Verified Test Bank Sensation And Perception Ch4

Student name:__________

1) Anthony returns home from work. When he opens the front door of his house, he detects a strong smell of gas. He suspects that his gas pipe is leaking. Anthony is able to smell the gas in his house because of the activation of his olfactory receptors through the process of

A) homogenization.
B) sensation.
C) accommodation.
D) adaptation.

2) The activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy is known as

A) perception.
B) sensation.
C) integration.
D) interpretation.

3) Divya and Melissa go to a restaurant. They decide to try something they have not eaten before and order chicken sandwiches with sriracha sauce. Both Divya and Melissa find it difficult to eat the sandwiches as they feel the sandwiches are too spicy. Which of the following processes help them identify the spicy taste?

A) adaptation
B) acculturation
C) sensation
D) homogenization

4) The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain is known as

A) perception.
B) sensation.
C) activation.
D) stimulation.

5) Which of the following statements is true of perception?

A) It generally precedes sensation.
B) It is a synonym of sensation.
C) It refers to the activation of the sense organs.
D) It involves the interpretation and analysis of stimuli.

6) The study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them is known as

A) developmental psychology.
B) thermodynamics.
C) psychophysics.
D) experimental psychology.

7) Dr. Breiland examines the relationship between the physical properties of light, such as its amplitude and wavelength, and human perception of color. Which of the following terms most accurately describes Dr. Breiland's field of study?

A) developmental psychology
B) psychophysics
C) thermodynamics
D) experimental psychology

8) Which of the following defines an absolute threshold?

A) an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli
B) the smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected
C) the range of wavelengths that the human eye can detect
D) the smallest level of added stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred

9) Which of the following is technically the stimulus intensity that is detected 50 percent of the time?

A) a difference threshold
B) an absolute threshold
C) a heuristic
D) an algorithm

10) Under ideal circumstances, it is possible for someone to detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment. This is due to

A) absolute threshold.
B) difference threshold.
C) adaptation threshold.
D) psychophysical minimum.

11) According to psychophysicists, which of the following statements is true of noise?

A) It helps focus on multiple stimuli simultaneously.
B) It refers only to auditory stimuli.
C) It interferes with the perception of other stimuli.
D) It enables sensation at different discriminating levels.

12) The smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred is known as the

A) difference threshold.
B) absolute threshold.
C) adaptation threshold.
D) intensity threshold.

13) Jenny bakes a cake for her sister's birthday party and asks the guests how the cake tastes. They tell her that the cake is too sweet. Jenny realizes that she must reduce the amount of sugar she adds to the cake by at least half a cup the next time so that the guests will notice it is less sweet than the previous one. Which of the following concepts does this example most closely illustrate?

A) absolute threshold
B) difference threshold
C) adaptation
D) mutation

14) Weber's law states that a just noticeable difference is a

A) fixed value.
B) constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus.
C) variable proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus.
D) random value.

15) Acme Foods wants to make its chips saltier, but it doesn't want to spend more than it has to on salt. A sample of consumers are asked to compare its current chip (saltiness = 100) with saltier versions and to say whether the new version is saltier. On average, sample consumers reliably say the new chip is saltier when its saltiness value is 108, but not when its saltiness value is below 108. Assuming Acme Foods' sample consumers are representative of people in general, which of the following best represents the just noticeable difference for saltiness?

A) 8 percent
B) 108
C) 80percent
D) 100

16) ________ is a basic law of psychophysics stating that a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion to the intensity of an initial stimulus.

A) Fitt's law
B) Weber's law
C) Bloch's law
D) Hick's law

17) Which of the following laws would help explain why a person in a quiet room is more startled by the ringing of a telephone than a person who is already in a noisy room?

A) Fitt's law
B) Weber's law
C) Bloch's law
D) Hick's law

18) ________ is an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli.

