Ch5 States Of Consciousness Test Questions & Answers

Student name:__________

1) ________ is the awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings we experience at a given moment.

A) Perception
B) Intelligence
C) Speculation
D) Consciousness

2) The earliest psychologists, including William James (1890),

A) saw consciousness as a product of particular sets of neurons and neuronal pathways that may be activated in specific ways.
B) rejected the idea that consciousness could be scientifically studied using several approaches.
C) suggested that the study of consciousness was central to the field of psychology.
D) argued that consciousness could be understood only by relying "unscientifically" on the experiences of experimental participants.

3) How long is a typical sleep cycle, in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages?

A) 1 hour
B) 90 minutes
C) 120 minutes
D) 5 hours

4) ________ is the state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves.

A) Stage 1 sleep
B) Stage 2 sleep
C) Stage 3 sleep
D) Stage 4 sleep

5) During ________, images sometimes appear, as if we were viewing still photos.

A) stage 1 sleep
B) stage 2 sleep
C) stage 3 sleep
D) stage 4 sleep

6) Compared with the brain waves observed in stage 2 sleep, the brain waves in stage 3 sleep

A) are more rapid.
B) have higher peaks.
C) are interrupted by sleep spindles more frequently.
D) have lower amplitude.

7) Momentary interruptions of spiky waves called sleep spindles are characteristic of ________ sleep.

A) REM
B) stage 1
C) stage 2
D) stage 4

8) ________ is the deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation.

A) Stage 1 sleep
B) Stage 2 sleep
C) Stage 3 sleep
D) Stage 4 sleep

9) Which of the following sleep stages dominates the first half of the night?

A) stage 4
B) stage 3
C) stage 2
D) stage 1

10) People in their 20s spend about ________percent of their sleep in stage 2, and approximately ________percent of their sleep in REM sleep.

A) 25; 20
B) 25; 50
C) 50; 20
D) 50; 35

11) How do brain waves change as a sleeper progresses from stage 1 sleep to REM sleep?

A) Their amplitude decreases from stage 1 to stage 2, increases during stage 3, and then decreases again during REM sleep.
B) Their frequency decreases from stage 1 to stage 2, increases during stage 3, and then decreases again during REM sleep.
C) Their amplitude increases from stage 1 to stage 3 and then decreases during REM sleep.
D) Their frequency increases from stage 1 to stage 3 and then decreases during REM sleep.

12) Which of the following statements is TRUE of REM sleep?

A) It is the only sleep stage in which dreaming occurs.
B) The major muscles of the body appear to be paralyzed during this stage.
C) It is in this stage that dreams are least vivid.
D) Dreams that occur in this stage can rarely be remembered.

13) Which of the following statements is TRUE of dreams occurring in REM sleep and NREM sleep?

A) Dreams occur only in REM sleep.
B) Dreams are equally likely to occur in REM and NREM sleep.
C) Dreams occur in NREM sleep, but less frequently than in REM sleep; NREM dreams are also less vivid than dreams in REM sleep.
D) Dreams occur in NREM sleep, but less frequently than in REM sleep; however, NREM dreams are more vivid than dreams in REM sleep.

14) Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep?

A) The heart rate slows down as a person moves from stage 3 to REM sleep.
B) Skeletal muscles become hyperactive during this stage.
C) It is the state of transition between wakefulness and sleep.
D) It is a shallower state of sleep than stage 3 sleep.

15) REM sleep is paradoxical because

A) the brain is active, but the major muscles of the body appear to be paralyzed.
B) the skeletal muscles remain active, but the brain is inactive.
C) the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages.
D) both the brain and the body are inactive.

16) Anya pulled all-nighters both last night and the night before. Tonight, finally, she anticipates going to bed at her usual time. Which of the following alternatives most accurately describes and identifies what Anya is likely to experience?

A) Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the REM stage. This phenomenon is called restoration.
B) Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the REM stage. This phenomenon is called rebound.
C) Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the NREM stages. This phenomenon is called restoration.
D) Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the NREM stages. This phenomenon is called rebound.

17) The onset of REM sleep ________ the release of neurotransmitters called ________.

A) increases; endorphins
B) decreases; endorphins
C) starts; monoamines
D) stops; monoamines

18) Most people today sleep between ________ hours each night.

