Ch3 Neuroscience And Behavior Test Bank Answers

Student name:__________

1) Psychologists who specialize in considering the ways in which the biological structures and functions of the body affect behavior are known as

A) genetic psychologists.
B) biopsychologists.
C) evolutionary psychologists.
D) clinical neuropsychologists.

2) Alison has developed an interest in the ways in which the biological structures and functions of the body affect behavior. She will most likely become a(n)

A) genetic psychologist.
B) behavioral neuroscientist.
C) evolutionary psychologist.
D) clinical neuropsychologist.

3) The basic elements of the nervous system are called

A) dendrites.
B) terminal buttons.
C) neurons.
D) neurotransmitters.

4) As many as ________ neurons throughout the body are involved in the control of behavior.

A) 1 billion
B) 1 trillion
C) 5 million
D) 50 million

5) Neurons are physically held in place by

A) axons.
B) glial cells.
C) synapses.
D) terminal buttons.

6) Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of glial cells?

A) They nourish nerve cells.
B) They communicate messages within the nervous system.
C) They help repair damage that might occur to neurons.
D) They provide nourishment to neurons.

7) A cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons is called

A) axon.
B) terminal button.
C) glial fiber.
D) dendrite.

8) Compare your forearm, palm, wrist, and fingers to a neuron. In such an analogy, the dendrites would be your

A) forearm.
B) fingers.
C) wrist.
D) palm.

9) An axon is a

A) neuron's cell body.
B) cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron.
C) support cell in the nervous system.
D) long, slim, tube-like structure extending from a neuron.

10) Which of the following structures is especially important for carrying messages received by the dendrites to other neurons?

A) the myelin sheath
B) endorphins
C) axons
D) glial cells

11) Terminal buttons are found at the end of

A) synapses.
B) dendrites.
C) axons.
D) myelin cells.

12) Which of the following sequences correctly arranges nervous system structures from the most general to the most specific?

A) neuron—axon—terminal button
B) neuron—terminal button—axon
C) axon—terminal button—neuron
D) axon—neuron—terminal button

13) Dendrite is to axon what ________ is to ________.

A) receiving; sending
B) sending; receiving
C) reuptake; action potential
D) action potential; reuptake

14) Compare your forearm, palm, knuckles, and fingers to a neuron. In such an analogy, the axon would be your

A) forearm.
B) fingers.
C) palm.
D) knuckles.

15) Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the route followed by nerve impulses when one neuron communicates with another?

A) dendrite—axon—cell body
B) dendrite—cell body—axon
C) cell body—axon—dendrite
D) axon—dendrite—cell body

16) Electrical wires are generally protected by a tube of plastic. Similarly, most axons are insulated by a

A) myelin sheath.
B) glial cell.
C) dendrite.
D) synapse.

17) A ________ is a protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axon.

A) myelin sheath
B) neuron
C) terminal button
D) synapse

18) You cannot fire a gun softly, or flush a toilet halfway. Like an action potential, gun fire and a toilet's flush follow the ________ law.

A) incremental transformation
B) graded action
C) all-or-none
D) intensity of stimulus

19) The rule that neurons are either on or off is known as the ________ law.

A) intensity of stimulus
B) graded action
C) all-or-none
D) incremental transformational

20) The state in which there is a negative electrical charge of about -70 millivolts within a neuron is known as the ________ state.

A) triggering
B) terminal
C) optimum
D) resting

21) Regarding action potentials, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) As the impulse travels along the axon, the movement of ions causes a change in charge from positive to neutral in successive sections of the axon.
B) The action potential moves from one end of the axon to the other like a flame moving along a fuse.
C) After the impulse has passed through a particular section of the axon, negative ions are pumped out of that section, and its charge returns to positive while the action potential continues to move along the axon.
D) Just after an action potential has passed through a section of the axon, a neuron can fire again immediately if it receives appropriate stimulation.