A) Adaptation
B) Accommodation
C) Acclimation
D) Attenuation

19) "It's so noisy! How can you stand it?" remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave's ground floor apartment. "I don't even notice it anymore," Dave replies. This exchange best exemplifies the concept of

A) adaptation.
B) accommodation.
C) acclimation.
D) attenuation.

20) Daniel buys a new perfume at the local supermarket. The next morning, he decides to wear the perfume to work. When applying the perfume, he notices that it has a very strong scent. Within an hour of wearing it, he stops noticing the scent. This example best illustrates the concept of

A) reasoning.
B) adaptation.
C) functional fixedness.
D) confirmation bias.

21) Receptor cells are most responsive to changes in stimulation, constant stimulation is not effective in producing a sustained reaction. This explains why we can misplace our sunglasses that are sitting on top of our head. What is the reason for this?

A) It is difficult for us to remember everything that we have to.
B) Sensory nerve receptors are unable to fire off messages to the brain indefinitely.
C) The sensation of the glasses on our head has not reached the absolute threshold for touch.
D) The difference threshold for touch is not great enough.

22) Sensory adaptation takes place when

A) a person pays constant attention to a specific stimulus.
B) nerve receptors fire off messages to the brain indefinitely.
C) a person's frame of reference remains unchanged.
D) a person becomes accustomed to a stimulus.

23) In the context of what we see in our world, the range of wavelengths that humans can detect is called the

A) power spectrum.
B) mass spectrum.
C) frequency spectrum.
D) visual spectrum.

24) Which of the following statements is true of neurons?

A) They occupy a large percentage of the total eye.
B) They use light in the same form as it is received by the eye.
C) They serve as messengers to the brain.
D) They are found only in humans and other mammals.

25) Which of the following words is most nearly synonymous with the term refract?

A) bend
B) transmit
C) split
D) reflect

26) The transparent, protective window of the eye is known as the

A) retina.
B) pupil.
C) iris.
D) cornea.

27) The ________ bends light as it passes, playing a primary role in focusing the light more sharply.

A) cornea
B) pupil
C) iris
D) lens

28) The ________ is a dark hole in the center of the ________, the colored part of the eye.

A) pupil; iris
B) iris; pupil
C) cornea; lens
D) lens; cornea

29) Which of the following structural components of the eye changes its thickness during the process of accommodation?

A) the retina
B) the pupil
C) the lens
D) the cornea

30) Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light passes through the structures of the eye during vision?

A) pupil → cornea → lens → retina
B) pupil → lens → cornea → retina
C) cornea → lens → pupil → retina
D) cornea → pupil → lens → retina

31) The part of the eye that converts the electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain is known as the

A) retina.
B) fovea.
C) iris.
D) pupil

32) The ________ is a particularly sensitive region of the retina on which focused images are automatically centered.

A) cornea
B) fovea
C) iris
D) pupil

33) Which of the following statements is true of rods?

A) They are capable of reaching the maximum level of adaptation within seconds.
B) They are primarily responsible for the sharply focused perception of color.
C) They are highly sensitive to light.
D) They are part of the cornea.

34) Thin, cylindrical receptor cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to light are called

A) lenses.
B) pons.
C) rods.
D) cones.

35) ________ are light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for sharp focus and color perception, particularly in bright light, and are concentrated on the part of the retina called the fovea.

A) Lenses
B) Pons
C) Rods
D) Cones

36) Adelaide notices a flicker of motion out of the corner of her eye as she hurries down a dimly lit alley late at night. Sydney deciphers a complex wiring diagram under the bright glare of her desk lamp. Adelaide's vision is driven mainly by her ________. Sydney is mainly using her ________.

A) cones; cones as well
B) rods; rods as well
C) cones; rods
D) rods; cones

37) Which of the following is TRUE of cones?

A) They play a key role in night vision.
B) They are thin, cylindrical receptor cells that are highly sensitive to light.
C) They are primarily responsible for the sharply focused perception of color.
D) They play a key role in seeing objects that are outside the main center of focus.

38) The ________ play a key role in peripheral vision, seeing objects that are outside the main center of focus.

