Ch8 Full Test Bank Development

Chapter 08

Test Bank

1. A researcher raises a sample of unrelated macaque monkeys in identical laboratory environments. He finds significant differences among these monkeys in their preference for novel visual stimuli. What might the researcher legitimately conclude concerning the relative effects of nature and nurture on the preference for visual novelty?

A. Nurture has a major influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.

B. Nature has a substantial influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.

C. Both nature and nurture have an equal influence on the monkeys’ preference for visual novelty.

D. Neither nature nor nurture has the ability to regulate the monkeys’ preference for visual novelty.

Page: 293Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 25.1: Compare and contrast the influence of nature versus nurture.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Nature and Nurture

2. Which of the following is true of cross-sectional research?

A. It traces the behavior of one or more participants as they age.

B. It does not provide information about the differences in development between different age groups.

C. It compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

D. It assesses change in behavior over time.

Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.2: Describe developmental research techniques.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Developmental Research Techniques

3. Max is a graduate student who wants to find the relation between identity formation and the environment. For this purpose, he interviews a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds and asks them what they plan to do when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a _____ research method.

A. longitudinal

B. cross-sectional

C. single case experimental

D. sequential

Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 25.2: Describe developmental research techniques.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Developmental Research Techniques

4. Dr. Edward is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study, while Dr. Janice is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time. Dr. Edward is using a _____ research method; Dr. Janice is using a _____ method.

A. cross-sectional; longitudinal

B. longitudinal; cross-sectional

C. sequential; simultaneous

D. sequential; cross-sectional

Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: 25.2: Describe developmental research techniques.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Developmental Research Techniques

5. Cross-sectional research techniques provide information about _____ in development between different age groups. Longitudinal research techniques provide information concerning _____ in behavior over time.

A. changes; differences

B. changes; changes

C. differences; differences

D. differences; changes

Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 25.2: Describe developmental research techniques.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Developmental Research Techniques

6. Which of the following is true about longitudinal research?

A. It combines cross-sectional and sequential research.

B. It traces the behavior of one or more participants as they get older.

C. It assesses the differences among groups of people at one point in time.

D. It is not as time-consuming as cross-sectional research.

Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.2: Describe developmental research techniques.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Developmental Research Techniques

7. Dona is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills. She selects a group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every six months over a two-year period. In this example, Dona is using a _____ research method.

A. cross-sectional

B. transversal

C. longitudinal

D. single case experimental

Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 25.2: Describe developmental research techniques.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Developmental Research Techniques

8. Which technique of developmental researchers requires a significant expenditure of time as a researcher waits for the participants to get older?

A. Longitudinal research

B. Cross-sectional research

C. Empirical research

D. Applied research

Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.2: Describe developmental research techniques.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Developmental Research Techniques

9. Maria is studying the effects of calcium on the development of children. She administers different levels of calcium to two groups of children, one group consisting of children aged five and the other group consisting of children aged ten. She studies the growth rate of these two groups regularly over a period of one year. On the basis of the given evidence, it would be most accurate to say that Maria is using _____ research.

A. cross-sectional

B. factorial

C. longitudinal

D. single case experimental

Page: 295Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: 25.2: Describe developmental research techniques.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Developmental Research Techniques

10. Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical female child?

A. XX

B. XY

C. YY

D. XXY

Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Genetics

11. The first two weeks of a pregnancy, from conception to implantation, are known as the _____ period.

A. embryonic

B. germinal

C. fetal

D. critical

Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

12. The one-celled entity formed by the union of an egg and a sperm is called a:

A. cyst.

B. fetus.

C. zygote.

D. neonate.

Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

13. Which of the following stages of development that a baby goes through is correctly matched with its description or milestone?

A. In the germinal stage, an organism grows from one cell to hundreds of cells.

B. In the perinatal stage, the first cell is formed by the union of an egg and a sperm.

C. In the embryonic stage, facial features become similar to those that the child will display at birth.

D. In the fetal stage, the fertilization of an egg takes place.

Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

14. _____ are rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information.

A. Spleens

B. Chromosomes

C. Serotonins

D. Norepinephrines

Page: 296Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

15. A normal fertilized egg, or zygote, contains _____ pairs of chromosomes.

A. 46

B. 21

C. 23

D. 28

Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

16. Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical male child?

A. XX

B. XY

C. YY

D. XXY

Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

17. Two weeks after conception, a developing fertilized egg is called a(n) _____.

A. embryo

B. fetus

C. zygote

D. neonate

Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

18. In the _____ stage of development, a developing individual is less than an inch long and has developed a rudimentary beating heart, a brain, an intestinal tract, and a number of other organs that are at a primitive stage of development.

A. embryonic

B. fetal

C. germinal

D. neonatal

Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

19. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of the stages of prenatal development?

