.
16. MHC stands for __________ __________ __________.
17. After 12 months without menstruation, a woman is considered __________.
18. Women with low sexual desire response best to androgen therapy if they have previously had their __________ removed.
19. Allen’s testes produce no hormones. Allen has __________.
20. A syndrome in men characterized by low libido, increased visceral fat, decreased energy, and increased irritability is referred to as __________.

Essay Questions

1. Compare and contrast the roles of the luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in reproduction in males and females
2. Discuss the research evidence related to the interaction between hormones and mood in women.
3. Compare the views on the origin of sexual identity in Western cultures and in the cultures of regions of northeastern (Sahel) Africa.
4. Explain how pheromones are produced and describe two ways in which pheromones from one person are thought to affect the behaviour or physiological processes in another individual.