Verified Test Bank Psychological Disorders Ch.10 - Psychology and Your Life 3rd Edition | Test Bank with Answer Key by Robert S. Feldman. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 10
Test Bank
1. ________ is a statistical approach that observes what behaviors are rare, or occur infrequently in a specific society or culture, and labels those deviations from the norm "abnormal."
A. Abnormality as deviation from the average
B. Abnormality as deviation from the ideal
C. Abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort
D. Abnormality as the inability to function effectively
Page: 405Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 33.1: Define abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
2. ________ considers behavior abnormal if it produces a sense of personal distress, anxiety, or guilt in an individual—or if it is harmful to others in some way.
A. Abnormality as the inability to function effectively
B. Abnormality as a legal concept
C. Abnormality as deviation from the ideal
D. Abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort
Page: 483Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 33.1: Define abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
3. Insanity is a(n) ________ term.
A. legal
B. psychological
C. archaic
D. colloquial
Page: 405Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 33.1: Define abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
4. It is best to view abnormal behavior and normal behavior as:
A. discrete categories.
B. two well-demarcated and non-overlapping terms.
C. marking two ends of a continuum.
D. absolute states.
Page: 406Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 33.1: Define abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
5. Andy visits his family doctor because he displays symptoms of depression. The doctor conducts an examination and deduces the root cause as a chemical imbalance in his brain. In this scenario, which perspective on psychological disorders does Andy's doctor use?
A. Medical perspective
B. Psychoanalytic perspective
C. Humanistic perspective
D. Behavioral perspective
Page: 406Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 33.2: Discuss perspectives on abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
6. Which of the following perspectives on psychological disorders assumes that physiological causes are at the root of psychological disorders?
A. Medical perspective
B. Psychoanalytic perspective
C. Humanistic perspective
D. Behavioral perspective
Page: 406Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 33.2: Discuss perspectives on abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
7. Which perspective on psychological disorders primarily argues that psychological disorders stem from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression?
A. Sociocultural perspective
B. Medical perspective
C. Humanistic perspective
D. Psychoanalytic perspective
Page: 407Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 33.2: Discuss perspectives on abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
8. Psychoanalytic treatment typically involves:
A. administering drugs to maintain hormonal balance.
B. examining early childhood experiences.
C. using electroconvulsive therapy.
D. employing trephination techniques.
Page: 407Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 33.2: Discuss perspectives on abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
9. Which of the following statements accurately identifies either a strength or a limitation of the psychoanalytic perspective on psychological disorders?
A. Strength: It highlights individual responsibility for abnormal behavior.
B. Strength: The perspective offers a precise and objective approach for observing and treating behavior.
C. Limitation: There is no conclusive way to link childhood experiences with abnormal adult behavior.
D. Limitation: It does not take into account that prior experiences can have a profound effect on a person's current psychological functioning.
Page: 407Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 33.2: Discuss perspectives on abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
10. The behavioral perspective on psychological disorders assumes that abnormal behaviors are:
A. genetic anomalies.
B. learned responses.
C. hormonal imbalances.
D. chemical deficiencies.
Page: 407Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 33.2: Discuss perspectives on abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
11. A difference between the psychoanalytic perspective and the behavioral perspective on psychological disorders is that:
A. the behavioral perspective looks at abnormal behaviors as symptoms of an underlying problem.
B. the psychoanalytic perspective rejects the idea that prior experiences can have a profound effect on current psychological functioning.
C. the behavioral perspective views the abnormal behavior itself as the problem.
D. the psychoanalytic perspective holds individuals responsible for their abnormal behavior.
Page: 407Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 33.2: Discuss perspectives on abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
12. The greatest strength of the behavioral perspective on psychological disorders is its:
A. emphasis on observable behavior.
B. emphasis on a person's rich inner life.
C. focus on childhood conflicts that affect adult behavior.
D. explicit recognition of the biological underpinnings of behavior.
Page: 407Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 33.2: Discuss perspectives on abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
13. The cognitive perspective on psychological disorders assumes that abnormal behaviors are the result of:
A. vitamin deficiency.
B. maladaptive thoughts.
C. hormonal imbalances.
D. genetic mutations.
Page: 408Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 33.2: Discuss perspectives on abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
14. A primary goal of treatment using the cognitive perspective on psychological disorders is to:
A. explicitly teach new, more adaptive ways of thinking.
B. use electroconvulsive therapy.
C. detect the genetic anomalies that cause abnormal behaviors.
D. use the technique of trephination for the purpose of treating mental illnesses.
Page: 408Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 33.2: Discuss perspectives on abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
15. The advantage of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, is that:
A. it is primarily descriptive and does not suggest the cause or reason for a problem.
B. it does not label an individual as abnormal and thereby avoids a dehumanizing, lifelong stigma.
C. it does not rely too much on the medical perspective on abnormal behavior.
D. it considers the degree to which people display psychologically disordered behavior rather than compartmentalizing them into inflexible categories.
Page: 410Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 33.3: Classify abnormal behavior.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: DSM-5
16. The feeling of apprehension and tension experienced in reaction to stressful situations is referred to as:
A. mania.
B. dyslexia.
C. anxiety.
D. paralysis
Page: 414Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.1: Discuss anxiety disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Anxiety Disorders
17. Which of the following is a major type of anxiety disorder?
A. Phobic disorder
B. Down syndrome
C. Cyclothymic disorder
D. Bipolar disorder
Page: 415Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.1: Discuss anxiety disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Anxiety Disorders
18. Intense, irrational fear of specific objects or situations is referred to as:
A. compulsion.
B. mania.
C. specific phobia.
D. obsession.
Page: 417Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.1: Discuss anxiety disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Specific Phobia
19. Social phobia is the fear of being:
A. suffocated in confined spaces.
B. judged or embarrassed by others.
C. attacked by a clown.
D. sexually abused.
Page: 417Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.1: Discuss anxiety disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Specific Phobia
20. Fear of places, such as unfamiliar or crowded spaces, where help might not be available in case of emergency is referred to as:
A. acrophobia.
B. claustrophobia.
C. xenophobia.
D. agoraphobia.
Page: 418Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.1: Discuss anxiety disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Specific Phobia
21. Samantha started feeling dizzy while she was shopping with her friends. Although the weather was quite cold, she began sweating heavily. Her friends took her to a doctor, but he could not identify the reason behind her symptoms. In the given scenario, which of the following is Samantha most likely suffering from?