A) lenses
B) pons
C) rods
D) cones

39) Which of the following describes dark adaptation?

A) the process of adjusting to dim light after exposure to bright light
B) a medical condition in which people gradually lose their eyesight
C) the process of adjusting to bright light after exposure to dim light
D) a medical procedure through which the eyesight can be enhanced

40) Dexter is arrested and imprisoned for committing a murder. He is locked for a week in a dimly lit prison cell before being shifted to a cell with better lighting. When Dexter steps out of his dark prison cell, his eyes take a minute or two to adjust to the bright light outside his cell. Which of the following does this example best illustrate?

A) light adaptation
B) light accommodation
C) peripheral vision
D) visual agnosia

41) Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light stimulates cells early in the visual processing of an image?

A) bipolar cells → ganglion cells → rods and cones
B) bipolar cells → rods and cones → ganglion cells
C) ganglion cells → rods and cones → bipolar cells
D) rods and cones → bipolar cells → ganglion cells

42) ________ cells receive information directly from the rods and cones and communicate that information to the ________ cells.

A) Bipolar; ganglion
B) Dendritic; microglial
C) Adrenergic; peptidergic
D) Squamous; columnar

43) Which of the following do rods contain?

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) rhodopsin
D) glutamate

44) The ________ nerve is a bundle of ganglion axons that carry visual information to the brain.

A) cochlear
B) optic
C) lacrimal
D) phrenic

45) The point at which the optic nerves meet and then split is termed the optic

A) callosum.
B) fissure.
C) chiasm.
D) sulcus.

46) A major function of the ganglion cells is to

A) detect variations in light and darkness.
B) detect a variety of basic visual features, such as motion.
C) detect specific types of objects in the visual field.
D) integrate the activity of different neural systems for vision.

47) The ultimate processing of visual images takes place in the visual ________ of the brain.

A) callosum
B) thalamus
C) cortex
D) medulla

48) Which of the following psychologists won the Nobel Prize in 1981 for their discovery of feature detectors?

A) Raymond Cattell
B) Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer
C) Carl Jung
D) David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

49) ________ are specialized neurons that are activated only by visual stimuli having certain features, such as a particular shape or pattern.

A) Neurotransmitters
B) Endorphins
C) Olfactory receptors
D) Feature detectors

50) Which of the following statements is true of color blindness?

A) It enhances contrast sensitivity.
B) It has two forms: red-green and blue-yellow.
C) It results in the misalignment of the eyes.
D) It is more common among men than women.

51) In the most common form of color blindness

A) everything is seen in black and white.
B) blue and yellow cannot be distinguished.
C) all red and green objects appear yellow.
D) green objects appear red.

52) Sakura suffers from the most common form of color blindness. She has to prepare dinner for guests who will visit her later in the day. She goes to the supermarket to purchase groceries. Which of the following is Sakura most likely to do at the supermarket?

A) use a mobility aid to navigate through different sections
B) easily differentiate between green and yellow apples
C) perceive the vegetables to be black, gray, or white
D) pick yellow bell peppers instead of the red ones she wants

53) The ________ states that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths.

A) opponent-process theory
B) emission theory
C) trichromatic theory of color vision
D) visual perception theory

54) Identify an accurate statement about the trichromatic theory of color vision.

A) It states that perception of color is influenced by the relative strength with which each of the kinds of cones is activated.
B) It is also known as the opponent-process theory of color vision.
C) Its mechanisms operate both in the retina and at later stages of neuronal processing.
D) It was first proposed by Ewald Hering.

55) When does the phenomenon of an afterimage take place?

A) when sensory nerve receptors fail to pick up visual stimuli
B) when the lens focuses light by changing its own thickness
C) when retinal activity continues even after one stops looking at an image
D) when feature detectors fail to get activated by specialized neurons

56) According to the ________ of color vision, receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other.

A) opponent-process theory
B) emission theory
C) trichromatic theory of color vision
D) visual perception theory

57) Which of the following statements is true of the opponent-process theory of color vision?

