Test Bank Chapter 11 Treatment of Psychological Disorders - Psychology and Your Life 3rd Edition | Test Bank with Answer Key by Robert S. Feldman. DOCX document preview.
Chapter
11 Test Bank
1. Dr. Andersen attempts to bring about personal growth by using psychological techniques; Dr. Bradley attempts to improve psychological functioning through the use of psychotropic drugs. Dr. Andersen practices _____, and Dr. Bradley practices _____.
A. psychotherapy; psychoanalysis
B. psychotherapy; biomedical therapy
C. psychoanalysis; biotherapy
D. physiotherapy; psychotherapy
Page: 447Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychodynamic Therapies
2. _____ are professionals with a PhD or PsyD who have also completed a postgraduate internship. They specialize in assessment and treatment of psychological difficulties.
A. Psychoanalysts
B. Psychiatrists
C. Psychiatric social workers
D. Clinical psychologists
Page: 449Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 5.1: Apply psychological content and skills to career goals.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychodynamic Therapies
3. _____ are professionals with a PhD or who typically treat day-to-day adjustment problems, often in a university mental health clinic.
A. Counseling psychologists
B. Psychiatrists
C. Licensed professional counselors
D. Psychoanalysts
Page: 449Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 5.1: Apply psychological content and skills to career goals.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychodynamic Therapies
4. Professionals with a master's degree who provide therapy to individuals, couples, and families and who hold a national or state certification are called _____.
A. counseling psychologists
B. psychiatrists
C. licensed professional counselors
D. psychoanalysts
Page: 449Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 5.1: Apply psychological content and skills to career goals.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychodynamic Therapies
5. Professionals with a master's degree and specialized training who usually provide therapy regarding common family and personal problems are called _____.
A. counseling psychologists
B. psychiatric social workers
C. licensed professional counselors
D. psychoanalysts
Page: 449Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 5.1: Apply psychological content and skills to career goals.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychodynamic Therapies
6. _____ therapy seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively.
A. Cognitive
B. Psychodynamic
C. Behavioral
D. Humanistic
Page: 449Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychodynamic Therapies
7. The most common defense mechanism against unacceptable unconscious impulses is _____.
A. dissociation
B. projection
C. reaction formation
D. repression
Page: 449Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychodynamic Therapies
8. Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between psychoanalysis and psychotherapy?
A. Psychoanalysis is limited to only dream analysis.
B. Psychotherapy is one type of psychoanalysis.
C. Psychoanalysis is one type of psychotherapy.
D. The two are unrelated.
Page: 450Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Freud's Psychoanalysis
9. The goal of _____, which was developed by Freud, is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior.
A. psychoanalysis
B. transactional analysis
C. meta-analysis
D. microarray analysis
Page: 450Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Freud's Psychoanalysis
10. The surface description of a dream is called its _____ content.
A. latent
B. philological
C. semiotic
D. manifest
Page: 450Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Freud's Psychoanalysis
11. The underlying meaning of a dream is called its _____ content.
A. latent
B. philological
C. semiotic
D. manifest
Page: 450Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Freud's Psychoanalysis
12. Noah dreams that he suddenly becomes paralyzed as he tries to cross a busy intersection. In Freudian terms, this is the _____ content of Noah's dream. The underlying meaning of the dream is the _____ content.
A. manifest; repressed
B. manifest; latent
C. repressed; manifest
D. repressed; latent
Page: 450Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Freud's Psychoanalysis
13. _____ is an inability or unwillingness to discuss or reveal particular memories, thoughts, or motivations.
A. Resistance
B. Transference
C. Dissociation
D. Projection
Page: 450Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Freud's Psychoanalysis
14. After telling his psychoanalyst about his relationship with his ex-wife for a few minutes, Jerome suddenly changes the subject. Jerome is exhibiting:
A. resistance.
B. transference.
C. a latent conflict.
D. projection.
Page: 450Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Freud's Psychoanalysis
15. What is transference?
A. The transfer of a learned response from one task to another similar task
B. The transfer of irrational cognitions to the self
C. The transfer of strong feelings about parents or authority figures to a psychoanalyst
D. A behavioral technique invented to facilitate the transfer of learned behaviors to the outside world
Page: 450Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Freud's Psychoanalysis
16. Which of the following is a way in which contemporary psychodynamic therapy differs from classic psychoanalysis?
A. Contemporary psychodynamic therapy generally lasts longer than classic psychoanalysis.
B. Today, psychoanalysis takes a less directive role than was the case in the past.
C. Classic psychoanalysts concentrated more on an individual's current relationships and specific complaints than contemporary therapists.