A) 2 and 3
B) 10 and 11
C) 4 and 5
D) 7 and 8

19) Which of the following is TRUE of sleeping patterns of men and women?

A) Women typically fall asleep more quickly than men.
B) Women have fewer concerns about the amount of sleep they get than men.
C) Men sleep for longer periods and more deeply than women.
D) Men get up fewer times in the night than women.

20) Which of the following is true of people who participate in sleep deprivation experiments?

A) Most people suffer permanent consequences of temporary sleep deprivation experiment.
B) They are more alert than people who do not take part in such experiments.
C) Their creativity levels remain unchanged.
D) They show a decline in logical reasoning ability.

21) ________ are unusually frightening dreams that occur fairly often.

A) Lucid dreams
B) Nightmares
C) Precognitive dreams
D) Breakdown dreams

22) Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious desires that dreamers want to see fulfilled is known as

A) unconscious wish fulfillment theory.
B) expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming.
C) dreams-for-survival theory.
D) activation-synthesis theory.

23) According to Freud, the ________ content of dreams is the disguised meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects.

A) evident
B) manifest
C) latent
D) apparent

24) Rachel has a dream that she is piloting an ultralight airplane. According to Rachel's psychoanalyst, her dream is a representation of her hidden desire to engage in sexual intercourse. According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which of the following statements is true in the given scenario?

A) Flying is Rachel's conscious wish.
B) Flying is the latent content.
C) Flying is the manifest content.
D) Flying is Rachel's unconscious wish.

25) The manifest content of a dream

A) consists of symbols.
B) only appears in nightmares.
C) is the underlying meaning of a dream.
D) is hidden by more obvious subjects.

26) The dreams-for-survival theory

A) suggests that dreams represent key concerns growing out of our daily experiences.
B) concentrates on the notion that dreams represent unconscious wishes.
C) focuses on the random electrical energy that the brain produces during REM sleep.
D) suggests that areas of the cortex that are involved in particular waking behaviors are related to the content of dreams.

27) Bella is worried about her upcoming exams. Although she has been studying diligently for the past two months, she keeps having a dream in which her mind goes blank as soon as she starts writing her exam paper. Sometimes, in her dreams, she forgets the way to the examination hall. In the given scenario, Bella's dreams illustrate the

A) activation-synthesis theory.
B) psychoanalytic theory of dreams.
C) dreams-for-survival theory.
D) unconscious wish fulfillment theory.

28) In the ________, dreams represent concerns about our daily lives, illustrating our uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires.

A) unconscious wish fulfillment theory
B) expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
C) dreams-for-survival theory
D) activation-synthesis theory

29) Dr. Gremillion argues that dreams function to focus on and consolidate memories. They represent concerns about our daily lives, illustrating our uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires. Dr. Gremillion subscribes to the ________ theory of the function of dreams.

A) wish fulfillment
B) dreams-for-survival
C) activation-synthesis
D) symbolic-meaning

30) The ________ focuses on the random electrical energy that the brain produces during REM sleep, possibly as a result of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters.

A) unconscious wish fulfillment theory
B) expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
C) dreams-for-survival theory
D) activation-synthesis theory

31) According to the activation information modulation (AIM) theory,

A) dreaming is considered an inheritance from our animal ancestors.
B) during REM sleep, the brain produces random electrical energy that stimulates memories stored in the brain.
C) areas of the cortex that are involved in particular waking behaviors are related to the content of dreams.
D) dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep.

32) According to activation information modulation (AIM) theory, dreams are initiated in the brain's

A) pons.
B) medulla.
C) prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdala.

33) Which of the following statements is true of the activation information modulation (AIM) theory?

A) It suggests that the particular scenario a dreamer produces is not random but instead is a clue to the dreamer's fears, emotions, and concerns.
B) It considers dreaming an inheritance from our animal ancestors, whose small brains were unable to sift sufficient information during waking hours.
C) It proposes that dreams typically represent unconscious wishes and that particular objects and events in a dream are symbolic.
D) It suggests that certain common symbols with universal meanings appear in dreams.

34) Which figure best approximates the proportion of people afflicted by insomnia?

A) 1/5
B) 1/4
C) 1/3
D) 1/2

35) Which sleep disturbance is correctly matched with its description?