A. Germinal, embryonic, and fetal

B. Fetal, embryonic, and germinal

C. Germinal, fetal, and embryonic

D. Fetal, germinal, and embryonic

Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

20. The longest part of a pregnancy, from the 8th week through to birth, is the _____ period.

A. germinal

B. embryonic

C. zygotic

D. fetal

Page: 297Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

21. An infant is considered preterm if it is born before week _____.

A. 22

B. 28

C. 36

D. 38

Page: 298Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

22. Which genetic or chromosomal abnormality below is correctly described?

A. In phenylketonuria, a child is unable to produce a critical enzyme, which results in an accumulation of poisons and in turn causes profound intellectual disabilities.

B. In Tay-Sachs disease, the body starts producing abnormally shaped red blood cells.

C. In Down syndrome, the brain tissues of the cortex degenerate, resulting in death.

D. In sickle-cell anemia, a child receives an extra chromosome resulting in mental retardation.

Page: 298Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Genetic Influences on Fetus

23. Two-year-old Zack has an inherited disorder in which his body can’t break down fat. He will probably die by the time he is four. Which of the following diseases is Zack most likely suffering from?

A. Phenylketonuria

B. Sickle-cell anemia

C. Tay-Sachs disease

D. Down syndrome

Page: 299Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Genetic Influences on Fetus

24. Clarissa's mother was 38 years old when she gave birth to her. Clarissa suffers from an intellectual disability, and doctors have diagnosed that her condition is due to the extra chromosome that she received at the time of conception. Identify the condition afflicting Clarissa.

A. Phenylketonuria

B. Sickle-cell anemia

C. Tay-Sachs disease

D. Down syndrome

Page: 299Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Genetic Influences on Fetus

25. A teratogen is:

A. an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.

B. a genetic or chromosomal abnormality that may produce a developmental disorder.

C. any physical defect in an unborn child.

D. a fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division.

Page: 299Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

26. Barney's mother gave birth to him when she was 25 years old. She drank heavily during her pregnancy. As a result, Barney is short. He also has learning disorders and displays some facial abnormalities. Which of the following condition is Barney most likely suffering from?

A. Tay-Sachs disease

B. Phenylketonuria

C. Down syndrome.

D. Fetal alcohol syndrome

Page: 299Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

27. Baby Lisa automatically turns her head in the direction of any touch on the cheeks. This is the _____ reflex.

A. gag

B. rooting

C. sucking

D. startle

Page: 304Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Reflexes

28. Which infant reflex is correctly described?

A. In Babinski reflex, an infant's toes fan out when the edge of the sole of its foot is stroked.

B. In sucking reflex, an infant turns its head toward something touching its cheeks.

C. In startle reflex, an infant bites on things that touch its lips.

D. In rooting reflex, an infant flings out its arms and arches its back in response to a sudden noise.

Page: 304Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Reflexes

29. _____ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.

A. Habituation

B. Attachment

C. Polymorphism

D. Maturation

Page: 307Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Attachment

30. Based on Harlow's research with monkeys, which of the following would prove to be most effective in comforting a frightened infant or child?

A. Leaving the child alone

B. Offering the child something good to eat

C. Talking to the child from a distance

D. Touching or holding the child

Page: 307Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Attachment

31. The "strange situation" experiment is associated with _____; it helps classify the attachment behavior of _____.

A. Harlow; newborns

B. Bandura; toddlers

C. Ainsworth; toddlers

D. Chomsky; newborns

Page: 307Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Attachment

32. At 12 months of age, Jordan is classified as a securely attached child by his pediatrician on the basis of the criteria set by Mary Ainsworth. Which of the following behaviors in the Ainsworth strange situation would be most consistent with this classification?

A. Jordan is moderately distressed when his mother leaves him alone and is pleased when she returns.

B. Jordan is unconcerned when his mother leaves and is uninterested when she returns.

C. Jordan is very upset when his mother leaves and seems both relieved and angry when she returns.

D. Jordan is very upset when his mother leaves, and he ignores her when she returns.

Page: 307–308Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Attachment

33. Eliza takes her 1-year-old son, Danny, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Danny eagerly explores the room as long as Eliza is present. When Eliza leaves the room to fill out some forms, Danny becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, he quickly calms down. In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth, which of the following terms best describes Danny's attachment style?

A. Disorganized

B. Ambivalent

C. Secure

D. Avoidant

Page: 308Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Attachment

34. According to Mary Ainsworth, when a child with avoidant attachment style is exposed to the Ainsworth strange situation, he or she will:

A. continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.

B. refuse to play and explore new settings when the mother is not present.

C. show no concern when the mother leaves the room.

D. exhibit inconsistent and contradictory behavior toward the mother when she returns.

Page: 308Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Attachment

35. A _____ reflex prompts babies to clear their throats.

A. rooting

B. startle

C. Babinski

D. gag

Page: 304Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Reflexes

36. In the context of the experiments conducted by Mary Ainsworth, the _____ attachment style describes a child who exhibits distress at his mother's departure in the Ainsworth strange situation but is easily soothed on her return.