A. Tay-Sachs disease
B. Panic disorder
C. Huntington's disease
D. Trisomy 21
Page: 418Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 34.1: Discuss anxiety disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Panic Disorder
22. Psychological difficulties that take on a physical form but for which there is no medical cause are called ________.
A. genetic disorders
B. chromosomal disorders
C. somatic symptom disorders
D. cognitive disorders
Page: 420Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.2: Discuss somatic symptom disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Somatic Symptom Disorders
23. Clara has been depressed since she lost her job. She has been complaining of a severe backache that is affecting her daily life. However, upon examination, her physician has found no medical cause for her condition. In this scenario, Clara is most likely suffering from:
A. a somatic symptom disorder.
B. Parkinson's disease.
C. Huntington's disease.
D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Page: 420Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 34.2: Discuss somatic symptom disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Somatic Symptom Disorders
24. ________ is a disorder in which people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health.
A. Akinesia
B. Hemophilia
C. Illness anxiety disorder
D. Agnosia
Page: 420Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.2: Discuss somatic symptom disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Somatic Symptom Disorders
25. Paige has an illness anxiety disorder. This means:
A. she is faking physical symptoms to gain attention.
B. she misinterprets minor symptoms as evidence of serious illness.
C. she is experiencing an actual, dramatic physical disturbance.
D. she is suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder.
Page: 421Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.2: Discuss somatic symptom disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Somatic Symptom Disorders
26. ________ is a major somatic symptom disorder that involves an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ or the complete or partial inability to move an arm or leg.
A. Conversion disorder
B. Vascular dementia
C. Hypochondriasis
D. Dysphoric disorder
Page: 421Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.2: Discuss somatic symptom disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Somatic Symptom Disorders
27. Rosy had a peculiar condition. She seemed to have lost the ability to use her arm. She complained to her doctor that it had become numb and completely paralyzed. However, the doctor could not find a biological cause that could explain her condition. Rosy is most likely suffering from:
A. conversion disorder.
B. vascular dementia.
C. hypochondriasis.
D. dysthymic disorder.
Page: 421Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 34.2: Discuss somatic symptom disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Somatic Symptom Disorders
28. The difference between illness anxiety disorder and conversion disorder is that:
A. illness anxiety disorder is a genetic disorder.
B. conversion disorder involves an actual physical disturbance.
C. illness anxiety disorder has a medical cause.
D. conversion disorder is a chromosomal disorder.
Page: 421Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.2: Discuss somatic symptom disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Somatic Symptom Disorders
29. ________ disorders are psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person's personality that are normally integrated.
A. Conversion
B. Dissociative
C. Chromosomal
D. Somatic symptom
Page: 421Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.3: Discuss dissociative disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Dissociative Disorders
30. ________ is a disorder in which a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities.
A. Bipolar disorder
B. Conversion disorder
C. Cyclothymic disorder
D. Dissociative identity disorder
Page: 421Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.3: Discuss dissociative disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Dissociative Disorders
31. ________ is a disorder in which a significant, selective memory loss occurs.
A. Agnosia
B. Anorexia
C. Dissociative amnesia
D. Conversion disorder
Page: 421Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.3: Discuss dissociative disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Dissociative Disorders
32. Which of the following statements is true about dissociative disorders?
A. Dissociative fugue involves an actual loss of information from memory and typically results from a physiological cause.
B. In dissociative amnesia, people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health.
C. In dissociative identity disorder, an individual displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities.
D. In multiple personality disorder, an individual experiences a significant, selective memory loss.
Page: 421Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.3: Discuss dissociative disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Dissociative Disorders
33. How does dissociative amnesia differ from simple amnesia?
A. Dissociative amnesia involves an actual loss of memory, whereas simple amnesia does not.
B. Simple amnesia involves an actual loss of memory, whereas dissociative amnesia does not.
C. Simple amnesia occurs due to stress, whereas dissociative amnesia does not.
D. Dissociative amnesia typically results from a physiological cause, whereas simple amnesia does not.
Page: 421–422Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.3: Discuss dissociative disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Dissociative Disorders
34. ________ is a form of amnesia in which an individual leaves home and sometimes assumes a new identity.
A. Anorexia
B. Conversion disorder
C. Bipolar disorder
D. Dissociative fugue
Page: 422Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.3: Discuss dissociative disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Dissociative Disorders
35. Omar finds himself in front of a pet supplies display at a discount store in the town of Xania. His last memories are of his childhood in the town of Genovia. He can’t recall how he reached the discount store. Which of the following most accurately describes Omar's condition?
A. Bipolar disorder
B. Dissociative amnesia
C. Cyclothymic disorder
D. Dissociative identity disorder
Page: 422Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 34.3: Discuss dissociative disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Dissociative Disorders
36. A common thread among dissociative disorders is that:
A. they allow people to escape from some anxiety-producing situation.
B. people suffering from these disorders experience a significant loss of memory.
C. they involve an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to see or hear.
D. people suffering from these disorders leave their homes to lead a life of anonymity.
Page: 421–422Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.3: Discuss dissociative disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Dissociative Disorders
37. The term ________ is sometimes used to describe the lost memories of people with dissociative amnesia.
A. "free-floating" memories
B. la belle indifference
C. repressed memories
D. selective memories
Page: 422Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.3: Discuss dissociative disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Dissociative Disorders
38. Mood disorder refers to:
A. a form of amnesia in which an individual leaves home and assumes a new identity.
B. a disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living.
C. an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ.
D. an actual loss of information from memory that typically results from a physiological cause.
Page: 422–423Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.4: Discuss mood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Mood Disorders
39. Which of the following statements is true about major depression?
A. It is abnormal to experience sadness after experiencing disappointment in life.
B. People suffering from major depression have high levels of energy.
C. Major depression may have no clear trigger and is more intense than normal depression.
D. For reasons unknown, the rate of depression is decreasing throughout the world.
Page: 424Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.4: Discuss mood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Mood Disorders
40. ________ is an extended state of intense, wild elation.