D. Contemporary therapists put less emphasis on a patient's past history and childhood than classic psychoanalysts.
Page: 451Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Contemporary Psychodynamic Approaches
17. Despite being criticized, why has psychodynamic therapy remained a viable approach to psychological treatment?
A. It facilitates the development of deep insight into one's life.
B. It is brief and inexpensive.
C. It is more objective than most other forms of therapy.
D. It does not differentiate between articulate and less verbal patients.
Page: 451Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Contemporary Psychodynamic Approaches
18. Which of the following approaches to psychotherapy is correctly matched with its description?
A. Psychodynamic approach—Treatment aims to change maladaptive thinking patterns.
B. Behavioral approach—Classical and operant conditioning principles are used to change people's behavior.
C. Psychoanalysis approach—Treatment aims to change a patient's dysfunctional cognitions about the world.
D. Humanistic approach—Therapy aims to bring unconscious conflicts and impulses into the conscious.
Page: 452–454Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Behavioral Approaches
19. According to a behavior therapist, how might psychological disorders be treated most effectively?
A. The client should learn new behaviors to replace the faulty skills.
B. Patients should say aloud whatever comes to mind.
C. Unconscious conflicts should be brought to light.
D. Neurotransmitter irregularities should be rectified through drugs.
Page: 451Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Behavioral Approaches
20. _____ is a form of therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior.
A. Systematic desensitization
B. Aversive conditioning
C. Manifest structuring
D. Exposure treatment
Page: 451Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Classical Conditioning Treatments
21. _____ is a behavioral technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety.
A. Systematic desensitization
B. Aversive conditioning
C. Manifest structuring
D. Exposure treatment
Page: 452Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Classical Conditioning Treatments
22. Giovanni abuses cocaine; Hans has a dog phobia. Which alternative below correctly identifies the behavioral treatment most appropriate for each of these individuals?
A. Giovanni—aversive conditioning; Hans—exposure treatment
B. Giovanni—systematic desensitization; Hans—exposure treatment
C. Giovanni—aversive conditioning; Hans—systematic desensitization
D. Giovanni—exposure treatment; Hans—aversive conditioning
Page: 452Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Classical Conditioning Treatments
23. A hierarchy of fears may be used in:
A. aversive conditioning.
B. systematic desensitization.
C. transference.
D. manifest structuring.
Page: 452Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Classical Conditioning Treatments
24. _____ is a behavioral treatment for anxiety in which people are confronted either suddenly or gradually with a stimulus that they fear.
A. Aversive conditioning
B. Systematic desensitization
C. Transference
D. Flooding
Page: 453Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Classical Conditioning Treatments
25. How do flooding treatments differ from systematic desensitization?
A. Flooding treatments use a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli; systematic desensitization does not.
B. Flooding treatment gauges neurotic symptoms; systematic desensitization does not.
C. Flooding treatment does not use learned relaxation techniques; systematic desensitization does.
D. Flooding treatment is a very complicated form of therapy; systematic desensitization is not.
Page: 452–453Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Classical Conditioning Treatments
26. _____ rewards a person for desired behavior with a poker chip or some kind of play money.
A. The token system
B. Contingency contracting
C. Observational learning
D. The appraisal technique
Page: 454Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Operant Conditioning Treatments
27. In _____, the therapist and client (or teacher and student or parent and child) draw up a written agreement.
A. the token system
B. contingency contracting
C. observational learning
D. the appraisal technique
Page: 454Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Operant Conditioning Treatments
28. _____ is the process in which the behavior of other people is modeled to systematically teach people new skills and ways of handling their fears and anxieties.
A. Token systematization
B. Contingency contracting
C. Observational learning
D. Exposure therapy
Page: 454Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Operant Conditioning Treatments
29. A client with social anxiety watches a film in which an individual greets strangers in a crowded room, makes small talk, and smiles pleasantly. The individual in the film appears to gain pleasure from these activities. The behavior therapy technique used in this scenario is:
A. token systematization.
B. contingency contracting.
C. observational learning.
D. aversive conditioning.
Page: 454Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Operant Conditioning Treatments
30. Which of the following statements is false regarding behavior therapy?
A. It is especially effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
B. It can produce actual changes in the functioning of the brain.
C. It is actually based mainly on psychoanalytic ideas.
D. It has no problem other than the maladaptive behavior itself.
Page: 454Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Behavioral Approaches
31. How might one best respond to the charge that behavior therapy produces only a superficial change in external behavior?