A. secure

B. avoidant

C. ambivalent

D. disorganized

Page: 307Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Attachment

37. Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding on to her leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. In fact, he starts kicking and hitting her. In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth, which term best describes Adam's attachment style?

A. Patriarchal

B. Ambivalent

C. Avoidant

D. Secure

Page: 307Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Attachment

38. Maura and Trish are eighth graders who are caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her and refuse to let her explain things. They ground her for a month and take away her television and Internet privileges for two months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern. Additionally, for a week, they make her spend every afternoon at the library, researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. According to this scenario, Maura's parents are _____ and Trish's are _____.

A. permissive; authoritative

B. authoritarian; permissive

C. authoritarian; authoritative

D. authoritative; permissive

Page: 310Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Parenting Styles

39. Joan's mom and dad believe that parents know best. They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without uttering a word, and they are quick to impose stern punishments if she does not comply. In Baumrind's terms, Joan's parents are:

A. authoritarian.

B. permissive.

C. authoritative.

D. uninvolved.

Page: 310Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Parenting Styles

40. Walter's parents strongly believe that Walter should make his own decisions, so they set very few rules regarding homework, bedtime, and household chores. Since they believe that freedom and responsibility are important, they patiently tolerate all of Walter's behavior, whether childish or mature. The parenting style adopted by Walter's parents is called:

A. authoritarian.

B. permissive.

C. authoritative.

D. uninvolved.

Page: 310Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Parenting Styles

41. Which of the following constructs primarily reflects that "nature" is more influential than "nurture"?

A. Attachment style

B. Temperament

C. Choice of mother tongue

D. Choice of friends

Page: 312Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Nature and Nurture

42. Bonnie is 3 months old. Her parents are inconsistent in attending to her needs. Sometimes they are very attentive, feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset. At other times, Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her. Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Bonnie will develop:

A. a general sense of mistrust.

B. a sense of superiority.

C. an inflated id.

D. memory impairment.

Page: 310Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

43. Hailey's parents demand that she follow their instructions without asking any question. Isabella's parents are firm as well, but they are more likely to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior. In Baumrind's terms, Hailey's parents are _____, while Isabella's parents are _____.

A. authoritarian; authoritative

B. authoritative; authoritarian

C. permissive; authoritarian

D. authoritative; permissive

Page: 310Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Parenting Styles

44. According to Erikson, the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the _____ stage.

A. trust-versus-mistrust

B. id-versus-ego

C. autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt

D. intimacy-versus-isolation

Page: 313Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

45. Which of the following accurately reflects a positive aspect of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

A. Erikson focused equally on the development of both males and females.

B. The well-established accuracy of the concepts used by Erikson is a strong point of his theory.

C. Erikson's theory confirmed that nature has a greater influence than nurture on the development of an individual.

D. Erikson's theory encompassed the entire life span of an individual.

Page: 314Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

46. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence?

A. Sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal operational

B. Preoperational, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal operational

C. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

D. Nonoperational, preoperational, operational, and postoperational

Page: 314Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

47. Dawn is 1 week of age. Ellis is 6 years of age. Fritzi is 9 years of age. Girard is 15 years of age. In the context of the stages of development suggested by Piaget, which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

A. Dawn—sensorimotor

B. Ellis—concrete operational

C. Fritzi—formal operational

D. Girard—postoperational

Page: 314Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

48. During the sensorimotor period:

A. children begin to understand reversibility.

B. understanding is based mainly on basic sensory and motor abilities.

C. mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world.

D. individuals can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions.

Page: 315Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

49. To stop baby Rudy from crying for a sharp knife on the kitchen table, his mother put it in her apron pocket. "Out of sight, out of mind," she said, and it worked. Rudy's mother has capitalized on his lack of the concept of:

A. conservation.

B. egocentrism.

C. object permanence.

D. reversibility.

Page: 315Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Object Permanence

50. A child demonstrates that she understands the idea of object permanence and egocentrism but fails to understand the concept of conservation. In the context of the Piagetian stages, she is most likely in the _____ stage.

A. preoperational

B. concrete operational

C. sensorimotor

D. formal operational

Page: 315Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

51. According to Piaget, mastery of the principle of conservation marks the beginning of the _____ stage of development.

A. sensorimotor

B. concrete operational

C. formal operational

D. preoperational

Page: 315Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Conservation

52. Mrs. Weston asks Colin if he wants his sandwich in one piece or cut into two pieces. Colin tells her to keep it in one piece because he isn't hungry enough to eat two pieces. In the context of Piaget's theory, Colin's answer suggests that he does not:

A. understand the concept of object permanence.

B. know how to add.

C. understand the concept of conservation.

D. have an egocentric view.

Page: 314Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Conservation

53. Jay complains to his father that he wants more juice than he has. His father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller but narrower glass. Jay is now content that he has more juice. Jay has failed to grasp the concept of:

A. object permanence.

B. egocentrism.

C. hypo-deductive reasoning.

D. conservation.

Page: 315Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Conservation

54. Edward is 8 years of age and is currently in the second grade. In the context of the theory propagated by Piaget, Edward is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A. sensorimotor

B. preoperational

C. concrete operational

D. formal operational

Page: 315Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

55. Some Western legal systems consider either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains reason. Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian standpoint?