A. Mania
B. Depression
C. Anxiety
D. Insomnia
Page: 424Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.4: Discuss mood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Bipolar Disorder
41. Which of the following statements is true about manic-depressive disorder and bipolar disorder?
A. Manic-depressive disorder is a type of bipolar disorder.
B. Bipolar disorder is a type of manic-depressive disorder.
C. Manic-depressive disorder is a severe form of bipolar disorder.
D. Bipolar disorder is a new term that has replaced the label manic-depressive disorder.
Page: 424Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.4: Discuss mood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Bipolar Disorder
42. ________ is a disorder in which a person typically alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression.
A. Amnesia
B. Conversion disorder
C. Bipolar disorder
D. Dissociative fugue
Page: 424Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.4: Discuss mood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Bipolar Disorder
43. Butch, a gifted musician, alternates between periods of dark despair and times of elation, great energy, recklessness, and creativity. He seems to be most prolific during periods of mania. Butch is most likely suffering from ________.
A. conversion disorder
B. bipolar disorder
C. dissociative disorder
D. narcissistic personality disorder
Page: 424Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 34.4: Discuss mood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Bipolar Disorder
44. Which of the following neurotransmitters plays a major role in depression?
A. Endorphins
B. Serotonin
C. Acetylcholine
D. Morphine
Page: 424–425Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.4: Discuss mood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Mood Disorders
45. Psychologist ________ suggests that depression is largely a response to learned helplessness.
A. Rogers
B. Seligman
C. Ellis
D. Maslow
Page: 425Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.4: Discuss mood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Mood Disorders
46. ________ is a class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs.
A. Schizophrenia
B. Parkinson's disease
C. Hypochondriasis
D. Bipolar disorder
Page: 427Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.5: Explain schizophrenia.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Schizophrenia
47. People with ________ account for by far the largest percentage of those hospitalized for mental disorders.
A. schizophrenia
B. dissociative disorders
C. major depression
D. anxiety disorders
Page: 426Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.5: Explain schizophrenia.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Schizophrenia
48. Which of the following statements is true about the characteristics of the major clinical disorders?
A. The fear of water occurs in dissociative disorders.
B. Sexual dysfunction occurs in mood disorders.
C. Loss of memory due to degeneration of brain cells occurs in somatic symptom disorders.
D. Severe distortion of reality occurs in schizophrenia.
Page: 427Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.5: Explain schizophrenia.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Schizophrenia
49. Karen's thoughts seem disjointed and illogical, and she suffers from frequent hallucinations. In addition, the syntax of her speech is unusual. Karen is most likely suffering from:
A. an anxiety disorder.
B. hypochondriasis.
C. schizophrenia.
D. a dissociative disorder.
Page: 426–427Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 34.5: Explain schizophrenia.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Schizophrenia
50. A characteristic that reliably distinguishes schizophrenia from other disorders is:
A. disturbances of thought and speech.
B. improvement from a previous level of functioning.
C. a lack of emotional disturbances.
D. a lack of social withdrawal.
Page: 427Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.5: Explain schizophrenia.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Schizophrenia
51. ________ schizophrenia is characterized by the presence of disordered behavior such as hallucinations, delusions, and emotional extremes.
A. Reactive
B. Process
C. Negative-symptom
D. Positive-symptom
Page: 428Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.5: Explain schizophrenia.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Schizophrenia
52. Which of the following brain abnormalities is associated with schizophrenia?
A. Reduced activity in the brain's dopamine pathways
B. Increased activity in the frontal lobe of the brain
C. Abnormalities in cortex and limbic systems
D. Brain receptors related to hearing and color being inactive during hallucinations
Page: 429–430Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.5: Explain schizophrenia.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Schizophrenia
53. Research suggests that ________, a neurotransmitter, may be a major contributor to the development of schizophrenia.
A. somatostatin
B. octopamine
C. dimethyltryptamine
D. glutamate
Page: 429Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.5: Explain schizophrenia.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Schizophrenia
54. The predisposition model of schizophrenia suggests that:
A. schizophrenia has genetic causes.
B. expressed emotion can’t trigger schizophrenic symptoms.
C. schizophrenia is not related to social rejection.
D. individuals may inherit an inborn sensitivity to develop schizophrenia.
Page: 431Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.5: Explain schizophrenia.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Schizophrenia
55. Roger is a manipulative individual who has no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others. Roger most likely has:
A. manic disorder.
B. bipolar disorder.
C. antisocial personality disorder.
D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Page: 431Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.6: Discuss personality disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Antisocial Personality Disorder
56. Which of the following statements accurately describes the characteristics of a personality disorder?
A. People with antisocial personality disorder have an exaggerated sense of self-importance.
B. People with schizoaffective personality disorder have an overly emotional and dramatic style of behavior.
C. People with borderline personality disorder rely on relationships to define their identity.
D. People with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder show no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society.
Page: 432Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.6: Discuss personality disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Borderline Personality Disorder
57. Carrie is dramatic and emotionally volatile. She rapidly forms intense relationships that seem to fall apart just as quickly. Although she tends to distrust others, she also needs their attention to define her. Carrie is most likely to be diagnosed with ________ disorder.
A. antisocial personality
B. borderline personality
C. narcissistic personality
D. bipolar personality
Page: 432Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 34.6: Discuss personality disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Borderline Personality Disorder
58. Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a(n):
A. exaggerated sense of self-importance.
B. tendency to submit to demeaning treatment.
C. disregard for religion.
D. inability to develop a stable sense of identity.
Page: 432Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.6: Discuss personality disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Narcissistic Personality Disorder
59. Gloria considers herself an exceptional human being. She expects special treatment from others but does not take others' feelings into consideration. Gloria's behavior indicates that she is suffering from ________.