A) It states that receptor cells for color are linked individually.
B) It provides a good explanation for afterimages.
C) It was first proposed by Thomas Young.
D) It is also known as the trichromatic theory of color vision.

58) Suppose you stare at an illustration of the American flag for a while, then glance at a blank white page. The red stripes look green when you glance at the blank page because

A) cones responsive to green light begin firing.
B) cones responsive to red light stop firing.
C) the receptor cells for the red component of the pairing become fatigued.
D) the receptor cells for the green component of the pairing begin to adapt.

59) The eardrum is a

A) part of the outer ear that vibrates when sound waves hit it.
B) thin membrane leading to the inner ear.
C) coiled tube in the inner ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound.
D) vibrating structure that runs through the center of the cochlea, dividing it into an upper chamber and a lower chamber and containing sense receptors for sound.

60) Which of the following is a true statement about the middle ear?

A) It contains the cochlea and the basilar membrane.
B) It acts as a reverse mega­phone, designed to collect and bring sounds into the internal portions of the ear.
C) It contains the hammer and the anvil.
D) It changes sound vibrations into a form in which they can be transmitted to the brain.

61) The cochlea is a

A) part of the outer ear that vibrates when sound waves hit it.
B) thin membrane leading to the inner ear.
C) coiled tube in the inner ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound.
D) vibrating structure that runs through the center of the cochlea, dividing it into an upper chamber and a lower chamber and containing sense receptors for sound.

62) Which of the following statements is true of the basilar membrane?

A) It vibrates when sound waves hit it.
B) It is a tube-like passage that leads to the eardrum.
C) It is located in the middle ear.
D) It divides the cochlea into an upper chamber and a lower chamber.

63) Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the structures of the inner ear from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and most specific?

A) cochlea → basilar membrane → hair cells
B) cochlea → hair cells → basilar membrane
C) basilar membrane → hair cells → cochlea
D) basilar membrane → cochlea → hair cells

64) Hair cells for hearing are located in the

A) eardrum.
B) cochlea.
C) auditory canal.
D) semicircular canals.

65) Identify a statement that is true about the inner ear.

A) It changes sound vibrations into a form in which they can be transmitted to the brain.
B) It contains the eardrum and the auditory canal.
C) It acts as a reverse mega­phone, designed to collect and bring sounds into the internal portions of the ear.
D) It acts as a tiny mechanical amplifier.

66) ________ is the number of wave cycles that occur in a second.

A) Amplitude
B) Wavelength
C) Frequency
D) Sound pressure

67) People can detect sounds ranging in frequency from ________ to ________.

A) 20 dB; 20,000 dB
B) 50 dB; 50,000 dB
C) 20 cycles per second; 20,000 cycles per second
D) 50 cycles per second; 50,000 cycles per second

68) ________ is a feature of wave patterns that allows us to distinguish between loud and soft sounds.

A) Amplitude
B) Wavelength
C) Frequency
D) Sound pressure

69) Amplitude range is measured in

A) decibels.
B) hertz.
C) sones.
D) phones.

70) The ________ states that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies.

A) place theory of hearing
B) proximal stimuli theory
C) frequency theory of hearing
D) wave theory

71) Which of the following statements is true of the basilar membrane?

A) It transfers vibrations into the middle ear.
B) It contains the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup.
C) It translates physical vibrations into nerve impulses.
D) The part of the basilar membrane nearest to the oval window is most sensitive to low-frequency sounds.

72) The ________ suggests that the entire basilar membrane acts as a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to a sound.

A) place theory of hearing
B) proximal stimuli theory
C) frequency theory of hearing
D) wave theory

73) Which of the following statements is TRUE about the place theory and the frequency theory?

A) Place theory and frequency theory explain our perception of high- but not low-frequency sounds.
B) Place theory and frequency theory explain our perception of low- but not high-frequency sounds.
C) Both place theory and frequency theory provide the full explanations for hearing.
D) Place theory accounts for the perception of high-frequency sounds; frequency theory explains our perception of low-frequency sounds.