22) As an action potential occurs, the neuron's electrical charge

A) changes from negative to neutral.
B) changes from positive to neutral.
C) changes from negative to positive.
D) changes from positive to negative.

23) ________ are specialized neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a particular behavior, but also when a person simply observes another individual carrying out the same behavior.

A) Pharyngeal motor neuron
B) Mirror neurons
C) Ventral cord motor neuron
D) Amphid neurons

24) Regarding mirror neurons, which of the following statements is ACCURATE?

A) Mirror neurons are involved in face recognition and language acquisition, but not in empathy.
B) Mirror neurons are involved in empathy and face recognition, but not in language acquisition.
C) Mirror neurons are involved in empathy, language acquisition, and mood swings.
D) Mirror neurons are involved in empathy, language acquisition, and speech perception.

25) A synapse is a

A) chemical.
B) signal.
C) joint.
D) gap.

26) A ________ is the space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages.

A) synapse
B) terminal button
C) dendrite
D) myelin sheath

27) Which of the following statements regarding inhibitory messages is TRUE?

A) Inhibitory messages always increase the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire.
B) Inhibitory messages decrease the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire.
C) The dendrites of a neuron cannot receive both excitatory and inhibitory messages simultaneously.
D) Inhibitory messages make it more likely that an action potential will travel down its axon.

28) The reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button is termed as

A) recycling.
B) reassertion.
C) reuptake.
D) reuse.

29) In the context of neurotransmitters, identify an accurate statement.

A) They carry messages within neurons.
B) Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
C) They are primarily responsible for breaking down mitochondria.
D) They have no effect on neuron behavior.

30) The neurotransmitter dopamine is involved in

A) the brain's effort to deal with a change in temperature.
B) the digestion of food.
C) the regulation of sleep, eating, mood, and pain.
D) movement, attention, and learning.

31) Which of the following neurotransmitters is correctly matched with one of its psychological functions?

A) acetylcholine and pain suppression
B) endorphins and movement control
C) dopamine and facilitation of learning
D) serotonin and contribution to memory

32) Which of the following disorders is correctly paired with an associated neurotransmitter?

A) Parkinson's disease and dopamine
B) Crohn's disease and acetylcholine
C) Turner syndrome and glutamate
D) Alzheimer's disease and endorphins

33) Inhibitory is to excitatory what ________ is to ________.

A) glutamate; GABA
B) glutamate; acetylcholine
C) GABA; glutamate
D) endorphins; GABA

34) Filip, aged 64, was recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's. His medical reports will most likely reveal the diminished production of

A) dopamine.
B) serotonin.
C) acetylcholine.
D) gamma-amino butyric acid.

35) Jack has lost his appetite, is unable to sleep, and experiences frequent mood swings. His condition can be attributed to the diminished production of the hormone

A) serotonin.
B) dopamine.
C) acetylcholine.
D) adrenaline.

36) Which expression below most closely approximates the number of neural connections in the human brain?

A) 10 quadrillion
B) 1 million
C) 1 billion
D) 1 trillion

37) The nervous system is divided into the ________ and the ________ nervous systems.

A) primary; secondary
B) somatic; autonomic
C) sympathetic; parasympathetic
D) central; peripheral

38) The brain and the spinal cord constitute the ________ nervous system.

A) central
B) peripheral
C) extraneous
D) parasympathetic

39) ________ is an automatic, involuntary response to an incoming stimulus.

A) Action potential
B) Intuition
C) Instinct
D) Reflex

40) The ________ is the primary means for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

A) hypothalamus
B) myelin sheath
C) axon
D) spinal cord

41) Which of the following is TRUE of the spinal cord's control of behavior?

A) The spinal cord cannot control any behaviors without the help of the brain.
B) The spinal cord is not involved in reflexes.
C) The spinal cord can control some simple reflexes without the brain's help.
D) The spinal cord can control relatively complex behavior without the brain's help.

42) The central nervous system is composed of ________. The peripheral nervous system comprises ________.