A) sleep apnea—difficulty breathing during sleep
B) narcolepsy—sudden awakenings accompanied by extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal
C) night terrors—sudden sleep during waking consciousness
D) insomnia—temporary paralysis of the body before or after sleep

36) Ethan feels that he has been sleeping through the night, but he wakes up tired and feels fatigued the whole day. Ethan's doctor tells Ethan that he has most likely been waking up frequently in the night because of obstructed breathing while sleeping. In the given scenario, the doctor most likely suspects that Ethan is suffering from

A) night terrors.
B) sleep apnea.
C) bruxism.
D) narcolepsy.

37) Based on your reading of the text, ________ may play a role in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

A) sleep apnea
B) narcolepsy
C) bruxism
D) insomnia

38) ________ is/are sudden awakenings from non-REM sleep that are accompanied by extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal.

A) Bruxism
B) Narcolepsy
C) Night terrors
D) Sleep apnea

39) Night terrors usually occur during ________ sleep.

A) stage 3
B) REM
C) stage 2
D) stage 1

40) Four-year-old DeMarcus falls asleep shortly after his 8:30 p.m. bedtime. At about 9:45 p.m., he suddenly sits up in bed, breathing rapidly, and appearing to be in a state of sheer panic. DeMarcus is experiencing

A) bruxism.
B) a narcoleptic attack.
C) night terrors.
D) sleep apnea.

41) ________ refers to uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short periods while a person is awake.

A) Bruxism
B) Narcolepsy
C) Night terror
D) Sleep apnea

42) Natalia fell asleep while discussing a project with her classmate. A few days later, she fell asleep while making an argument in the school debate. She has stopped driving her car to school as she is afraid she might fall asleep while driving. Natalia is showing symptoms of

A) bruxism.
B) circadian rhythm disorder.
C) sleep apnea.
D) narcolepsy.

43) Sleepwalking and sleeptalking both occur during ________ of sleep.

A) stage 4
B) stage 3
C) stage 2
D) stage 1

44) Biological processes occurring on a cycle of approximately 24 hours are termed as

A) biorhythms.
B) diurnal rhythms.
C) circadian rhythms.
D) primal rhythms.

45) Which of the following statements is true of the body's circadian rhythms?

A) They speed up the heart before dawn to prepare us for the day's challenges.
B) They are controlled by the corpus callosum.
C) They are biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 28-day cycle.
D) They remain unaffected by the relative amount of light and darkness to which we are exposed.

46) Which of the following statements is true of daydreams?

A) People are awake when they construct daydreams.
B) People who engage in daydreaming have enhanced awareness of their immediate surroundings.
C) Daydreams occur when people take a nap during daytime.
D) The brain is inactive during daydreaming.

47) During daydreaming,

A) the brain engages in reverse learning to eliminate unnecessary information
B) receptor cells get some necessary rest that helps increase their sensitivity during periods of wakefulness
C) brain activity is reduced as a result of weakened neural connections to conserve energy
D) brain areas that are associated with complex problem solving become activated

48) Which of the following solutions will help overcome insomnia?

A) trying to sleep even when one is not tired
B) taking sleeping pills
C) exercising during the day
D) drinking caffeine after lunch

49) Irv can't sleep, so he makes himself a cup of warm milk. Will this work?

A) No. He should instead buy some sleeping pills from the drug store.
B) No. It is just a myth that milk induces sleep.
C) Yes. Milk contains tryptophan, which promotes sleep.
D) Yes, but it will disrupt his sleep cycle.

50) Which of the following is a recommended solution if one has trouble sleeping?

A) drinking coffee just before bedtime
B) avoiding sleeping pills
C) avoiding milk after lunch
D) trying to induce sleep by lying in bed

51) Robert suffers from chronic pain but does not like to take medication. He visits a therapist who helps him concentrate on relaxing different parts of his body. The therapist then suggests Robert's pain is gradually reducing, and Robert experiences a gradual decline in pain. In the given scenario, the therapist is most likely using the technique of

A) cognitive therapy.
B) spiritualism.
C) hypnotism.
D) interpersonal therapy.

52) Which of the following is the first step in the hypnosis process?