74) Clara is a visually impaired person. She is invited to a friend's house for dinner. At her friend's house, Clara navigates the rooms by snapping her fingers, which helps her identify the location of objects in the rooms. This example best illustrates the technique of

A) rehearsal.
B) chunking.
C) echolocation.
D) accommodation.

75) The ________ consists of three tubes containing fluid that sloshes through them when the head moves, signaling rotational or angular movement to the brain.

A) oval window
B) auditory canal
C) Eustachian tube
D) semicircular canal

76) Which of the following ear structures is correctly paired with an auditory or body sense to which it is directly associated?

A) otoliths; body balance
B) semicircular canals; movement of the head
C) cochlea; acceleration of the body
D) eardrum; space sickness

77) Which of the following sequences correctly arranges structures from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and most specific?

A) inner ear → otoliths → semicircular canal
B) inner ear → semicircular canals → otoliths
C) otoliths → semicircular canals → inner ear
D) otoliths → inner ear → semicircular canals

78) Which of the following causes space sickness commonly experienced by two-thirds of all space travelers?

A) the inability to detect the range of frequencies of high-pitched sounds
B) the brain's inexperience in interpreting messages from the weightless otoliths
C) the vibration of the eardrum when sound waves hit it
D) the difference in sizes between the opening into the middle ear and the opening out of it

79) Olfactory cells are located

A) in the basilar membrane.
B) on the tongue.
C) in the nasal cavity.
D) on the retina.

80) Pheromones are described as

A) chemicals secreted by insects or mammals into the environment.
B) receptor neurons of the nose, which are spread across the nasal cavity.
C) tiny, motion-sensitive crystals present in the semicircular canals of the inner ear.
D) specialized neurons that are activated by visual stimuli.

81) Roast beef with a rich brown gravy is often described as a "savory" dish. The basic taste prominent in such a dish is

A) bitter.
B) salty.
C) umami.
D) sweet.

82) Which of the following is TRUE of "supertasters"?

A) They seek out relatively sweeter and fattier foods than nontasters.
B) They are prone to obesity.
C) They are relatively insensitive to taste.
D) They find sweets sweeter, cream creamier, and spicy dishes spicier.

83) Nerve receptor cells for the skin senses are

A) located at a uniform depth throughout the skin.
B) evenly distributed throughout the skin.
C) unevenly distributed throughout the skin.
D) not related to the sense of pressure.

84) Which of the following is the main reason for the fact that women experience pain more intensely than men?

A) Women produce certain hormones related to the menstrual cycle.
B) Women have more pain gates in the nervous system than men.
C) Women have more substance P than do men.
D) Women are encouraged by our culture to experience and express pain more intensely than men.

85) Which of the following statements is true of the gate-control theory of pain?

A) It states that particular nerve receptors in the spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain.
B) It is unsupported by research and is widely disputed.
C) It states that people are equally susceptible to pain, and pain is determined solely by nonbiological factors.
D) It was first proposed by Ewald Hering.

86) Whenever Mr. Redding catches himself saying, "This pain is ruining my life," he is supposed to immediately tell himself, "STOP! I am in control of my pain." This pain management technique is known as ________ restructuring.

A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive
C) neuroscience
D) personality

87) To manage Mrs. Sampson's excruciating pain, a low-voltage electric current is occasionally passed through her lower back, the affected body part. Which of the following pain management techniques is Mrs. Sampson using?

A) acupuncture
B) cognitive restructuring
C) biofeedback
D) nerve stimulation

88) How does light therapy work?

A) It passes an electric current through the part of the body that is affected by pain.
B) It stimulates nerve cells in the brain to provide direct pain relief.
C) It stimulates the production of healing enzymes.
D) It encourages the development of different thought patterns and beliefs.

89) ________ is a condition in which exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one.

A) Synesthesia
B) Polythesia
C) Multithesia
D) Hyperthesia

90) Which of the following alternatives is most accurate?