A) the somatic and autonomic nervous systems; the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
B) the somatic and autonomic nervous systems; the brain and the spinal cord
C) the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems; the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
D) the brain and the spinal cord; the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

43) Sensory is to motor what ________ is to ________.

A) efferent; afferent
B) afferent; efferent
C) somatic; autonomic
D) autonomic; somatic

44) ________ communicate information from the brain and nervous system to muscles and glands.

A) Sensory neurons
B) Interneurons
C) Motor neurons
D) Autoneurons

45) The two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the ________ and ________ divisions.

A) somatic; autonomic
B) sympathetic; parasympathetic
C) afferent; efferent
D) sensory; motor

46) Lena falls down a flight of stairs. The impact of the fall results in the loss of voluntary muscle movement below her neck. Which of the following conditions is Lena suffering from?

A) salmonella
B) Turner syndrome
C) quadriplegia
D) Crohn's disease

47) ________ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs.

A) Somatic division
B) Sympathetic division
C) Parasympathetic division
D) Autonomic division

48) Somatic is to autonomic what ________ is to ________.

A) involuntary; voluntary
B) voluntary; involuntary
C) sensory; motor
D) motor; sensory

49) Emily is about to cross a road when she sees a car speeding toward her. She immediately jumps out of the way and is able to avoid major injuries. Which of the following is a part of the peripheral nervous system to which Emily's reaction can be attributed?

A) the biofeedback division
B) the autonomic division
C) the spinal cord
D) the brain

50) The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations, engaging all the organism's resources to respond to a threat is known as the

A) somatic division.
B) sympathetic division.
C) parasympathetic division.
D) apathetic division.

51) The "fight-or-flight" response is associated with the ________ division.

A) somatic
B) sympathetic
C) parasympathetic
D) apathetic

52) The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to calm the body after an emergency has ended is known as the ________ division.

A) somatic
B) sympathetic
C) parasympathetic
D) apathetic

53) The ________ division also directs the body to store energy for use in emergencies.

A) somatic
B) sympathetic
C) parasympathetic
D) apathetic

54) Which of the following situations is most likely to involve the action of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A) Brooke's finger accidentally grazes the hot iron; she immediately jerks her hand away.
B) After mistaking her roommate for a thief, Callum relaxes after having a glass of water.
C) Walking toward her car in a deserted parking lot one night, Danica is surprised by a strange man appearing from nowhere.
D) Peyton is preparing to go to bed and is alarmed to see a stranger at her window.

55) With respect to its potential basis in nervous system activity, "voodoo death" has been attributed to

A) the overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
B) an overactive parasympathetic nervous system.
C) the cessation of sympathetic nervous system responses.
D) an understimulated central nervous system.

56) Izzy sees a leopard in her backyard. Her pupils are dilated and her heart is pounding; her breathing is shallow and rapid. Her ________ nervous system is active.

A) parasympathetic
B) sympathetic
C) apathetic
D) somatic

57) Which of the following terms best describes the organization of the nervous system today?

A) linear
B) recursive
C) hierarchical
D) random

58) Which of the following is defined as the branch of psychology that seeks to identify behavior patterns that are a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors?

A) industrial psychology
B) cognitive psychology
C) educational psychology
D) evolutionary psychology

59) Identify a new and increasingly influential field spawned by evolutionary psychologists.

A) forensic psychology
B) clinical psychology
C) physiological genetics
D) behavioral genetics

60) Which of the following terms is defined as the study of the effects of heredity on behavior?

A) behavioral genetics
B) physiological genetics
C) radiation genetics
D) clinical genetics

61) Paul is investigating the potential genetic basis of borderline personality disorder. He is doing so by examining the relative occurrence of the disorder among either identical or fraternal twins, who are raised either together or in different families. Paul is best described as a

A) behavioral geneticist.
B) clinical geneticist.
C) developmental geneticist.
D) physiological geneticist.

62) Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A) They operate entirely independently.
B) The endocrine system is part of the central nervous system.
C) The endocrine system influences and is influenced by the central nervous system.
D) The central nervous system is one part of the endocrine system.

63) Which of the following is a major component of the endocrine system that is a tiny gland found near—and regulated by—the hypothalamus in the brain?

A) adrenal gland
B) thyroid gland
C) reproductive gland
D) pituitary gland

64) Which of the following glands secretes hormones that control growth and other parts of the endocrine system?

A) adrenal gland
B) thyroid gland
C) parotid gland
D) pituitary gland

65) Nadia is unusually tall for her age. Her doctor suspects that she has an abnormality in one of her glands. Which of the following glands is responsible for Nadia's condition?

A) pituitary gland
B) esophageal gland
C) thyroid gland
D) pineal gland

66) The hormone testosterone

A) stimulates cuddling between species members.
B) helps develop trust in others.
C) produces an urge to nurse newborn offspring in new mothers.
D) adds muscle weight and increases strength.

67) Which of the following hormones produces an urge in new mothers to nurse newborn offspring?

A) corticotropin
B) gastrin
C) melatonin
D) oxytocin

68) Which of the following hormones is CORRECTLY matched with its function?

A) aldosterone—regulates daily rhythms
B) erythropoietin—regulates the sodium and potassium balance in the blood
C) adipokines—regulate the production of red blood cells
D) steroids—bulk up one's muscles

69) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding hormone replacement therapy as a treatment for menopausal symptoms?

A) It is used less frequently now than in the past.
B) It is the only treatment that does not have any side effects.
C) Its benefits outweigh its risks.
D) It has become increasingly popular.

70) Aarav, Liang's friend, is considering using steroids to increase muscle mass. Liang warns him that steroid abuse can lead to

A) violent, dangerous behavior.
B) Crohn's disease.
C) loss of eyesight.
D) type II diabetes.

71) Gabriel suffers from seizures. His doctor tells him that he needs to get a brain scan. Which of the following techniques is the doctor most likely to suggest?

A) electroencephalography (EEG)
B) electromyography (EMG)
C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) test
D) reticulocyte index (RI) test

72) Which brain-scanning technique below is CORRECTLY matched with its description?

A) EEG—records the brain's electrical activity with electrodes
B) PET—causes a momentary interruption of the brain's electrical activity
C) fMRI—traces biochemical activity in the brain
D) TMS—produces a graph of electrical wave patterns

73) Which of the following is a diagnostic use of the brain-scanning technique electroencephalography (EEG)?

A) It facilitates the diagnosis of epilepsy and learning disorders.
B) It facilities the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia.
C) It improves the diagnosis of strokes and multiple sclerosis.
D) It facilitates the diagnosis of nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

74) Brent takes part in an experiment in his university's cognitive neuroscience laboratory. He silently reads rapid sequences of words flashed on a computer screen. Simultaneously, the electrical activity of his brain is recorded through skull electrodes. The brain-scanning technique used in this study is

A) electromyography (EMG).
B) positron emission tomography (PET).
C) electroencephalography (EEG).
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

75) The newest brain-scanning technique which is popularly used is

A) PET.
B) EEG.
C) TMS.
D) fMRI.

76) Marisol is trying a new treatment for severe depression. Brief magnetic pulses are sent through her brain. Marisol is undergoing

A) optogenetic therapy.
B) transcranial magnetic stimulation.
C) positron emission tomography.
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging.

77) Emma, a professor, is describing an emerging method in the field of brain examination. This field involves genetic engineering and the use of special types of light to view individual circuits of neurons. Emma is most likely describing

A) optogenetics.
B) synaptic reflectance.
C) amniocentesis.
D) myelography.

78) Sofiya is learning about the human brain. Her teacher asks to her identify a part of the brain's central core. Which of the following should she choose?