A) The hypnotist explains what is going to happen.
B) The hypnotist tells the person to concentrate on a specific object or image.
C) A person is made comfortable in a quiet environment.
D) The subject is brought to a highly relaxed state.

53) Which of the following statements is true of people under hypnosis?

A) People are likely to engage in self-destructive acts when hypnotized.
B) People can be hypnotized against their will.
C) People can be induced to perform antisocial behaviors when hypnotized.
D) People are capable of lying when hypnotized.

54) Which of the following notions regarding hypnosis is TRUE?

A) People may be induced to engage in self-destructive acts when hypnotized.
B) People cannot be hypnotized against their will.
C) People may be induced to perform antisocial behaviors when hypnotized.
D) People always tell the truth when they are hypnotized.

55) To which of the following traits does an individual's susceptibility to hypnosis seem related?

A) the tendency to defer to others' wishes
B) the tendency to seek out new experiences
C) the tendency to become absorbed in one's activities
D) the tendency toward low self-confidence

56) Which of the following is the third step in the process of hypnosis?

A) The hypnotist tells the participants to concentrate on a specific object or image, such as the hypnotist’s moving finger or an image of a calm lake.
B) The participants are made comfortable in a quiet environment.
C) The hypnotist explains what is going to happen, such as telling the participants that they will experience a pleasant, relaxed state.
D) The hypnotist makes suggestions that the participants interpret as being produced by hypnosis.

57) According to the theory of famed hypnosis researcher Ernest Hilgard, which of the following statements is true of hypnotic subjects?

A) They follow or agree to the suggestions made, yet they are aware of what is happening to them.
B) They exhibit altered brain-wave patterns and specific physiological changes.
C) They show a low ability to concentrate and to become completely absorbed in what they are doing.
D) They are as conscious and aware of their surroundings as they are during waking consciousness.

58) According to hypnosis researcher Ernest Hilgard, hypnosis brings about a dissociation of consciousness into two simultaneous components. This is known as

A) divided consciousness.
B) complementary consciousness.
C) simultaneous consciousness.
D) binary consciousness.

59) Hypnosis can be used to

A) modify self-defeating thoughts.
B) cure alcoholism.
C) force a person to perform antisocial acts.
D) force people to reveal hidden truths about themselves.

60) Identify a true statement about hypnosis.

A) It can help to cure cocaine addiction.
B) It is useful in controlling pain during childbirth.
C) It confuses witnesses, who end up providing inaccurate details about a crime.
D) It is known to negatively affect the performances of athletes.

61) Hypnosis can help you

A) relive experiences you had as a very small child.
B) improve athletic performance.
C) recall memories you've long forgotten.
D) stop drug and alcohol abuse.

62) In which of the following applications has hypnosis proven to be least successful?

A) stopping alcohol and drug abuse
B) treating psychological disorders
C) improving athletic performance
D) relieving pain

63) When traditional practitioners of the ancient Eastern religion of Zen Buddhism want to achieve greater spiritual insight, they turn to a technique that has been used for centuries to alter their state of consciousness. This technique is called

A) meditation.
B) hypnosis.
C) mysticism.
D) mesmerism.

64) ________ is a learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness.

A) Mysticism
B) Hypnosis
C) Mesmerism
D) Meditation

65) How often and for how long should meditation be practiced to realize its benefits?

A) twice weekly, for 20 minutes at a time
B) twice daily, for 20 minutes at a time
C) daily, for several hours at a stretch
D) once a month for two hours

66) Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding potential cross-cultural variation in the attempt to alter consciousness?

A) The attempt to alter consciousness appears in some cultures but not in others; among those cultures in which it appears, though the means to alter consciousness are much the same.
B) The attempt to alter consciousness appears to be universal, but the particular means to do so vary from culture to culture.
C) The attempt to alter consciousness appears to be universal, as are the particular means to do so.
D) The attempt to alter consciousness appears in some cultures but not in others; among those cultures in which it appears, the means to alter consciousness vary dramatically.

67) Which of the following is TRUE of altered state of consciousness?

A) People start thinking logically.
B) People feel a sense of ineffability.
C) People gain self-control.
D) People's sense of time becomes more distinct.

68) Which of the following statements best encapsulates the argument about potential cultural influences on the experience of consciousness?