A) Synesthesia is rare. Exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one in most people with synesthesia.
B) Synesthesia is rare. Exposure to sound does not evoke different hues in most people with synesthesia.
C) Synesthesia is common. Senses work independently in most people with synesthesia.
D) Synesthesia is common. Perception is multimodal in most people with synesthesia.

91) ________ is series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

A) Gestalt laws of organization
B) Taylor's principles of scientific management
C) The neoclassical perspective
D) The bureaucratic theory

92) Kevin works in the facilities team of an organization. His supervisor asks him to rearrange the managers' cabins. Kevin places the desks in a specific location in the rooms. He also rearranges the files by placing binders of the same color together. This example best illustrates the Gestalt principle of

A) proximity.
B) similarity.
C) simplicity.
D) closure.

93) Consider the figure within parentheses: (XX XX XX). That we perceive three pairs of Xs reflects the Gestalt principle(s) of

A) symmetry.
B) proximity.
C) closure.
D) chromaticity.

94) Which of the following Gestalt laws is correctly defined?

A) similarity—the tendency to fill in small gaps in objects
B) simplicity—stimuli resembling one another tend to be grouped together
C) proximity—stimuli closer to one another tend to be grouped together
D) closure—stimuli are perceived in the most basic manner possible

95) Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to the role of Gestalt psychology in contemporary psychology?

A) The Gestalt influence has diminished over the years and is barely evident today.
B) Gestalt psychologists remain a major force in the psychology of perception.
C) Gestalt psychology no longer plays a prominent role, but the Gestalt psychologists' focus on the organization of perceptual elements remains influential.
D) Gestalt psychology is no longer a major school of thought, but the Gestalt psychologists' focus on bottom-up processing elements remains influential.

96) Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations is known as

A) horizontal processing.
B) bottom-up processing.
C) top-down processing.
D) diagonal processing.

97) Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole is known as

A) horizontal processing.
B) bottom-up processing.
C) top-down processing.
D) diagonal processing.

98) Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the relationship between top-down and bottom-up processing?

A) Some stimuli are processed in a bottom-up fashion, while others are processed in a top-down manner.
B) The contribution to perception of top-down processes is much smaller than researchers originally supposed.
C) Top-down processing permits us to process the fundamental characteristics of stimuli.
D) Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously in the perception of the world around us.

99) Which of the following defines depth perception?

A) the ability to use sound waves and echoes to determine where objects are
B) the ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance
C) the recognition that physical objects are consistent and do not vary
D) the tendency to weigh information that supports one's initial hypothesis heavily

100) The difference in the images seen by the left eye and the right eye is known as

A) fixation disparity.
B) stereopsis.
C) retinal slip.
D) binocular disparity.

101) Which of the following statements is true of motion parallax?

A) It is a monocular cue that provides the perception of movement.
B) It helps in perceiving sound wave disparity.
C) It provides information about distance because the details of things that are far away are less distinct.
D) It leads to the assumption that objects that make small images on the retina are farther away than objects that make large images.

102) ________ is the change in position of an object on the retina caused by movement of your body relative to the object.

A) Shadow stereopsis
B) Convergence
C) Motion parallax
D) Retinal disparity

103) Mark and Jacob are driving home on a college break. Mark is in the passenger seat. Bored, Mark gazes into the middle of an empty field. He notices that distant hilltops seem to move slowly in the same direction in which their car is moving; by contrast, mile markers on the side of the highway seem to whiz past them in the opposite direction. The difference in the apparent speed and direction of objects' motion serves as a depth cue termed motion

A) disparity.
B) parallax.
C) perspective.
D) gradient.

104) Ron and Varun are watching a science fiction movie in an IMAX movie theater. On the screen, they see a huge asteroid travel across the sky and finally crash into the Earth's surface. As they watch the asteroid move, both of them suddenly feel as if they are falling. This illusion illustrates the concept of

A) apparent movement.
B) divergent thinking.
C) convergent thinking.
D) binocular disparity.