A. Research shows that behavior therapies produce the same sorts of insights into one's life that one associates with psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies.
B. Neuroscientific evidence shows that behavioral treatments produce actual changes in the functioning of the brain.
C. External behavior is a result of internal functions.
D. Research shows that behavior therapies and cognitive therapies are fundamentally the same.
Page: 454Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Operant Conditioning Treatments
32. _____ evidence shows that behavioral treatments can produce actual changes in brain functioning, suggesting that behavioral treatments can produce changes beyond external behavior.
A. Neuroscientific
B. Psychodynamic
C. Cognitive
D. Hearsay
Page: 454Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Operant Conditioning Treatments
33. _____ treatment approaches teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional notions about the world and themselves.
A. Cognitive
B. Psychodynamic
C. Behavioral
D. Humanistic
Page: 454Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.3: Explain Cognitive Approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Cognitive Approaches
34. _____ approach is a treatment approach that incorporates basic principles of learning to change the way people think.
A. Psychodynamic-cognitive
B. Humanistic-behavioral
C. Cognitive-behavioral
D. Psychodynamic-humanistic
Page: 455Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.3: Explain Cognitive Approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Cognitive Approaches
35. Characteristics of cognitive treatment approaches include each of the following EXCEPT that:
A. they are relatively short term.
B. they focus on concrete problems.
C. they involve an active therapist.
D. they are not structured.
Page: 455Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.3: Explain Cognitive Approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Cognitive Approaches
36. Which of the following therapies emphasizes on challenging irrational, unrealistic beliefs?
A. Multi-modal therapy
B. Rational-emotive behavior therapy
C. Dialectical-behavior therapy
D. Prolonged-exposure therapy
Page: 455Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.3: Explain Cognitive Approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Cognitive Approaches
37. In _____ appraisal, clients are asked to evaluate situations, themselves, and others in terms of their memories, values, beliefs, thoughts, and expectations.
A. cognitive
B. psychodynamic
C. behavioral
D. humanistic
Page: 457Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 36.3: Explain Cognitive Approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Cognitive Approaches
38. How is cognitive therapy different from rational-emotive therapy?
A. It entails a more confrontational therapist.
B. It entails a less confrontational therapist.
C. It is relatively long term and loosely structured.
D. It aims to change people's behavior, rather than their thought pattern.
Page: 457Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.3: Explain Cognitive Approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Cognitive Approaches
39. _____ therapy is therapy in which the underlying rationale is that people have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives, and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems.
A. Cognitive
B. Psychodynamic
C. Behavioral
D. Humanistic
Page: 460Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 37.1: Discuss the humanistic approaches to therapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Humanistic Approaches
40. According to humanistic therapists, psychological disorders result from:
A. the inability to find meaning in life and connection to others.
B. unconscious conflicts and early experiences.
C. irrational thought patterns.
D. faulty learning.
Page: 460Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 37.1: Discuss the humanistic approaches to therapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Humanistic Approaches
41. Person-centered therapy is a specific type of _____ therapy.
A. cognitive
B. psychodynamic
C. behavioral
D. humanistic
Page: 461Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 37.1: Discuss the humanistic approaches to therapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Person-Centered Therapy
42. Therapy in which the goal is to reach one's potential for self-actualization is known as _____ therapy.
A. self-help
B. person-centered
C. interpersonal
D. group
Page: 461Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 37.1: Discuss the humanistic approaches to therapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Person-Centered Therapy
43. In person-centered therapy, the therapist:
A. challenges the client's irrational statements.
B. teaches the client cognitive appraisal techniques.
C. uses the token system to monitor behavior.
D. provides unconditional positive regard.
Page: 461Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 37.1: Discuss the humanistic approaches to therapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Person-Centered Therapy
44. Which of the following terms most nearly captures the essence of unconditional positive regard?
A. Directional
B. Empathetic
C. Judgmental
D. Challenging
Page: 461Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 37.1: Discuss the humanistic approaches to therapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Person-Centered Therapy
45. _____ therapy refers to short-term therapy that focuses on the context of current social relationships.