A. Yes. Children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational period.

B. Yes. Children become capable of abstract, hypothetical reasoning during the concrete operational period.

C. No. Children are unable to reason prior to the formal operational period.

D. No. Children can reason much earlier than this, i.e., during the preoperational period.

Page: 315Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

56. Preschoolers can hold only 2 or 3 chunks of information in short-term memory, 5-year-olds can hold four, and 7-year-olds can hold _____.

A. 5

B. 8

C. 7

D. 10

Page: 316Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Information Processing Approach

57. Two children are participating in a memory research: Heather, a preschooler, and Illeana, a sixth grader. When the children fail a particular recall task, the researcher asks each child what she might do to succeed at the task the next time. Heather suggests that she would simply try again; Illeana proposes that she would try to write the items down. The difference in the girls' responses most clearly illustrates an increase in _____ during childhood.

A. memory capacity

B. metacognitive ability

C. operational thinking

D. proximal development

Page: 317Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Information Processing Approach

58. Twelve-year-old Nathaniel was having trouble solving the word problems in his math homework. However, when his dad helped him by reading the problems aloud and emphasizing the important information, Nathaniel could solve all the problems correctly. Which of the following concepts is being illustrated in this scenario?

A. Piaget's concept of conservation

B. Erikson's concept of industry versus inferiority

C. Piaget's concept of concrete operational thought

D. Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development

Page: 317Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

59. Girls typically experience the adolescent growth spurt _____ than do boys.

A. 6 months earlier

B. 2 years earlier

C. 6 months later

D. 2 years later

Page: 321Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 27.1: Summarize the major physical transitions that characterize adolescence.

Module: 27: Adolescence

Topic: Adolescence

60. During the Vietnam War, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He didn't want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect the _____ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg.

A. conventional

B. preconventional

C. postconventional

D. ambivalent

Page: 322–323Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: 27.2: Explain moral and cognitive development in adolescents.

Module: 27: Adolescence

Topic: Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

61. Jack registers as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. He believes that it is wrong to take human life. He is willing to serve time in jail, rather than take part in an armed conflict. Jack's reasons for not going to war reflect the _____ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg.

A. preconventional

B. conventional

C. postconventional

D. postoperational

Page: 323Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: 27.2: Explain moral and cognitive development in adolescents.

Module: 27: Adolescence

Topic: Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

62. According to Erikson, adolescents are primarily engaged in resolving the psychosocial crisis of:

A. trust versus mistrust.

B. intimacy versus isolation.

C. generativity versus stagnation.

D. identity versus role confusion.

Page: 398Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 27.3: Discuss social development in adolescents.

Module: 27: Adolescence

Topic: Identity

63. According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of the intimacy-versus-isolation stage occurs:

A. during the first year of life.

B. between the ages of 3 and 6.

C. during the early adult years.

D. during adolescence.

Page: 325Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.2: Discuss social development in adulthood.

Module: 27: Adolescence

Topic: Identity

64. According to Erikson, people enter the generativity-versus-stagnation stage during _____.

A. adolescence

B. childhood

C. middle adulthood

D. old age

Page: 324Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.2: Discuss social development in adulthood.

Module: 27: Adolescence

Topic: Identity

65. Yolanda is 24, Zachary is 44, and Andrew is 73. Assume that each successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his or her stage as proposed by Erikson. Which of the following alternatives matches each individual with the correct developmental outcome?

A. Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: generativity; and Andrew: wisdom

B. Yolanda: wisdom; Zachary: intimacy; and Andrew: generativity

C. Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: wisdom; and Andrew: generativity

D. Yolanda: generativity; Zachary: intimacy; and Andrew: wisdom

Page: 324–325Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychologys content domains.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 28.2: Discuss social development in adulthood.

Module: 27: Adolescence

Topic: Identity

66. Denise is in her mid-40s; she is not married and is childless. Her job is routine, and she feels as if she has not really done much to contribute to society's future. In Erikson's terms, Denise is in the _____ stage.

A. generativity-versus-stagnation

B. trust-versus-mistrust

C. autonomy-versus-shame

D. initiative-versus-guilt

Page: 325Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: 28.1: Explain physical development in adulthood.

Module: 27: Adolescence

Topic: Identity

67. From the late teens into the mid-20s, individuals are in a transitional phase that developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.

A. emerging

B. beginning

C. developing

D. launching

Page: 330Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 27.2: Explain moral and cognitive development in adolescents.

Module: 27: Adulthood

Topic: Emerging Adulthood

68. Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase of life that developmental psychologists term _____ adulthood.