105) George stands on the terrace of his two-story house. When he looks down from the terrace, he sees his car that is parked near the driveway. As he looks ahead, he notices another car of the same model parked on the side of the street. George knows that the car parked on the street is farther away than his car because the other car makes a smaller image on his retina than his car. This example best illustrates the monocular cue of

A) relative size.
B) linear perspective.
C) texture gradient.
D) motion parallax.

106) You are standing on the beach; the sea is choppy. You observe that the crests of distant waves appear less distinct than the crests of waves nearer the beach. This example illustrates a monocular cue known as

A) linear perspective.
B) relative size.
C) texture gradient.
D) binocular disparity.

107) At the beginning of a drawing class, the instructor suggests that an illusion of depth may be created in a two-dimensional picture by including parallel lines that converge at a vanishing point. Your instructor is making reference to a monocular depth cue known as

A) linear perspective.
B) linear parallax.
C) relative size.
D) texture gradient.

108) Which depth cue is correctly matched with a description?

A) motion parallax—more distant objects produce smaller images on the retina
B) texture gradient—change in the body's position produces change in an object's retinal position
C) relative size—details becomes less distinct with increasing distance
D) linear perspective—objects in the distance appear to converge

109) Which of the following defines perceptual constancy?

A) the recognition that physical objects are consistent and do not vary, even though our sensory input about them changes
B) a phenomenon in which the stimulation of one sensory system leads to an additional sensory response in a different sensory system
C) the tendency to think of an object only in terms of the way it is most frequently or typically used
D) a strategy in which a problem-solver considers the ultimate goal and determines the best strategy for attaining the goal

110) At night, the moon appears smaller when it is overhead than when it is on the horizon. This is an example of

A) perceptual constancy.
B) objective constancy.
C) virtual constancy.
D) direct constancy.

111) ________ are physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.

A) Tactile illusions.
B) Auditory illusions.
C) Gestalt illusions.
D) Visual illusions.

112) ________ refers to the perception of messages about which we have no awareness.

A) Direct perception
B) Extrasensory perception
C) Subliminal perception
D) Haptic perception

113) ________ refers to perception that does not involve our known senses.

A) Direct perception
B) Extrasensory perception
C) Subliminal perception
D) Haptic perception

114) Which of the following is a true statement about extrasensory perception?

A) It refers to the ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance.
B) It refers to the perception of messages about which we have no awareness.
C) It is rejected as nonexistent by a majority of Americans.
D) It is a phenomenon that lacks sound documentation.

115) Define sensation and perception. Discuss each of the senses and how researchers study sensation and perception.

116) Define and provide original examples from your own experience of an absolute threshold and a difference threshold.

117) Define what adaptation is with regard to sensation and perception. Provide an example of adaptation from either the text or your own experiences.

118) Distinguish between rods and cones with respect to both their structure and their function.

119) Review the processing of a visual image (a) prior to the retina; (b) from the retina to the cortex; and (c) within the cortex.

120) Distinguish between the trichromatic and opponent-process theories of color vision. Provide evidence in support of each theory.

121) What is sound? Describe the concepts of frequency and amplitude.

122) Briefly describe how the sense of smell works including the role receptors play. What is one form on chemical communication discussed in the text that operates via smell?

123) How does the sense of gustation or taste work? Briefly describe the role receptors play in this process. Identify the five categories of taste.

124) Fifty million Americans suffer from chronic pain. Describe three of the pain-management techniques mentioned in your text. Indicate the applications for which each technique is most appropriate.

125) Discuss top-down processing and bottom-up processing.

126) Briefly describe the Gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, and closure. Provide simple diagrams illustrating each of these principles.

127) Imagine that you have been asked to draw or paint either an interior scene or a landscape for an art class. Using specific examples, explain how you might use three of the monocular cues to depth perception described in the text to create an impression of three dimensions on the two-dimensional paper or canvas.

128) Explain the phenomenon of perceptual constancy with a suitable example.

129) Briefly explain subliminal perception.