A) cerebral cortex
B) cerebellum
C) medulla
D) spinal cord

79) Which of the following is a part of the hindbrain that monitors feedback from the muscles to coordinate their placement, movement, and tension?

A) cerebral cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) pons
D) cerebellum

80) The part of the brain closest to the spinal cord is the ________; it is important for functions such as ________.

A) hypothalamus; handling incoming and outgoing signals
B) cerebellum; heart rate and respiration
C) thalamus; regulating basic biological needs
D) medulla; heartbeat and breathing

81) Tamar is learning about the human brain. Her teacher asks her to identify the part of the brain that integrates movement between the left and right halves of the body. Which of the following should Tamar choose?

A) pituitary gland
B) reticular formation
C) pons
D) medulla

82) Which of the following parts of the brain controls bodily balance?

A) hypothalamus
B) pons
C) thalamus
D) cerebellum

83) Diego has been drinking. He has difficulty walking in a straight line. It is most likely that Diego's ________ is functioning poorly.

A) pituitary gland
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) medulla

84) Which of the following parts of the brain extends from the medulla through the pons and is made up of groups of nerve cells that can immediately activate other parts of the brain to produce general bodily arousal?

A) reticular formation
B) pituitary gland
C) cerebellum
D) pons

85) The thalamus may be likened to a(n)

A) amplifier.
B) receiver.
C) filter.
D) relay station.

86) Identify the part of the brain that is located in the middle of the central core and acts primarily to relay information about the senses.

A) thalamus
B) corpus callosum
C) reticular formation
D) amygdala

87) Which of the following parts of the brain maintains homeostasis and produces and regulates vital behavior such as eating, drinking, and sexual behavior?

A) thalamus
B) pons
C) amygdala
D) hypothalamus

88) Pizza! Beer! Sex! Our motivation or drive for such things is based on the activity of the brain region known as the

A) hypothalamus.
B) thalamus.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.

89) The ________ maintains a steady internal environment for the body.

A) thalamus
B) amygdala
C) hypothalamus
D) hippocampus

90) The ________ in the brain contributes to the body's maintenance of a steady internal physiological state called ________.

A) thalamus; homeostasis
B) hypothalamus; homeostasis
C) hippocampus; equilibrium
D) thalamus; equilibrium

91) The limbic system contains which of the following structures?

A) amygdala
B) pons
C) thalamus
D) corpus callosum

92) The structures of the ________ jointly control a variety of basic functions relating to emotions and self-preservation such as eating, aggression, and reproduction.

A) central core of the brain
B) endocrine system
C) limbic system
D) cerebral cortex

93) Santiago undergoes surgery to control his severe epilepsy. After the surgery, Santiago is unable to form new memories of his experiences, although he remembers past events. The surgery has most likely destroyed a portion of the ________ in Santiago's brain.

A) amygdala
B) hypothalamus
C) pons
D) hippocampus

94) The ________ is referred to as the "new brain."

A) hindbrain
B) limbic system
C) cerebral cortex
D) central core

95) Which of the following sequences correctly identifies the orders of the lobes of the cortex, from anterior to posterior?

A) frontal—temporal and parietal—posterior
B) occipital—temporal and parietal—frontal
C) frontal—occipital—temporal and parietal
D) frontal—temporal and parietal—occipital

96) Identify the lobe of the brain in which the motor area is located.

A) occipital lobe
B) frontal lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) limbic lobe

97) Which of the following areas is the part of the cerebral cortex that is largely responsible for the body's voluntary movement?

A) the sensory area
B) the auditory area
C) the motor area
D) the temporal area

98) In a neurophysiological investigation, a monkey makes an involuntary gesture when a portion of its brain is electrically stimulated. The area of the brain that was most likely stimulated is the

A) parietal lobe.
B) frontal lobe.
C) temporal lobe.
D) occipital lobe.

99) Which of the following areas is defined as the site in the brain of the tissue that corresponds to each of the senses, with the degree of sensitivity related to the amount of tissue?