A. developing

B. emerging

C. beginning

D. nascent

Page: 330Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 28.1: Explain physical development in adulthood.

Module: 27: Adulthood

Topic: Emerging Adulthood

69. The time at which a woman's menstrual cycle slows down and eventually stops is called:

A. menarche.

B. menopause.

C. amenorrhea.

D. the zygotic period.

Page: 406Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.1: Explain physical development in adulthood.

Module: 27: Adulthood

Topic: Menopause

70. Dr. Carruthers believes that a combination of hereditary and environmental factors influences development. Dr. Carruthers has adopted a(n) interactionist position on the nature–nurture issue related to development.Page: 294APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 28.2: Discuss social development in adulthood.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Nature and Nurture

71. Compared with children in two-parent families, children in single-parent families are:

A. less well adjusted.

B. more likely to be poor.

C. more likely to develop close relations.

D. less likely to have trust issues.

Page: 333Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.5: Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 28.2: Discuss social development in adulthood.

Learning Objective: 28.3: State the impact of marriage, children, and divorce on families.

Module: 27: Adulthood

Topic: Social Development

72. Which theory of aging suggests that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time?

A. Wear-and-tear theory

B. Genetic preprogramming theory

C. Dual-process theory

D. Activity theory

Page: 335Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.5: Explain the physical changes that occur in late adulthood.

Module: 27: Adulthood

Topic: Theories of Aging

73. Which theory of aging suggests that the mechanical functions of the body work less efficiently as people age?

A. Wear-and-tear theory

B. Person-centered theory

C. Dual-process theory

D. Activity theory

Page: 335Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.5: Explain the physical changes that occur in late adulthood.

Module: 27: Adulthood

Topic: Theories of Aging

74. Age-related declines are more apparent in _____ memory than in _____ memory.

A. episodic; semantic

B. semantic; episodic

C. implicit; explicit

D. semantic and implicit; episodic and explicit

Page: 336Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.6: Identify the cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood.

Module: 27: Adulthood

Topic: Memory

75. _____ occurs when beta amyloid precursor protein goes awry, producing large clumps of cells that trigger inflammation and deterioration of nerve cells.

A. Alzheimer's disease

B. Cyclothymic disorder

C. Crohn's disease

D. Bipolar disorder

Page: 337Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.6: Identify the cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood.

Module: 27: Adulthood

Topic: Memory

76. According to the _____ theory of aging, aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels.

A. wear-and-tear

B. genetic preprogramming

C. disengagement

D. activity

Page: 337Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.7: Discuss the social aspects of late adulthood.

Module: 27: Adulthood

Topic: Theories of Aging

77. According to the _____ theory of aging, people who age most successfully are those who maintain the interests, activities, and level of social interaction they experienced during middle adulthood.

A. wear-and-tear

B. genetic preprogramming

C. disengagement

D. activity

Page: 337Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.7: Discuss the social aspects of late adulthood.

Module: 27: Adulthood

Topic: Theories of Aging

78. _____ refers to the process by which people examine and evaluate their existence.

A. Metacognition

B. Egocentric thought process

C. Disengagement

D. Life review

Page: 338Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.7: Discuss the social aspects of late adulthood.

Module: 27: Adulthood

Topic: Aging

79. Bea is 70 years old and works part-time at a discount store. She keeps herself busy by engaging in various activities she enjoyed during middle adulthood. She volunteers occasionally at a local food bank and enjoys the company of her family and the members of her bridge club. According to the _____ theory of aging, Bea is aging successfully.

A. activity

B. Kübler-Ross

C. disengagement

D. wear-and-tear

Page: 337Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 28.4: Discuss the later years of adulthood.

Module: 27: Adulthood

Topic: Theories of Aging

80. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, which of the following is the stage in which a person aware of his or her impending death is likely to try to think of ways to postpone death and dedicate his or her life to religion?

A. Acceptance

B. Anger

C. Bargaining

D. Denial

Page: 340Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.8: Describe how people can adjust to death.

Module: 27: Adulthood

Topic: Death

81. The "Woodstock generation" refers to middle- and upper-middle-class Americans who reached late adolescence or early adulthood in the later 1960s. This group of people who grew up at similar times, in similar places, and in similar conditions are most likely to be referred to by developmental psychologists as a(n) cohort group.Page: 295APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 25.1: Compare and contrast the influence of nature versus nurture.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Developmental Research Techniques

82. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes, which are smaller units through which genetic information is transmitted.Page: 296APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Genetics

83. Belinda is eight weeks pregnant. Her developing baby is now called a(n) fetus.Page: 297APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychologys content domains.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

84. An infant can survive on its own if it is born at least 22 weeks following conception. This is called the age of viability.Page: 297APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

85. A condition resulting in below-average intelligence, growth delays, and facial deformities is called fetal alcohol syndrome disorder.Page: 299APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

86. Unlearned automatic responses to particular stimuli are called reflexes.Page: 304APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Reflexes

87. Attachment is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.Page: 307APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Attachment

88. Gavin is always anxious when his mother is away at work. When she returns, he wants to be close to her but at the same time shows his anger by hitting her. Gavin's attachment style can be best described as ambivalent.Page: 308APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychologys content domains.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Attachment

89. According to Carol Gilligan, women's morality centers on individual well-being and social relationships—a morality of caring.Page: 323APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 7.2: Explain moral and cognitive development in adolescents.