A. Self-help
B. Person-centered
C. Interpersonal
D. Group
Page: 461Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 37.2: Illustrate interpersonal therapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Interpersonal Therapy
46. Interpersonal therapy derives from _____ approaches to therapy, but it is _____ directive.
A. psychodynamic; shorter and more
B. psychodynamic; longer and less
C. humanistic; shorter and more
D. humanistic; longer and less
Page: 461Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 37.2: Illustrate interpersonal therapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Interpersonal Therapy
47. Therapy in which people meet collectively with a therapist to discuss problems is specifically known as _____ therapy.
A. client-centered
B. person-centered
C. interpersonal
D. group
Page: 462Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 37.3: Explain group therapy, family therapy, and self-help groups.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Group therapy
48. Which of the following statements is true regarding group therapy?
A. Group therapy is generally more economical than individual therapy.
B. In group therapy, the therapist is usually highly directive.
C. Shy individuals benefit more from group therapy than do assertive people.
D. Group therapies are for shorter durations than individual therapies.
Page: 462Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 37.3: Explain group therapy, family therapy, and self-help groups.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Group therapy
49. Family therapy practitioners believe each of the following statements EXCEPT:
A. individual members of a family may be treated successfully in isolation.
B. the family is a single unit to which each member contributes.
C. an individual member of the family can’t be treated successfully without simultaneously involving other family members.
D. family members tend to take on set roles with respect to each other.
Page: 463Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 37.3: Explain group therapy, family therapy, and self-help groups.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Family Therapy
50. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an example of _____ therapy.
A. client-centered
B. self-help
C. person-centered
D. interpersonal
Page: 463Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 37.3: Explain group therapy, family therapy, and self-help groups.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Self-Help Groups
51. A research technique in which data from a large number of studies are statistically combined is known as:
A. matrix analysis.
B. factor analysis.
C. meta-analysis.
D. correlational analysis.
Page: 464Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 37.4: Assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Effectiveness of Therapy
52. The effectiveness of various approaches to therapy found that although success rates vary somewhat by treatment form, most treatments show that success rates range from about _____ percent greater success for treated compared with untreated individuals.
A. 15 to 20
B. 25 to 30
C. 70 to 85
D. 90 to 95
Page: 463–464Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 37.4: Assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Effectiveness of Therapy
53. _____ approaches to psychotherapy tend to be more successful than _____ approaches.
A. Psychodynamic and humanistic; behavioral cognitive
B. Cognitive behavioral; psychodynamic
C. Cognitive and humanistic; behavioral and psychodynamic
D. Behavioral and client-centered; cognitive and psychodynamic
Page: 464Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 37.4: Assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Effectiveness of Therapy
54. What proportion of people fail to benefit from psychotherapy?
A. 2%
B. 5%
C. 10%
D. 25%
Page: 464Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 37.4: Assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Effectiveness of Therapy
55. Which of the following statements is most true?
A. Different forms of therapy work best in different situations.
B. People who don't attend therapy do just as well as people who do.
C. The effectiveness of the different treatments is the same in all cases.
D. Psychotherapy can safely be said to be beneficial for everyone.
Page: 464Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 37.4: Assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Effectiveness of Therapy
56. The newest antipsychotics are called _____ antipsychotics.
A. depot
B. atypical
C. tricyclic
D. typical
Page: 469Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.1: Discuss options for drug therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Antipsychotic Drugs
57. Atypical antipsychotics affect both _____ and _____ levels in certain parts of the brain.
A. serotonin; dopamine
B. prolactin; histamine
C. epinephrine; GABA
D. oxytocin; glycine
Page: 469Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.1: Discuss options for drug therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Antipsychotic Drugs
58. Tricyclic drugs, MAO inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are examples of which class of drugs?
A. Antipsychotics
B. Mood stabilizers
C. Antianxiety drugs
D. Antidepressants
Page: 469Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.1: Discuss options for drug therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Antidepressant Drugs
59. Which of the following is NOT among the neurotransmitters that are influenced by the various antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs?