A. Parkinson's disease
B. bipolar disorder
C. narcissistic personality disorder
D. catatonic schizophrenia
Page: 432Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 34.6: Discuss personality disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Narcissistic Personality Disorder
60. ________ is a disorder typically marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and a great deal of inappropriate activity.
A. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
B. Narcissistic personality disorder
C. Schizophrenia
D. Bipolar disorder
Page: 433Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.7: Discuss childhood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: ADHD
61. ________ refers to a severe developmental disability that impairs children's ability to communicate and relate to others.
A. Schizophrenia
B. Autism spectrum disorder
C. Bipolar disorder
D. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Page: 434Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.7: Discuss childhood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder
62. Lionel is 2 years old. His communication ability is severely impaired. He appears withdrawn and unresponsive to affection. He has difficulty in both verbal and nonverbal communication, and he tends to avoid social contact. He is most likely to be diagnosed with:
A. narcissistic personality disorder.
B. Alzheimer's disease.
C. autism spectrum disorder.
D. bipolar disorder.
Page: 434Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 34.7: Discuss childhood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder
63. Which of the following statements is true about autism spectrum disorder?
A. It is not a severe developmental disability and can be easily cured.
B. It is marked by inattention, impulsiveness, and a low tolerance for frustration.
C. It results in children wanting increased social contact.
D. It usually appears in the first three years and typically continues throughout life.
Page: 434Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.7: Discuss childhood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder
64. Which of the following is an eating disorder?
A. Apraxia
B. Anorexia nervosa
C. Agnosia
D. Alzheimer's disease
Page: 434Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.8: List other disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Personality Disorders
65. Which of the following is a sexual disorder?
A. Paraphilia
B. Anorexia nervosa
C. Bipolar disorder
D. Bulimia
Page: 434Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.8: List other disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Personality Disorders
66. Alzheimer's disease is classified as a(n) ________ disorder.
A. eating
B. organic mental
C. somatic symptom
D. manic
Page: 434Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.8: List other disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Personality Disorders
67. ________ refers to the presence of one or more additional diseases or disorders co-occurring with a primary disease or disorder.
A. Disruptive mood dysregulation
B. Hoarding behavior
C. Anorexia nervosa
D. Comorbidity
Page: 437Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 35.1: Discuss the prevalence of psychological disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Prevalence
68. According to a massive study on the prevalence of psychological disorders in the United States, which of the following is the most commonly reported disorder?
A. Depression
B. Alcohol dependence
C. Panic disorder
D. Posttraumatic stress disorder
Page: 437Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 35.1: Discuss the prevalence of psychological disorders.
Module: 35: Psychological Disorders in Perspective
Topic: Prevalence
69. In a study conducted with more than 8,000 men and women between the ages of 15 and 54 in the United States, it was found that:
A. 48 percent of those interviewed had experienced a disorder at some point in their lives.
B. comorbidity was nonexistent.
C. posttraumatic stress disorders were infrequent.
D. 30 percent of those interviewed had experienced narcissistic personality disorder.
Page: 437Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 35.1: Discuss the prevalence of psychological disorders.
Module: 35: Psychological Disorders in Perspective
Topic: Individuals with Disorders
70. Some health practitioners argue that symptoms of ________ disorder simply define a child having a temper tantrum rather than a disorder.
A. disruptive mood dysregulation
B. somatic symptom
C. premenstrual dysphoric
D. dissociative identity
Page: 438Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 35.2: Discuss the societal and cultural context for psychological disorders.
Module: 35: Psychological Disorders in Perspective
Topic: DSM-5Topic: Individuals with Disorders
71. Which of the following statements is true of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), and culture?
A. DSM provides the final word on psychological disorders.
B. Psychological disorders are different among cultures.
C. Psychological disorders are universally found in all cultures.
D. DSM is not a creation and function of Western cultures.
Page: 439–440Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 35.2: Discuss the societal and cultural context for psychological disorders.
Module: 35: Psychological Disorders in Perspective
Topic: DSM-5
72. Which of the following statements is true about schizophrenia?
A. People throughout the world suffer from schizophrenia.
B. The symptoms associated with schizophrenia are the same across cultures.
C. Schizophrenia is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.
D. People with schizophrenia have enlarged hippocampi.
Page: 439Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 35.2: Discuss the societal and cultural context for psychological disorders.
Module: 35: Psychological Disorders in Perspective
Topic: Schizophrenia
73. Amok is a psychological disorder:
A. in which males develop an intense panic that the penis is about to withdraw into the abdomen.
B. found in Malaysia but not in the West.
C. found in parts of Africa but not in the West.
D. that is characterized by severe, incapacitating mood changes related to a woman's menstrual cycle.
Page: 440Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 35.2: Discuss the societal and cultural context for psychological disorders.
Module: 35: Psychological Disorders in Perspective
Topic: Abnormal BehaviorTopic: Sociocultural Approach
74. Psychologists typically define abnormal behavior, broadly, as behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives.Page: 406APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 33.1: Define abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
75. The medical perspective on abnormality suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the fundamental cause will be found through a physical examination of the individual.Page: 407APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 33.1: Define abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
76. The psychoanalytic perspective on abnormality holds that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression.Page: 407APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 33.1: Define abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
77. Anxiety disorder is characterized by the occurrence of anxiety without an obvious external cause that affects daily functioning.Page: 415APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.1: Discuss anxiety disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Anxiety Disorders
78. People with panic disorders have reduced reactions in the anterior cingulate cortex to stimuli that normally produce a strong reaction in those without the disorder.Page: 418APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.1: Discuss anxiety disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Panic Disorder
79. People with generalized anxiety disorder often feel that something dreadful is about to happen but can’t identify the reason and thus experience "free-floating" anxiety.Page: 418APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.1: Discuss anxiety disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
80. Koro is a condition found in Southeast Asian males who develop an intense panic that the penis is about to withdraw into the abdomen.Page: 440APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 35.2: Discuss the societal and cultural context for psychological disorders.