A) the attribution area
B) the sensory area
C) broca's area
D) the motor area

100) Noah gets hit on the head while playing football. He sustains a serious head injury that results in hindered facial movements. The area of the brain affected by the injury is the

A) motor area.
B) somatosensory area.
C) visual area.
D) auditory association area.

101) The somatosensory area is to the auditory area what the ________ lobe is to the ________ lobe.

A) temporal; superior
B) limbic; occipital
C) superior; limbic
D) parietal; temporal

102) Which of the following regions is associated with the visual area in the cortex?

A) frontal lobe
B) occipital lobe
C) limbic lobe
D) superior lobe

103) The brain injury suffered by 19th-century railroad worker Phineas Gage allowed psychologists to learn about the functions of the brain's

A) association areas.
B) central core.
C) limbic system.
D) sensory areas.

104) The ________ areas are considered to be the site of higher mental processes such as thinking, language, memory, and speech.

A) sensory
B) attribution
C) motor
D) association

105) Lukas takes part in an experiment. He is subject to electrical brain stimulation. He reports to the researcher conducting the experiment that he hears clicks during the stimulation. The part of the brain that causes him to hear the sounds is known as the

A) attribution area.
B) auditory area.
C) association area.
D) assessment area.

106) Which of the following is an executive function that is controlled by the association areas of the cortex?

A) recalling information
B) setting goals
C) calculating expenses
D) speaking clearly

107) Violet had a road accident. The injuries sustained from the accident resulted in slow and labored speech. However, she can understand others' speech. Violet has

A) Broca's aphasia.
B) Wernicke's aphasia.
C) Crohn's disease.
D) Turner syndrome.

108) Warren suffers from Wernicke's aphasia. Which of the following difficulties will he experience?

A) Warren will experience an inability to recognize faces.
B) Warren will have difficulty recognizing objects visually.
C) Warren will have trouble producing fluent speech.
D) Warren will experience difficulty understanding language.

109) Which of the following terms is defined as the brain's ability to change throughout the life span through the addition of new neurons, new interconnections between neurons, and the reorganization of information-processing areas?

A) neurotransmission
B) neuroplasticity
C) neuropraxia
D) neuromutability

110) Kathem learns that new neurons are created in certain areas of the brain during adulthood. Each day, thousands of new neurons are created, especially in areas of the brain related to learning and memory. This process is known as

A) neurogenesis.
B) neuroadaptation.
C) neuroblastoma.
D) neuroencephalopathy.

111) Neurogenesis is especially evident in brain areas related to learning and memory. Based on this statement, it can be said that neurogenesis is particularly prevalent in the brain's

A) medulla.
B) pons.
C) hippocampus.
D) hypothalamus.

112) Which of the following is TRUE about the brain?

A) New research has confirmed that no new brain cells are created after childhood.
B) The interconnections between neurons become less complex throughout life.
C) Specific experience can modify the way in which information is processed.
D) The brain does not have the ability to shift functions to different locations in cases of surgery.

113) The use of stem cells in research and treatment remains controversial because stem cells come from

A) nonhuman species.
B) aborted fetuses.
C) genetic engineering in the laboratory.
D) paid adult donors.

114) Which of the following statements is most accurate in the context of lateralization of language?

A) It is most likely left-lateralized.
B) It is most likely right-lateralized.
C) The control of language is shared equally between the hemispheres.
D) The lateralization of language varies dramatically from one person to another.

115) Trevor is scratching his head, trying desperately to solve a verbal analogy as part of a standardized entrance examination; Sienna, meanwhile, is giving an oral presentation in a political science class. Of the brain's hemispheres, Trevor's ________ hemisphere is most active; Sienna's ________ hemisphere is most active.

A) right; right
B) left; left
C) right; left
D) left; right

116) Kate is a right-handed person. She has suffered damage to the right side of her brain. Which of the following processes is LEAST likely to be affected?