A) The ways in which certain aspects of consciousness are interpreted show substantial differences between cultures.
B) The fundamental experience of consciousness varies substantially from culture to culture.
C) There are no cross-cultural differences in the experience of consciousness.
D) Variations in states of consciousness share no characteristics across a variety of cultures.

69) ________ drugs influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behavior.

A) Psychoactive
B) Antiarrhythmic
C) Interferon
D) Antianginal

70) If you have ever had a cup of coffee or sipped a beer, you have taken a(n) ________ drug.

A) psychoactive
B) antiarrhythmic
C) interferon
D) antianginal

71) Which of the following is a psychoactive drug?

A) acetaminophen
B) tryptophan
C) nicotine
D) serotonin

72) ________ drugs produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases, may be nearly irresistible.

A) Antibiotic
B) Interferon
C) Addictive
D) Therapeutic

73) Identify a true statement about drug addiction.

A) In psychological drug dependence, drug addicts have a misconception that once addicted to a drug, their bodies cannot function without it.
B) In psychological drug dependence, drug addicts believe that they need the drug they are addicted to for responding to the stresses of daily living.
C) Almost all addictive drugs affect the brain in the same way.
D) Almost all addictive drugs take about the same amount of time to cause addiction.

74) Which of the following statements is true of drugs?

A) Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) causes feminine traits in men.
B) Marijuana is highly addictive.
C) Caffeine has addictive aspects.
D) Nicotine acts in a manner similar to barbiturates.

75) Assessment of the D.A.R.E. program has revealed that

A) the program is highly successful in reducing drug use over the longer term.
B) the program is not popular with school officials, parents, and politicians.
C) D.A.R.E. graduates were more likely to use marijuana than was a comparison group of nongraduates.
D) D.A.R.E. is the only drug reduction program whose effectiveness has not been questioned.

76) Which drug mentioned below is correctly matched with its class?

A) cocaine—depressant
B) caffeine—stimulant
C) marijuana—depressant
D) heroin—hallucinogen

77) Which category of psychoactive drugs mentioned below is correctly matched with its effects on thought and behavior?

A) hallucinogens—slow down the nervous system
B) stimulants—increase the activity of the central nervous system
C) narcotics—produce changes in sensory perception
D) depressants—capable of producing hallucinations

78) Caffeine's effect on the nervous system causes

A) a decrease in blood pressure.
B) an increase in muscular tension.
C) a decrease in attentiveness.
D) an increase in reaction time.

79) Which of the following drugs is a stimulant?

A) morphine
B) heroin
C) cocaine
D) opioids

80) Caffeine mimics the effects of a natural brain chemical called

A) adenosine.
B) acetylcholine.
C) adrenaline.
D) dopamine.

81) Nicotine activates neural mechanisms similar to those activated by

A) alcohol.
B) heroin.
C) cocaine.
D) marijuana.

82) ________, such as dexedrine and benzedrine, are popularly known as speed.

A) Barbiturates
B) Amphetamines
C) Tranquilizers
D) Hallucinogens

83) Taking amphetamines over long periods of time can cause

A) pinpoint pupils.
B) depressed levels of consciousness.
C) low blood pressure.
D) feelings of being persecuted by others.

84) Fawn consumed a large amount of the most popular street drug at a party. It gave her a sense of energy and alertness although she also became anxious and irritable. Which of the following drugs has she most likely consumed?

A) heroin
B) rohypnol
C) marijuana
D) methamphetamine

85) Which of the following withdrawal symptoms are related to the use of stimulants?

A) decreased appetite, weight loss; women may note menstrual changes
B) acute anxiety, hallucinations, seizures, possible death
C) sneezing, diarrhea, lower back pain, watery eyes, runny nose
D) apathy, general fatigue, prolonged sleep

86) Symptoms such as anxiety, vomiting, sneezing, diarrhea, lower back pain, watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, irritability, tremors, panic, chills and sweating, and cramps are related to the use of

A) stimulants.
B) depressants.
C) narcotics.
D) steroids.

87) The effects of using steroids are

A) acne, mood swings, masculine traits in women, and feminine traits in men.
B) euphoria, relaxed inhibitions, nightmares, and disoriented behavior.
C) weakness, restlessness, nausea and vomiting, headaches, and nightmares.
D) apathy, difficulty in concentration, slowed speech, decreased physical activity, and drooling.