Module: 35: Psychological Disorders in Perspective
Topic: Abnormal BehaviorTopic: Sociocultural Approach
81. Illness anxiety disorder and conversion disorder are specific types of somatic symptom disorders.Page: 420–421APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.2: Discuss somatic symptom disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Somatic Symptom Disorders
82. In dissociative fugue, people take sudden, impulsive trips and sometimes assume a new identity.Page: 422APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.3: Discuss dissociative disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Dissociative Disorders
83. Individuals suffering from bipolar disorder cycle between periods of depression and periods of mania.Page: 424APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.4: Discuss mood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Bipolar Disorder
84. Learned helplessness is an acquired expectation that events in one's life are uncontrollable and that one can’t escape from the situation.Page: 425APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.4: Discuss mood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Mood Disorders
85. Sharon, a schizophrenic, is exhibiting extreme negative symptoms. She is not only emotionally flat but also socially withdrawn. It is most likely that she has negative-symptom schizophrenia.Page: 428APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.5: Explain schizophrenia.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Schizophrenia
86. Eating disorders, a type of psychological disorder, include anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder.Page: 434APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.8: List other disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Personality Disorders
87. Autism spectrum disorder is a severe developmental disorder that appears early in life and is characterized by difficulties in both verbal and nonverbal communication and avoidance of social contact.Page: 434APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.7: Discuss childhood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder
88. Maureen is 10 years old. She frequently has verbal and physical temperamental outbursts that are grossly out of proportion to the situation. It is likely that Maureen has disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.Page: 438APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 35.2: Discuss the societal and cultural context for psychological disorders.
Module: 35: Psychological Disorders in Perspective
Topic: DSM-5
89. What makes a behavior or thought abnormal? Discuss some of the criteria used to judge abnormality in behavior.
Due to the difficulty in distinguishing normal from abnormal behavior, psychologists have struggled to devise a precise, scientific definition of "abnormal behavior." For instance, consider the following definitions, each of which has advantages and disadvantages:
(a) Abnormality as deviation from the average: To employ this statistical approach, we simply observe what behaviors are rare or occur infrequently in a specific society or culture and label those deviations from the norm "abnormal." The difficulty with this definition is that some statistically rare behaviors clearly do not lend themselves to classification as abnormal. Similarly, such a concept of abnormality would unreasonably label a person who has an unusually high IQ as abnormal simply because a high IQ is statistically rare. In short, a definition of abnormality that rests on deviation from the average is insufficient.
(b) Abnormality as deviation from the ideal: An alternative approach considers abnormality in relation to the standard toward which most people are striving. This sort of definition considers behavior abnormal if it deviates enough from some kind of ideal or cultural standard. However, society has few standards on which people universally agree. Furthermore, standards that do arise change over time and vary across cultures. Thus, the deviation from-the-ideal approach is also inadequate.
(c) Abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort: A more useful definition concentrates on the psychological consequences of the behavior for the individual. In this approach, behavior is considered abnormal if it produces a sense of personal distress, anxiety, or guilt in an individual—or if it is harmful to others in some way. Even a definition that relies on personal discomfort has drawbacks, though, because in some especially severe forms of mental disturbance, people report feeling wonderful even though their behavior seems bizarre to others. In such cases, a personal state of well-being exists, yet most people would consider the behavior abnormal.
(d) Abnormality as the inability to function effectively: Most people are able to feed themselves, hold a job, get along with others, and in general live as productive members of society. Yet there are those who are unable to adjust to the demands of society or function effectively. According to this view of abnormality, people who are unable to function effectively and to adapt to the demands of society are considered abnormal.
(e) Abnormality as a legal concept: To the judicial system, the distinction between normal and abnormal behavior rests on the definition of insanity, which is a legal, but not a psychological, term. The definition of insanity varies from one jurisdiction to another. In some states, insanity simply means that defendants can’t understand the difference between right and wrong at the time they commit a criminal act. Other states consider whether defendants are substantially incapable of understanding the criminality of their behavior or unable to control themselves. And in some jurisdictions, pleas of insanity are not allowed at all.Page: 405APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 33.1: Define abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
90. Where does abnormality originate? Respond by making explicit reference to the six major perspectives on abnormality.
Today, six major perspectives are used to understand psychological disorders. These perspectives suggest not only different causes of abnormal behavior but different treatment approaches as well. Furthermore, some perspectives are more applicable to specific disorders than are others.
(a) Medical perspective: The medical perspective suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the fundamental cause will be found through a physical examination of the individual, which may reveal a hormonal imbalance, a chemical deficiency, or a brain injury.
(b) Psychoanalytic perspective: The psychoanalytic perspective holds that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression.
(c) Behavioral perspective: The behavioral perspective views the behavior itself as the problem. Using the basic principles of learning, behavioral theorists see both normal and abnormal behaviors as responses to various stimuli—responses that have been learned through past experience and are guided in the present by stimuli in an individual's environment. To explain why abnormal behavior occurs, we must analyze how an individual has learned it and observe the circumstances in which it is displayed.
(d) Cognitive perspective: Rather than considering only external behavior, as in traditional behavioral approaches, the cognitive approach assumes that cognitions (people's thoughts and beliefs) are central to a person's abnormal behavior. A primary goal of treatment using the cognitive perspective is to explicitly teach new, more adaptive ways of thinking.
(e) Humanistic perspective: Psychologists who subscribe to the humanistic perspective emphasize the responsibility people have for their own behavior even when their behavior is considered abnormal. The humanistic perspective—growing out of the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow—concentrates on what is uniquely human—that is, it views people as basically rational, oriented toward a social world, and motivated to seek self-actualization.
(f) Sociocultural perspective: The sociocultural perspective assumes that people's behavior—both normal and abnormal—is shaped by the society and culture in which they live. According to this view, societal and cultural factors such as poverty and prejudice may be at the root of abnormal behavior.