A. Endorphin
B. Norepinephrine
C. Serotonin
D. Dopamine
Page: 469Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.1: Discuss options for drug therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Antipsychotic Drugs
60. Prozac is an example of a(n) _____.
A. antipsychotic drug
B. antidepressant drug
C. mood stabilizer
D. antianxiety drug
Page: 469Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.1: Discuss options for drug therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Antidepressant Drugs
61. Which type of antidepressant is matched with the correct neurotransmitter action?
A. Tricyclics—increase activity of neurotransmitter GABA
B. SSRIs—prevent neurotransmitter breakdown
C. MAO inhibitors—increase norepinephrine
D. SSRIs—inhibit reuptake of serotonin
Page: 469Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.1: Discuss options for drug therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Antidepressant Drugs
62. Which drug class is correctly matched with a drug that represents it?
A. Antidepressants—lithium
B. Antipsychotics—chlorpromazine
C. Mood stabilizers—Xanax
D. Antianxiety drugs—Prozac
Page: 469Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.1: Discuss options for drug therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Antipsychotic Drugs
63. Which drug class is matched with the correct neurotransmitter action?
A. Mood stabilizers—increase norepinephrine activity
B. Antipsychotics—block dopamine receptors
C. Antidepressants—increase activity of GABA
D. Antianxiety drugs—inhibit serotonin reuptake
Page: 471Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 38.1: Discuss options for drug therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Antipsychotic Drugs
64. Drugs that reduce the level of worry or tension a person experiences by essentially reducing excitability and increasing feelings of well-being are known as _____.
A. mood stabilizers
B. antianxiety drugs
C. antipsychotic drugs
D. antidepressant drugs
Page: 471Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.1: Discuss options for drug therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Antianxiety Drugs
65. Approximately what percentage of U.S. families have a member who has taken an antianxiety drug?
A. 10%
B. 25%
C. 35%
D. 50%
Page: 471Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.1: Discuss options for drug therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Antianxiety Drugs
66. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was introduced in the _____; it is used to treat severe _____.
A. 1930s; depression
B. 1930s; anxiety
C. 1950s; depression
D. 1950s; anxiety
Page: 473Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.2: Explain electroconvulsive therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Electroconvulsive Therapy
67. Which of the following is NOT one of the negative consequences of the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
A. Disorientation and confusion
B. Memory loss
C. Sudden death
D. Potential brain damage
Page: 473Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.2: Explain electroconvulsive therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Electroconvulsive Therapy
68. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used to treat:
A. depression.
B. bipolar disorder.
C. schizophrenia.
D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Page: 473Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.2: Explain electroconvulsive therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Electroconvulsive Therapy
69. Which of the following is true of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
A. It uses an electrical current.
B. It is still experimental.
C. It is not as popular as it used to be.
D. It does not have any side effects.
Page: 473Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 38.2: Explain electroconvulsive therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Electroconvulsive Therapy
70. In the _____, surgeons performed prefrontal lobotomy on thousands of patients often with little precision.
A. 1920s and 1930s
B. 1930s and 1940s
C. 1940s and 1950s
D. 1950s and 1960s
Page: 474Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.2: Explain electroconvulsive therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychosurgery
71. A newer form of psychosurgery called cingulotomy is used in cases of:
A. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B. bipolar disorder.
C. major depression.
D. schizophrenia.
Page: 474Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.2: Explain electroconvulsive therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychosurgery
72. Radiation is used to destroy specific brain areas in a type of psychosurgery called _____; it is used to treat _____.
A. transcranial magnetic stimulation; obsessive-compulsive disorder
B. transcranial magnetic stimulation; major depression
C. Gamma Knife surgery; obsessive-compulsive disorder
D. Gamma Knife surgery; major depression
Page: 474Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.3: Offer perspective on biomedical therapies.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychosurgery
73. Which of the following statements regarding gene therapy is true?
A. It is still an experimental therapy.
B. It is a well-established therapy.
C. It relies on the extraction of specific genes from the brain.
D. It relies on the extraction of specific genes from all over the body.
Page: 474Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 38.3: Offer perspective on biomedical therapies.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychosurgery
74. Which of the following is a criticism of biomedical therapies?
A. They do not work well in conjunction with other therapies.
B. They are ineffective in curing violent patients.
C. They do not solve common mental disorders such as depression or bipolar disorder.
D. They merely provide relief of the symptoms of mental disorders.
Page: 474Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 38.3: Offer perspective on biomedical therapies.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychosurgery
75. Community psychology came of age in the _____; its aim was to minimize psychological disorders.
A. 1960s
B. 1970s
C. 1980s
D. 1990s
Page: 475Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.3: Offer perspective on biomedical therapies.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Community Psychology
76. Which of the following best represents the percentage of homeless adults who have a major psychological disorder?
A. 5–10%
B. 15–35%
C. 75–85%
D. 50–60%
Page: 476Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.3: Offer perspective on biomedical therapies.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Community Psychology
77. Adrienne is describing a dream to her therapist. The events she recounts constitute the manifest content of her dream.Page: 450APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Freud's Psychoanalysis
78. Bryan is feeling angry with his therapist; Bryan's anger reflects his feelings toward his father when he was a young boy in the throes of the Oedipal conflict. This example illustrates transference.Page: 450APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Freud's Psychoanalysis
79. Cathy visits a behavior therapist for help with her alcohol abuse. To treat Cathy's problem, the therapist will most likely use aversive conditioning.Page: 452APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Classical Conditioning Treatments
80. Client-centered therapists should communicate that not only are they caring and nonjudgmental but also empathetic; that is, they should reflect a genuine understanding of the client's emotional experience.Page: 461APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 37.1: Discuss the humanistic approaches to therapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Person-Centered Therapy
81. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique in which the results of a large number of studies are combined.Page: 464APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 37.4: Assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Effectiveness of Therapy
82. Dr. Grimaldi consults the research literature each time he acquires a new client; he seeks to use the most effective technique available for a client's particular disorder. Dr. Grimaldi practices evidence-based psychotherapy.Page: 464APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 37.4: Assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Effectiveness of Therapy
83. Many newer antidepressants are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.Page: 469APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.1: Discuss options for drug therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Antidepressant Drugs
84. Like ECT, transcranial magnetic stimulation may be used to treat depression.Page: 473APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.2: Explain electroconvulsive therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Electroconvulsive Therapy
85. One form of psychosurgery used today is cingulotomy, performed occasionally to treat cases of obsessivecompulsive disorder.Page: 474APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.2: Explain electroconvulsive therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychosurgery
86. Community psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the prevention and minimization of psychological disorders in the community.Page: 475APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.4: Discuss the community psychology movement.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Community Psychology
87. Deinstitutionalization is the transfer of former mental patients from institutions to the community.Page: 446APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 38.4: Discuss the community psychology movement.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Community Psychology
88. Discuss how (a) free association; (b) dream interpretation; (c) resistance; and (d) transference may be used as tools in psychoanalytic therapy.
The answer should include the following points:
Free association. When therapists use free association, they instruct the patient to say aloud whatever comes to mind, regardless of how irrelevant or nonsensical it seems. The therapist attempts to identify connections between what the patient says and his or her unconscious and to point out and label these connections for the patient.
Dream interpretation. The patient reports his or her dreams. The surface content of the dream is the manifest content, a disguised or symbolic representation of the true, underlying meaning, or the latent content, which presumably reflects the contents of the unconscious mind. The therapist attempts to decode the manifest content in order to understand the dream's latent content, and thereby the patient's unconscious mind.
Resistance. Resistance is the patient's inability or unwillingness to discuss or reveal particular memories, thoughts, or motivations. Resistance may be revealed in many ways: the patient may change the subject abruptly, appear to forget what he or she was saying, and so on. The therapist attempts to identify instances of resistance and use these as a clue to particularly painful or disturbing elements of the unconscious.
Transference. Transference is the transfer to the analyst feelings of anger or love that the patient originally directed toward his or her parents or other authority figures. The therapist can use these feelings to reenact the patient's past relationships. Therapy sessions can be used to redo these relationships and to potentially resolve the conflicts or difficulties they entailed.Page: 450APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Freud's Psychoanalysis
89. Briefly describe in one or two paragraphs what psychodynamic therapy entails as well as current perspectives and criticisms about its efficacy as a treatment.
Even with its current modifications, psychodynamic therapy has its critics. In its longer versions, it can be time consuming and expensive, especially in comparison with other forms of psychotherapy, such as behavioral and Cognitive Approaches. Furthermore, less articulate patients may not do as well as more articulate ones.
Ultimately, the most important concern about psychodynamic treatment is whether it actually works, and there is no simple answer to this question. Psychodynamic treatment techniques have been controversial since Freud introduced them. Part of the problem is the difficulty in establishing whether patients have improved after psychodynamic therapy. Determining effectiveness depends on reports from the therapist or the patients themselves—reports that are obviously open to bias and subjective interpretation.