Module: 27: Adolescence

Topic: Women's Moral Development

90. Skills relating to crystallized intelligence remain steady during late adulthood and in some cases also improve.Page: 335APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.6: Identify the cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood.

Module: 28: Adulthood

Topic: Aging

91. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities.Page: 336APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.6: Identify the cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood.

Module: 28: Adulthood

Topic: Memory

92. Mrs. Bartlett is in her late 70s. She is revisiting the experiences of her life and evaluating the decisions she had made along the way. Mrs. Bartlett is engaged in the process of life review.Page: 338APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 28.4: Discuss the later years of adulthood.

Module: 28: Adulthood

Topic: Memory

93. Distinguish between cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods. Provide an example of each. Identify at least one advantage and one disadvantage of each type of method.

Students' examples may vary.

Cross-sectional research methods involve comparing people of different ages at the same point in time. For example, a researcher might simultaneously assess the working memory capacity of a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 7-year-olds, and a group of 9-year-olds. By contrast, longitudinal research methods entail examining the same sample of participants at multiple points in time. As an example, a researcher might measure the working memory capacity of a group of children first when they are 5, then when they are 7, and finally when they are 9. Cross-sectional research methods do not require a substantial investment of time. They provide information regarding age differences, but they are susceptible to the potentially confounding influence of cohort effects. Longitudinal research yields a clear picture of changes over time, but it takes years or even decades to conduct a longitudinal study. Participants may leave the study along the way. In addition, the results of longitudinal research may be confounded as participants who take the same test at several points in time may become "test-wise" and perform better each time they take it because they have become more familiar with the test.Page: 295APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 25.2: Describe developmental research techniques.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Developmental Research Techniques

94. Describe the different stages of development that a fertilized egg undergoes to become a fully developed baby.

When an egg becomes fertilized by a sperm, the resulting one-celled entity, called a zygote, immediately begins to develop. The zygote starts out as a microscopic speck. Three days after fertilization, though, the zygote increases to around 32 cells; within a week it has grown to 100-150 cells. These first 2 weeks are known as the germinal period.

Two weeks after conception, the developing individual enters the embryonic period, which lasts from week 2 through week 8; he or she is now called an embryo. As an embryo develops through an intricate, preprogrammed process of cell division, it grows 10,000 times larger by 4 weeks of age and attains a length of about one-fifth of an inch. At this point it has developed a rudimentary beating heart, a brain, an intestinal tract, and a number of other organs. Although all these organs are at a primitive stage of development, they are clearly recognizable. Moreover, by week 8, the embryo is about an inch long and has discernible arms, legs, and a face.

From week 8 and continuing until birth, the developing individual enters the fetal period and is called a fetus. At the start of this period, it begins to respond to touch; it bends its fingers when touched on the hand. At 16 to 18 weeks, its movements become strong enough for the mother to sense them. At the same time, hair may begin to grow on its head, and the facial features become similar to those the child will display at birth. Within the womb the fetus continues to develop before birth. It begins to grow fatty deposits under the skin, and it gains weight. The fetus reaches the age of viability, the point at which it can survive if born prematurely, at about prenatal age 22 weeks. By week 24, a fetus has many of the characteristics it will display as a newborn.

In the final weeks of pregnancy, the fetus continues to gain weight and grow. At the end of the normal 38 weeks of pregnancy, the fetus typically weighs 7 pounds and is about 20 inches in length.Page: 297–298APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Development

95. Normal prenatal development occurs in 95 to 98 percent of all pregnancies. Identify two genetic or chromosomal abnormalities and two teratogens associated with birth defects in the remaining 2 to 5 percent of pregnancies. Describe the nature of their effects on development.

Students' answers may vary.

Some of the genetic or chromosomal abnormalities are listed below.

Phenylketonuria (PKU): A child born with the inherited disease phenylketonuria can't produce an enzyme that is required for normal development. This deficiency results in an accumulation of poisons that eventually cause profound intellectual disability.

Sickle-cell anemia: About 10% of the African-American population can pass on sickle-cell anemia, a disease involving abnormally shaped red blood cells. Children with the disorder have episodes of pain, yellowy eyes, stunted growth, and vision problems.

Tay-Sachs disease: It is mostly found among Jews of Eastern European ancestry. The body is unable to break down fat when afflicted with Tay-Sachs disease. An affected child usually dies by the age of 3 or 4 years.