88) The use of ________ results in euphoria, relaxed inhibitions, increased appetite, and disoriented behavior.

A) hallucinogens
B) depressants
C) narcotics
D) steroids

89) Cocaine exerts its pleasurable effects on the brain by

A) mimicking the effects of dopamine.
B) blocking the release of serotonin.
C) blocking the reabsorption of leftover dopamine.
D) facilitating the release of endorphins.

90) A common hallucination of insects crawling over one's body is caused by a prolonged use of

A) marijuana.
B) alcohol.
C) cigarettes.
D) cocaine.

91) Depressants are drugs that

A) reduce pain.
B) cause feelings of peace and empathy.
C) slow down mental and physical functioning.
D) cause irritability and insomnia.

92) ________ is the most widely used depressant in the United States.

A) Xanax
B) Alcohol
C) Marijuana
D) Valium

93) Unlike stimulants, depressants cause

A) amnesia.
B) feminine traits in men.
C) neurons to fire more slowly.
D) heightened sense of oneself.

94) For men, binge drinking is defined as having ________ drinks in one sitting.

A) one to two
B) two to three
C) three to four
D) five or more

95) When large amounts of depressants are taken

A) sensitivity to faces and gestures becomes heightened.
B) muscle control becomes disjointed.
C) aesthetic responses become heightened.
D) a sense of euphoria and joy is induced.

96) For women, binge drinking is defined as having ________ drinks in one sitting.

A) one to two
B) two to three
C) three to four
D) four or more

97) In the context of alcohol consumption, which of the following statements is true of the differences between women and men?

A) Alcohol abuse harms the brains of women less than it harms the brains of men.
B) Women are typically heavier drinker than are men.
C) Women are more susceptible to the effects of alcohol than are men.
D) Teenage girls drink significantly less alcohol than do teenage boys.

98) Jordan is a Caucasian child raised by his birth parents in the United States. Adia was born in Africa. She lives with her African American adoptive parents in the United States. Hua is a Vietnamese boy living with his biological parents in a tight-knit community of recent Vietnamese immigrants in an American city. All else being equal, what might we predict regarding the relative likelihood of these three children developing a problem with alcohol later in life?

A) The three children are equally likely to develop a problem with alcohol. Ethnic differences in alcohol abuse are negligible.
B) Jordan and Adia are more likely to develop a problem with alcohol than is Hua.
C) Hua is more likely to develop a problem with alcohol than are either Jordan or Adia.
D) Jordan is less likely to develop a problem with alcohol than are either Adia or Hua.

99) People are likely to become comatose when their blood alcohol levels reach

A) 0.05 percent.
B) 0.10 percent.
C) 0.30 percent.
D) 0.50 percent.

100) As the dose of alcohol increases,

A) people feel emotionally more stable.
B) people start hallucinating.
C) the depressive effects become more pronounced.
D) the feelings of euphoria and general well-being get enhanced.

101) Marissa is at a pub with her friends. She has been drinking beer for the past two hours. She can feel that her speech has become slurred, and she has problem holding and lifting her glass. Although she finds walking a little difficult, she manages to walk to the restroom by herself. The percentage of alcohol in Marissa's blood is most likely around

A) 0.05 percent.
B) 0.10 percent.
C) 0.30 percent.
D) 0.50 percent.

102) Steve has been binge drinking at a pub with his friends. His vision is blurred, and he does not seem to understand why his friends are telling him to call a cab to go home. He is confused and thinks that he is already at his home. Steve's symptoms indicate that the percentage of alcohol in his blood is most likely around

A) 0.01 percent.
B) 0.10 percent.
C) 0.30 percent.
D) 0.50 percent.

103) Which of the following statements is true of alcoholics?

A) They can be cured through hypnosis.
B) They become increasingly immune to the effects of alcohol.
C) They become prone to hallucinations with prolonged intake of alcohol.
D) They have an enhanced sense of self-importance.

104) The "date-rape drug" is ________; it is a ________.

A) rohypnol; depressant
B) rohypnol; narcotic
C) phenobarbital; stimulant
D) phenobarbital; narcotic

105) Which of the following drugs is derived from the poppy seed pod?