Specifically, the kinds of stresses and conflicts people experience in their daily lives can promote and maintain abnormal behavior.Page: 406–409APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 33.2: Discuss perspectives on abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
91. Briefly outline the humanistic perspective and the sociocultural perspective on psychological disorders.
Psychologists who subscribe to the humanistic perspective emphasize the responsibility people have for their own behavior even when their behavior is considered abnormal. The humanistic perspective concentrates on what is uniquely human—that is, it views people as basically rational, oriented toward a social world, and motivated to seek self-actualization.
Humanistic approaches focus on the relationship of the individual to society; it considers the ways in which people view themselves in relation to others and see their place in the world. The humanistic perspective views people as having an awareness of life and of themselves that leads them to search for meaning and self-worth. Rather than assuming that individuals require a "cure," the humanistic perspective suggests that they can, by and large, set their own limits of what is acceptable behavior. As long as they are not hurting others and do not feel personal distress, people should be free to choose the behaviors in which they engage. Although the humanistic perspective has been criticized for its reliance on unscientific, unverifiable information and its vague, almost philosophical formulations, it offers a distinctive view of abnormal behavior. It stresses the unique aspects of being human and provides a number of important suggestions for helping those with psychological problems.
The sociocultural perspective assumes that people's behavior—both normal and abnormal—is shaped by society and the culture in which they live. According to this view, societal and cultural factors such as poverty and prejudice may be at the root of abnormal behavior. Specifically, the kinds of stresses and conflicts people experience in their daily lives can promote and maintain abnormal behavior. This perspective is supported by research showing that some kinds of abnormal behavior are far more prevalent among certain social classes than they are in others. For instance, diagnoses of schizophrenia tend to be higher among members of lower socioeconomic groups than among members of more affluent groups. Proportionally more African-American individuals are hospitalized involuntarily for psychological disorders than are whites. Furthermore, poor economic times seem to be linked to general declines in psychological functioning, and social problems such as homelessness are associated with psychological disorders.
On the other hand, alternative explanations abound for the association between abnormal behavior and social factors. For example, people from lower socioeconomic levels may be less likely than those from higher levels to seek help, gradually reaching a point where their symptoms become severe and warrant a serious diagnosis. Furthermore, sociocultural explanations provide relatively little specific guidance for the treatment of individuals showing mental disturbance because the focus is on broader societal factors.Page: 408–409APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 33.2: Discuss perspectives on abnormality.
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal
Topic: Abnormal Behavior
92. Describe panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
In panic disorder, panic attacks occur that last from a few seconds to several hours. Unlike phobias, which are stimulated by specific objects or situations, panic disorders do not have any identifiable stimuli. Instead, during an attack, anxiety suddenly—and often without warning—rises to a peak, and an individual feels a sense of impending, unavoidable doom. Although the physical symptoms differ from person to person, they may include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, unusual amounts of sweating, faintness and dizziness, gastric sensations, and sometimes a sense of imminent death. After such an attack, it is no wonder that people tend to feel exhausted.
Panic attacks seemingly come out of nowhere and are unconnected to any specific stimulus. Because they don't know what triggers their feelings of panic, victims of panic attacks may become fearful of going places. In fact, some people with panic disorder develop a complication called agoraphobia, the fear of being in a situation in which escape is difficult and in which help for a possible panic attack would not be available. In extreme cases, people with agoraphobia never leave their homes.
In addition to the physical symptoms, panic disorder affects how the brain processes information. For instance, people with panic disorder have reduced reactions in the anterior cingulate cortex to stimuli (such as viewing a fearful face) that normally produce a strong reaction in those without the disorder. It may be that recurring high levels of emotional arousal that patients with panic disorder experience desensitizes them to emotional stimuli.
People with generalized anxiety disorder experience long-term, persistent anxiety and uncontrollable worry. Sometimes their concerns are about identifiable issues involving family, money, work, or health. In other cases, though, people with the disorder feel that something dreadful is about to happen but can't identify the reason and thus experience "free-floating" anxiety. Because of persistent anxiety, people with generalized anxiety disorder can’t concentrate or set their worry and fears aside; their lives become centered on their worry.Page: 418APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.1: Discuss anxiety disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Generalized Anxiety DisorderTopic: Panic Disorder
93. Define somatic symptom disorders. Describe a type of somatic symptom disorder.
Somatic symptom disorders are psychological difficulties that take on a physical (somatic) form but for which there is no medical cause. Even though an individual with somatic symptom disorder reports physical symptoms, no biological cause exists, or if there is a medical problem, the person's reaction is greatly exaggerated.
One type of somatic symptom disorder is illness anxiety disorder in which people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health.
These individuals believe that everyday aches and pains are symptoms of a dreaded disease. The "symptoms" are not faked; rather, they are misinterpreted as evidence of some serious illness—often in the face of inarguable medical evidence to the contrary.Page: 420APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.2: Discuss somatic symptom disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Somatic Symptom Disorders
94. What are the similarities and differences between illness anxiety disorder and conversion disorder?
Both hypochondriasis and conversion disorder are forms of somatic symptom disorder. People with illness anxiety disorder have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health. These individuals believe that everyday aches and pains are symptoms of a dreaded disease. Unlike illness anxiety disorder, in which there is no physical problem, conversion disorders involve an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to see or hear or to move an arm or leg.Page: 420–421APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 34.2: Discuss somatic symptom disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Somatic Symptom Disorders
95. Describe dissociative identity disorder and dissociative amnesia.
Dissociative disorders are characterized by the separation (or dissociation) of different facets of a person's personality that are normally integrated and work together. By dissociating key parts of who they are, people are able to keep disturbing memories or perceptions from reaching conscious awareness and thereby reduce their anxiety.
Several dissociative disorders exist, although all of them are rare. A person with a dissociative identity disorder (DID) (once called multiple personality disorder) displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities, identities, or personality fragments. Individual personalities often have a unique set of likes and dislikes and their own reactions to situations. Some people with multiple personalities even carry several pairs of glasses because their vision changes with each personality. Moreover, each individual personality can be well adjusted when considered on its own.
The diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder is controversial. It was rarely diagnosed before 1980, when it was added as a category in the third edition of DSM for the first time. At that point, the number of cases increased significantly. Some clinicians suggest the increase was due to more precise identification of the disorder, while others suggest the increase was due to an over-readiness to use the classification. In addition, widespread publicity about cases of DID may have influenced patients to report symptoms of more common personality disorders in ways that made it more likely they would receive a diagnosis of DID. There are also significant cross-cultural differences in the incidence of DID. Dissociative amnesia is another dissociative disorder in which a significant, selective memory loss occurs.
Dissociative amnesia is unlike simple amnesia, which involves an actual loss of information from memory and typically results from a physiological cause. In contrast, in cases of dissociative amnesia, the "forgotten" material is still present in memory—it simply can’t be recalled. The term repressed memories is sometimes used to describe the lost memories of people with dissociative amnesia.
In the most severe form of dissociative amnesia, individuals can’t recall their names, are unable to recognize parents and other relatives, and do not know their addresses. In other respects, though, they may appear quite normal. Apart from an inability to remember certain facts about themselves, they may be able to recall skills and abilities that they developed earlier.Page: 421–422APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.3: Discuss dissociative disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Dissociative Disorders
96. Describe major depressive disorder.
Major depressive disorder is a severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability. Major depression is one of the more common forms of mood disorders. Some 15 million people in the United States suffer from major depression, and at any one time, 6–10 percent of the U.S. population is clinically depressed. Almost one in five people in the United States experiences major depression at some point in life, and 15 percent of college students have received a diagnosis of depression. The cost of depression is more than $80 billion a year in lost productivity. Women are twice as likely to experience major depression as men, with one-fourth of all females apt to encounter it at some point during their lives.
Furthermore, although no one is sure why, the rate of depression is going up throughout the world. Results of in-depth interviews conducted in the United States, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, Lebanon, Canada, Italy, Germany, and France indicate that the incidence of depression has increased significantly over previous rates in every area. In fact, in some countries, the likelihood that individuals will have major depression at some point in their lives is three times higher than it was for earlier generations. In addition, people are developing major depression at increasingly younger ages.
When psychologists speak of major depression, they do not mean the sadness that comes from experiencing one of life's disappointments that we all have experienced. Some depression is normal after the breakup of a long-term relationship, the death of a loved one, or the loss of a job. It is normal even after less serious problems, such as doing badly on a test or having a romantic partner forget one's birthday. People who suffer from major depression experience similar feelings, but the severity tends to be considerably greater. They may feel useless, worthless, and lonely, and they may think the future is hopeless and no one can help them. They may lose their appetite and have no energy. Moreover, they may experience such feelings for months or even years. They may cry uncontrollably, have sleep disturbances, and be at risk for suicide. The depth and duration of such behavior are the hallmarks of major depression.Page: 423–424APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.4: Discuss mood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Depressive Disorder
97. Briefly describe the causes of mood disorders.
Some mood disorders clearly have genetic and biochemical roots. In fact, most evidence suggests that bipolar disorders are caused primarily by biological factors. For instance, bipolar disorder (and some forms of major depression) clearly runs in some families, pointing to a genetic cause. Furthermore, researchers have found that several neurotransmitters play a role in depression. Other explanations for depression have also included a focus on psychological causes. For instance, proponents of psychoanalytic approaches see depression as the result of feelings of loss (real or potential) or of anger directed at oneself. One psychoanalytic approach, for instance, suggests that depression is produced by the loss or threatened loss of a parent early in life.
Behavioral theories of depression argue that the stresses of life produce a reduction in positive reinforcers. As a result, people begin to withdraw, which only reduces positive reinforcers further. In addition, people receive attention for their depressive behavior, which further reinforces the depression.
Some explanations for mood disorders attribute them to cognitive factors. For example, psychologist Martin Seligman suggests that depression is largely a response to learned helplessness. Learned helplessness is a learned expectation that events in one's life are uncontrollable and that one can’t escape from the situation. As a consequence, people simply give up fighting aversive events and submit to them, which thereby produces depression.
Brain imaging studies suggest that people with depression experience a general blunting of emotional reactions. For example, one study found that the brains of people with depression showed significantly less activation when they viewed photos of human faces displaying strong emotions than did those without the disorder. Other explanations of depression derive from evolutionary psychology, which considers how our genetic inheritance from our ancestors influences our behavior. In the evolutionary view, depression is an adaptive response to unattainable goals.
Ultimately, it is clear that researchers have discovered no definitive solutions to the puzzle of depression, and there are many alternative explanations. Most likely, a complex interaction of several factors causes mood disorders.Page: 424–425APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.4: Discuss mood disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Mood Disorders
98. Describe schizophrenia. What are the characteristics that reliably distinguish schizophrenia from other disorders?
Schizophrenia refers to a class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs. Thinking, perception, and emotion may deteriorate; the affected individual may withdraw from social interaction; and the person may display bizarre behavior. The symptoms displayed by persons with schizophrenia may vary considerably over time. Nonetheless, a number of characteristics reliably distinguish schizophrenia from other disorders. They include the following:
(a) Decline from a previous level of functioning: An individual can no longer carry out activities he or she was once able to do.
(b) Disturbances of thought and speech: People with schizophrenia use logic and language in a peculiar way. Their thinking often does not make sense, and their logic is frequently faulty, which is referred to as a formal thought disorder. They also do not follow conventional linguistic rules.
(c) Delusions: People with schizophrenia often have delusions, firmly held, unshakable beliefs with no basis in reality. Among the common delusions people with schizophrenia experience are the beliefs that they are being controlled by someone else, they are being persecuted by others, and their thoughts are being broadcast so that others know what they are thinking.
(d) Hallucinations and perceptual disorders: People with schizophrenia do not perceive the world as most other people do. They may have hallucinations, the experience of perceiving things that do not actually exist. Furthermore, they may see, hear, or smell things differently from others; they do not even have a sense of their bodies in the way that others do and have difficulty determining where their bodies stop and the rest of the world begins.