Down syndrome: It occurs when a zygote receives an extra chromosome at conception. It is one of the causes of intellectual disability. Mothers older than 35 or younger than 18 are at a higher risk of giving birth to children with Down syndrome.

Some of the teratogens associated with birth defects are:

Mother's nutrition: Undernourished mothers may give birth to underweight babies who are susceptible to disease.

Mother's illness: Rubella, syphilis, diabetes, or high blood pressure may produce a permanent effect on the fetus if it occurs early in the pregnancy. HIV may be passed from mother to child prenatally.

Mother's emotional state: Mothers who are tense and anxious late in their pregnancy may have irritable infants who eat and sleep poorly.

Mother's use of illegal drugs (e.g., cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine): Babies may be born addicted to the drug and undergo painful withdrawal. Permanent physical and mental impairments may result.

Alcohol: 1 out of every 750 infants is born with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a condition resulting in below-average intelligence, slowed growth, and facial deformities. In a condition known as fetal alcohol effects (FAE), children display some but not all of the problems of FAS.

Nicotine: It causes increased risk of miscarriages and heightened infant mortality.Page: 299APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences

96. Outline the perceptual capabilities of very young infants. How might these capabilities inform one's position on the nature-versus-nurture debate? Provide as thoughtful a response as you can.

Students' answers may vary.

One of the possible responses is as follows:

Vision: At birth, infants prefer patterns with distinct contours and edges over less distinct ones. Neonates are sensitive to size constancy and can also discriminate and even imitate facial expressions. By the end of their first month, infants can distinguish colors. Around 4 to 5 months, they can focus on near or far objects, can recognize two- versus three-dimensional objects, and are sensitive to the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization. By 7 months, they can respond differentially to different facial expressions.

Hearing: Infants can recognize their own mothers' voices when they are 3 days old. At 2 days of age, they can distinguish between their native and foreign languages; they can discriminate between closely related sounds (e.g., ba and pa) at 4 days.

Other senses: Neonates have a built-in preference for sweet tastes. They prefer sweetened over unsweetened liquids.

These capabilities suggest a large "nature" component to perceptual development. It seems that we are hardwired to perceive stimuli that may be evolutionarily relevant, such as faces and speech sounds.Page: 303–304APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development

Topic: Child Development

Topic: Vision

97. Select either (a) Baumrind's four parenting styles or (b) Erikson's four stages of psychosocial development occurring during childhood. Name each style or stage, and provide a brief vignette or "case study" of a child exhibiting each style or stage.

Students' vignettes/case studies may vary.

Students can choose one of the two approaches given below.

a) Baumrind's parenting styles:

Authoritative: Rosanna is socially poised and popular. She completes her schoolwork conscientiously without direct supervision. She is pleasant and cooperative with her teachers.

Authoritarian: Donna seems unfriendly and withdrawn. She has difficulty voicing her opinion or standing up for herself; instead, she tends to pull back into her shell.

Permissive: Bernie has poor impulse control in the classroom; he seems socially immature and gives in to occasional tantrums. He seems overly dependent on others.

Uninvolved: Suzie is emotionally detached; she appears to have low self-esteem. Her attachment behaviors to teachers and other adults who show an interest in her are unusual; sometimes she is clingy and dependent, while on other occasions she is withdrawn. Suzie has poor social skills and seems rejected by her peers.

b) Erikson's four stages of child psychosocial development:

Trust-versus-mistrust (ages 0 to 1-1/2): One-year-old Chris is fortunate to have parents who respond promptly and consistently to his needs for food and comfort. Chris implicitly trusts others; he approaches new people and situations with curiosity. He calms down relatively quickly if he becomes upset.

Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt (ages 1-1/2 to 3): Carlotta is 3 years old. Her parents are permissive, exercising little control over Carlotta. Carlotta seems spoiled; she demands food, attention, and toys and is prone to back talk and stubborn defiance.

Initiative-versus-guilt (ages 3 to 6): Mickey is 4-1/2 years old. He is beginning to make some decisions for himself; for example, his mom allows him to select the clothes he wears after school, the bath towel he'd prefer that week, and so on. Sometimes his parents allow him to watch one of two TV shows or DVDs.

Industry-versus-inferiority (ages 6 to 12): Karen is 10 years old. Her athletic activities after school-soccer and lacrosse-are important to her, as is her schoolwork. She tries to do her best in any activity she undertakes.Page: 310APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Topic: Parenting Styles

98. Making explicit reference to specific stages and concepts, describe your own adolescent and young adult development from an Eriksonian perspective. Try to capture some of the developmental tensions and challenges during this period in your narrative.

Students' answers will vary.

Students can refer to the identity-versus-role-confusion and intimacy-versus-isolation stages of Erikson. Such adolescent themes as trying to please parents; struggling against parents; seeking popularity; trying on different identities through different cliques; dramatic shifts in tastes, friendships, and activities; and so on should be apparent as illustrations of the search for identity. The intimacy-versus-isolation stage would most probably be illustrated by a description of increasingly serious romantic relationships from the age of 16 or so onward.Page: 310APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood.