A) rohypnol
B) heroin
C) cocaine
D) methamphetamine

106) Narcotics, such as heroin, are drugs that

A) are capable of producing hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process.
B) have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension.
C) slow down the nervous system.
D) increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety.

107) Which of the following is a narcotic?

A) cocaine
B) rohypnol
C) morphine
D) methamphetamine

108) Methadone is used to treat addiction to

A) cocaine.
B) alcohol.
C) heroin.
D) rohypnol.

109) Hallucinogens are drugs that

A) are capable of producing changes in the perceptual process.
B) have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension.
C) slow down the nervous system.
D) reduce appetite.

110) The most common hallucinogen in widespread use today is

A) lysergic acid diethylamide.
B) marijuana.
C) MDMA.
D) heroin.

111) Marijuana is extracted from

A) poppy seed pods.
B) cannabis.
C) coca leaves.
D) poppy plant resin.

112) Which of the following compounds is the active ingredient in marijuana?

A) tetrahydrocannabinol
B) tryptophan
C) serotonin
D) benzylisoquinoline

113) MDMA and lysergic acid diethylamide are

A) stimulants.
B) hallucinogens.
C) depressants.
D) narcotics.

114) LSD and Ecstasy influence the operation of the neurotransmitter ________ in the brain.

A) serotonin
B) norepinephrine
C) endorphins
D) acetylcholine

115) Continued Ecstasy use may be associated with

A) decreased testosterone production.
B) flashbacks.
C) memory difficulties.
D) lung damage.

116) Briefly discuss the electrical activity that takes place in the brain during sleep.

117) Describe the transition of brain waves from stage 1 to stage 3 of sleep.

118) Contrast NREM and REM sleep. Why is there a "paradox" in REM sleep? Discuss dreams in REM vs. NREM sleep.

119) Describe the effect of REM sleep deprivation.

120) Briefly discuss the reasons for needing sleep.

121) What is the impact of temporary sleep deprivation on people? Can this impact be reversed?

122) The text states that there are common elements or themes that occur in everyone's dreams. Why do we dream about what we dream about? Answer this question from the perspective of (a) wish fulfillment and (b) dreams for-survival theory. Provide illustrative examples.

123) Define the activation-synthesis theory. Make sure to include a discussion of AIM theory and how it relates to activation-synthesis theory. How does the theory explain dreaming?

124) Write brief vignettes or case studies of three different individuals, each suffering from a different sleep disturbance. Include demographic information where relevant.

125) What are circadian rhythms? Give examples of how they affect our behavior in the context of sleep.

126) Write a brief note on seasonal affective disorder.

127) Compare daydreaming with dreaming that occurs during sleep.

128) Briefly describe the activity that takes place in the brain during daydreaming.

129) You are suffering from insomnia. Identify three practices you might adopt or changes you might make to your daily routine to help you sleep better.

130) Spotting an advertisement touting hypnosis as a way to quit smoking cigarettes, your friend denounces hypnosis as quackery. Defend the practice of hypnosis by citing three successful applications of the technique.

131) Discuss Ernest Hilgard's view on hypnosis.

132) Briefly explain the typical process of meditation. What is its impact on a person's general well-being?

133) Briefly discuss the cross-cultural routes to altered states of consciousness.

134) List three classes of drugs. Identify two drugs in each class and describe their physiological and behavioral effects.

135) Write a note on psychoactive drugs and addictive drugs.

136) Discuss the effects of caffeine on people.

137) Describe the different ways in which psychoactive drugs can enhance or impede the activity of neurotransmitters, providing examples where possible.

138) Explain how cocaine produces feelings of profound psychological well-being, increased confidence, and alertness.

139) Briefly discuss cultural and ethnic differences in alcohol consumption among teenagers.

140) What are the effects of barbiturates on people? Why is a combination of barbiturates and alcohol deadly?

141) Describe the effect of heroin on a person. Why is it very easy to become addicted to heroin?

142) Write a brief note on the use of alternate drugs for the treatment of heroin addiction.

143) Discuss the effects of marijuana on a person.

144) How does lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) affect perception?

145) Write brief case studies of individuals, each exhibiting a different cluster of three warning signs for drug abuse or addiction. Based on your reading of the text, what advice might you give these individuals?