(e) Emotional disturbances: People with schizophrenia sometimes show a lack of emotion in which even the most dramatic events produce little or no emotional response.Conversely, they may display emotion that is inappropriate to a situation. For example, a person with schizophrenia may laugh uproariously at a funeral or react with anger when being helped by someone.
(f) Withdrawal: People with schizophrenia tend to have little interest in others. They tend not to socialize or hold real conversations with others, although they may talk at another person. In the most extreme cases, they do not even acknowledge the presence of other people and appear to be in their own isolated world.Page: 426–428APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.5: Explain schizophrenia.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Schizophrenia
99. Describe personality disorders. Review the nature and potential bases of both antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.
A personality disorder is characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society.
Personality disorders differ from the other problems because those affected by them often have little sense of personal distress associated with the psychological maladjustment. In fact, people with personality disorders frequently lead seemingly normal lives. However, just below the surface lies a set of inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that do not permit these individuals to function as members of society.
The best-known type of personality disorder is the antisocial personality disorder (sometimes referred to as a sociopathic personality). Individuals with this disturbance show no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others. Although they can appear quite intelligent and likable (at least at first), upon closer examination they turn out to be manipulative and deceptive. Moreover, they lack any guilt or anxiety about their wrongdoing. When those with antisocial personality disorder behave in a way that injures someone else, they understand intellectually that they have caused harm but feel no remorse.
People with antisocial personality disorder are often impulsive and lack the ability to withstand frustration. They can be extremely manipulative. They also may have excellent social skills; they can be charming, engaging, and highly persuasive. Some of the best con artists have antisocial personalities.
People with borderline personality disorder have difficulty developing a secure sense of who they are. As a consequence, they tend to rely on relationships with others to define their identity. The problem with this strategy is that rejections are devastating. Furthermore, people with this disorder distrust others and have difficulty controlling their anger. Their emotional volatility leads to impulsive and self-destructive behavior.
Individuals with borderline personality disorder often feel empty and alone, and they have difficulty cooperating with others. They may form intense, sudden, one-sided relationships in which they demand the attention of another person and then feel angry when they don't receive it. One reason for this behavior is that they may have a background in which others discounted or criticized their emotional reactions, and they may not have learned to regulate their emotions effectively.Page: 431–433APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 34.6: Discuss personality disorders.
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders
Topic: Antisocial Personality DisorderTopic: Borderline Personality DisorderTopic: Personality Disorders
100. Discuss how culture affects the prevalence and presentation of psychological disorders.
Students' answers may vary.
Among all the major adult disorders included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, categorization, a minority are found across all cultures of the world. Most others are prevalent primarily in North America and Western Europe.
For instance, take anorexia nervosa, the disorder in which people become obsessed with their weight and sometimes stop eating, ultimately starving to death in the process. This disorder occurs most frequently in cultures that hold the societal standard that slender female bodies are the most desirable. In most of the world, where such a standard does not exist, anorexia nervosa is rare. Until recently, there was little anorexia nervosa in Asia with some exceptions, such as the upper and upper-middle classes of Japan and Hong Kong, where Western influence is greatest. In fact, anorexia nervosa developed fairly recently even in Western cultures. In the 1600s and 1700s, it did not occur because the ideal female body in Western cultures at that time was a full-figured one.
Other cultures have disorders that do not appear in the West. For example, in Malaysia, a behavior called amok is characterized by a wild outburst in which a person, usually quiet and withdrawn, kills or severely injures another. Koro is a condition found in Southeast Asian males who develop an intense panic that the penis is about to withdraw into the abdomen. Finally, ataque de nervios is a disorder found most often among Latinos from the Caribbean. It is characterized by trembling, crying, uncontrollable screams, and verbal or physical aggression.Page: 439–440APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 35.2: Discuss the societal and cultural context for psychological disorders.
Module: 35: Psychological Disorders in Perspective
Topic: Sociocultural Approach
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 73
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 26
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 66
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 12
Bloom's: Apply 13
Bloom's: Remember 57
Bloom's: Understand 30
Difficulty: Easy 59
Difficulty: Hard 11
Difficulty: Medium 30
Learning Objective: 33.1: Define abnormality. 8
Learning Objective: 33.2: Discuss perspectives on abnormality. 12
Learning Objective: 33.3: Classify abnormal behavior. 1
Learning Objective: 34.1: Discuss anxiety disorders. 10
Learning Objective: 34.2: Discuss somatic symptom disorders. 10
Learning Objective: 34.3: Discuss dissociative disorders. 11
Learning Objective: 34.4: Discuss mood disorders. 12
Learning Objective: 34.5: Explain schizophrenia. 11
Learning Objective: 34.6: Discuss personality disorders. 6
Learning Objective: 34.7: Discuss childhood disorders. 5
Learning Objective: 34.8: List other disorders. 4
Learning Objective: 35.1: Discuss the prevalence of psychological disorders. 3
Learning Objective: 35.2: Discuss the societal and cultural context for psychological disorders. 7
Module: 33: Normal versus Abnormal 21
Module: 34: The Major Psychological Disorders 70
Module: 35: Psychological Disorders in Perspective 9
Topic: Abnormal Behavior 22
Topic: ADHD 1
Topic: Antisocial Personality Disorder 2
Topic: Anxiety Disorders 3
Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder 4
Topic: Bipolar Disorder 5
Topic: Borderline Personality Disorder 3
Topic: Depressive Disorder 1
Topic: Dissociative Disorders 11
Topic: DSM-5 4
Topic: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2
Topic: Individuals with Disorders 2
Topic: Mood Disorders 6
Topic: Narcissistic Personality Disorder 2
Topic: Panic Disorder 3
Topic: Personality Disorders 5
Topic: Prevalence 2
Topic: Schizophrenia 12
Topic: Sociocultural Approach 3
Topic: Somatic Symptom Disorders 10
Topic: Specific Phobia 3
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Psychology and Your Life 3rd Edition | Test Bank with Answer Key
By Robert S. Feldman