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood

Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

99. How does the reality of late adulthood differ from the stereotypes of aging imparted by Western culture? Make reference to patterns of physical, cognitive, and social development in your answer.

The answer can indicate that late adulthood is not just a time of inevitable, irreversible, and pervasive decline, as popular stereotypes might suggest. Points made might include the following:

Physical development: Physical declines do occur, but the leisure activities in which older adults participate are not much different from those in which young adults actually participate, such as visiting with friends, walking, and eating.

Cognitive development: Crystallized intelligence may actually increase with advancing age. Older adults can compensate for intellectual declines; continued engagement with physical activity and intellectual challenges can help stem declines in memory and cognition.

Social development: Only a small minority of older adults report that they are lonely. A positive self-perception of aging may actually increase longevity.Page: 334–338APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: 28.7: Discuss the social aspects of late adulthood.

Module: 28: Adulthood

Topic: Adulthood

100. List and describe the various stages cited by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross regarding people facing impending death.

The various stages that a person impending death goes through are:

Denial: In this stage, people resist the idea that they are dying. Even if told that their chances for survival are small, they refuse to admit that they are facing death.

Anger: After moving beyond the denial stage, dying people become angry-angry at people around them who are in good health, angry at medical professionals for being ineffective, angry at God.

Bargaining: Anger leads to bargaining, in which the dying try to think of ways to postpone death. They may decide to dedicate their lives to religion if God saves them. They may say, "If only I can live to see my son married, I will accept death then."

Depression: When dying people come to feel that bargaining is no use, they move to the next stage: depression. They realize that their lives really are coming to an end, which leads to what Kübler-Ross calls "preparatory grief" for their own deaths.

Acceptance: In this stage, people accept impending death. Usually they are unemotional and uncommunicative; it is as if they have made peace with themselves and are expecting death with no bitterness.Page: 340APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: 28.8: Describe how people can adjust to death.

Module: 28: Adulthood

Topic: Death

Category # of Questions

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 79

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 39

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 3

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychologys content domains. 3

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology. 29

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 39

APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 15

APA Outcome: 2.5: Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry 1

Bloom's: Apply 38

Bloom's: Remember 48

Bloom's: Understand 14

Difficulty: Easy 49

Difficulty: Hard 10

Difficulty: Medium 41

Learning Objective: 25.1: Compare and contrast the influence of nature versus nurture. 2

Learning Objective: 25.2: Describe developmental research techniques. 9

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development 1

Learning Objective: 25.3: Discuss prenatal development. 21

Learning Objective: 26.1: Describe the major competencies of newborns. 13

Learning Objective: 26.2: Explain the milestones of physical, social, and cognitive development during childhood. 26

Learning Objective: 27.1: Summarize the major physical transitions that characterize adolescence. 1

Learning Objective: 27.2: Explain moral and cognitive development in adolescents. 3

Learning Objective: 27.3: Discuss social development in adolescents. 1

Learning Objective: 28.1: Explain physical development in adulthood. 3

Learning Objective: 28.2: Discuss social development in adulthood. 5

Learning Objective: 28.3: State the impact of marriage, children, and divorce on families. 1

Learning Objective: 28.4: Discuss the later years of adulthood. 2

Learning Objective: 28.5: Explain the physical changes that occur in late adulthood. 2

Learning Objective: 28.6: Identify the cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood. 4

Learning Objective: 28.7: Discuss the social aspects of late adulthood. 4

Learning Objective: 28.8: Describe how people can adjust to death. 2

Learning Objective: 7.2: Explain moral and cognitive development in adolescents. 1

Module: 25: Nature, Nurture, and Prenatal Development 36

Module: 26: Infancy and Childhood 37

Module: 27: Adolescence 9

Module: 27: Adulthood 13

Module: 28: Adulthood 5

Topic: Adolescence 1

Topic: Adulthood 1

Topic: Aging 2

Topic: Attachment 10

Topic: Child Development 1

Topic: Conservation 3

Topic: Death 2

Topic: Developmental Research Techniques 10

Topic: Emerging Adulthood 2

Topic: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory 5

Topic: Genetic Influences on Fetus 3

Topic: Genetics 2

Topic: Identity 5

Topic: Information Processing Approach 2

Topic: Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development 2

Topic: Memory 4

Topic: Menopause 1

Topic: Nature and Nurture 3

Topic: Object Permanence 1

Topic: Parenting Styles 5

Topic: Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory 6

Topic: Prenatal Development 14

Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences 4

Topic: Reflexes 4

Topic: Social Development 1

Topic: Theories of Aging 5

Topic: Vision 1

Topic: Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory 1

Topic: Women's Moral Development 1