A) rearranging her living room furniture for aesthetic appeal
B) balancing her checkbook
C) reading that look on her boyfriend's face
D) enjoying a new, catchy song on the radio

117) Itsuki is a split-brain patient. He finds simple tasks such as choosing an outfit or taking a shower difficult. The part of Itsuki's brain that is most likely injured is

A) a bundle of fibers connecting the hemispheres of the brain.
B) a nerve network in the brain that extends from the medulla.
C) a part of the brain located in the middle of the central core.
D) a part of the brain that controls bodily balance.

118) Ramona is a woman. Stefan is a man. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding potential differences in the corpus callosum between these two individuals?

A) Stefan's corpus callosum is probably the same size as Ramona's.
B) Ramona's corpus callosum is larger than Stefan's.
C) Ramona's corpus callosum is slightly smaller than Stefan's.
D) Stefan's corpus callosum is much larger than Ramona's.

119) Which of the following generalizations is probably most accurate regarding potential gender differences in the lateralization of language?

A) No gender differences in the lateralization of language have been found.
B) Language is more strongly left-lateralized among females than among males.
C) Language is more strongly left-lateralized among males than among females.
D) The lateralization of language is variable from one person to another.

120) People whose corpus callosum has been surgically cut to stop seizures are called

A) deep-brain patients.
B) dual brain patients.
C) split-brain patients.
D) bicameral patients.

121) Mrs. Simon has learned to lessen the pain associated with her migraine headaches by voluntarily relaxing specific muscles and reducing her blood pressure. This example illustrates

A) deep-brain stimulation.
B) biofeedback.
C) split-brain control.
D) transcranial stimulation.

122) Draw a typical neuron and label its major parts accurately. Briefly describe the functions of the parts labeled on your diagram.

123) Briefly describe the functions of glial cells.

124) Identify the factors that determine the speed at which an action potential travels along an axon.

125) Briefly describe mirror neurons.

126) Outline the sequence of events that occur at the synapse when a neural message is communicated.

127) What are neurotransmitters?

128) Identify and describe any three neurotransmitters, using specific examples.

129) Identify how abnormal levels of specific neurotransmitters may be involved in each of these disorders: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia.

130) Briefly describe the peripheral nervous system.

131) Distinguish between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. For each division, provide an example of a situation in which the division would become active. Describe the effects on several bodily processes of the activity of each division.

132) What is evolutionary psychology? Summarize the arguments of evolutionary psychologists in the field of psychology.

133) Discuss behavioral genetics.

134) Briefly describe the functions of endocrine system and the pituitary gland.

135) Briefly describe the functions of hormones.

136) List and describe the brain-scanning techniques.

137) What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)? Why is it sometimes called a "virtual lesion"?

138) Identify and describe the "old brain" structures or areas. Illustrate the function of each area.

139) What is the reticular formation? What are its functions?

140) Describe briefly the limbic system.

141) Oliver, a mild-mannered person, suffers a head injury. After the injury, he becomes violent and aggressive. What may have caused this change in his behavior?

142) Describe the cerebral cortex. Explain why it is referred to as the "new brain."

143) Describe the locations of the lobes of the cerebral cortex.

144) Sofia had a portion of her brain removed when she was 5 months old to help treat her seizures. Three years after the surgery, her brain scans revealed that the other portions of her brain had taken over the functions of the part of the brain that was removed. What caused this phenomenon to occur?

145) Laura, a patient with a terminal illness, is in critical need of stem cells for her treatment. However, her doctor tells her that she may not be able to procure them easily. What could be the reason for this?

146) Briefly describe the two brain hemispheres and their functions.

147) Review recent research investigating the effects of gender and culture on brain structure and function.

148) John is suffering from epileptic seizures. His doctor suggests that he undergo a surgical procedure to sever his corpus callosum. What is the purpose of such a procedure?

149) What is biofeedback? Describe the procedure and identify some of the physical and psychological disorders where it is applied.