Furthermore, critics have questioned the entire theoretical basis of psychodynamic theory; they maintain that constructs such as the unconscious have not been scientifically confirmed. Despite the criticism, though, the psychodynamic treatment approach has remained viable. For some people, it provides solutions to difficult psychological issues, provides effective treatment for psychological disturbance, and also permits the potential development of an unusual degree of insight into one's life.Page: 449–454APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Contemporary Psychodynamic Approaches
90. Assume you are treating two patients: Betina, who has anorexia, and Sebastian, who has anger management issues with his girlfriend. Using operant conditioning techniques, like token or contingency techniques, suggest a plan to treat them?
Students' examples may vary.
One example of the systematic application of operant conditioning principles is the token system, which rewards a person for desired behavior with a token such as a poker chip or some kind of play money. Although it is most frequently employed in institutional settings for individuals with relatively serious problems and sometimes with children as a classroom management technique, the system resembles what parents do when they give children money for being well behaved—money that the children can later exchange for something they want. The desired behavior may range from simple things such as keeping one's room neat to personal grooming and interacting with other people. In institutions, patients can exchange tokens for some object or activity, such as snacks, new clothes, or, in extreme cases, sleeping in one's own bed rather than in a sleeping bag on the floor.
Contingency contracting, a variant of the token system, has proved quite effective in producing behavior modification. In contingency contracting, the therapist and client (or teacher and student or parent and child) draw up a written agreement. The contract states a series of behavioral goals the client hopes to achieve. It also specifies the positive consequences for the client if the client reaches goals—usually an explicit reward such as money or additional privileges. Contracts frequently state negative consequences if the client does not meet the goals.
Behavior therapists also use observational learning, the process in which the behavior of other people is modeled, to systematically teach people new skills and ways of handling their fears and anxieties. For example, modeling helps when therapists are teaching basic social skills, such as maintaining eye contact during conversation and acting assertively.Page: 454APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Operant Conditioning Treatments
91. Describe the general aim of cognitive therapy. Write a note on Ellis's rational-emotive therapy.
The following ideas should be mentioned:
The goal of cognitive therapy is to help people learn to think in more adaptive ways by changing their unreasonable, irrational cognitions about the world and about themselves.
Cognitive therapy often incorporates basic principles of learning; in this case, treatment is referred to as cognitive-behavioral approach.
Ellis's rational-emotive therapy attempts to restructure a person's belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views. According to Ellis, people are unhappy and suffer from disorders because they hold irrational, unrealistic ideas, such as the notion that we have to succeed in all we do to be worthwhile people.
In rational-emotional therapy, the therapist actively challenges and argues against these sorts of beliefs when the client expresses them. By challenging these views, the therapist is helping the patient adopt more realistic ideas.Page: 455APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Cognitive Approaches
92. Identify (a) one advantage, strength, or contribution, and (b) one disadvantage, weakness, or limitation of each of the following types of psychotherapy: behavior therapy and cognitive therapy.
The answer should mention some of the following points:
Behavior therapy:
Advantages/strengths/contributions. Works well for eliminating anxiety disorders, treating phobias and compulsions, establishing control over impulses, and learning complex social skills. It provides tools nonprofessionals can use to change their own behavior. It is efficient because it focuses on solving carefully defined problems.
Disadvantages/weaknesses/limitations. Because it focuses on changing external behavior, behavior therapy does not help people gain insight into the maladaptive thought patterns that might drive their problem behavior.
Cognitive therapy:
Advantages/strengths/contributions. Cognitive Approaches have been successful in treating a wide range of disorders, including anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders. The approach is open to incorporating elements from other treatment approaches, making it more flexible and effective than some other approaches.
Disadvantages/weaknesses/limitations. The goal of making people more reasonable and logical ignores the fact that life really is absurd and irrational sometimes. It may not always be possible to bring about true cognitive change through therapy.Page: 449–454APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy.
Learning Objective: 36.3: Explain Cognitive Approaches to therapy.
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Behavioral ApproachesTopic: Cognitive Approaches
93. Briefly describe the humanistic perspective. Applying what you know about humanistic psychology, how would a humanistic psychologist help someone with low self-esteem?
Humanistic therapy draws on the philosophical perspective of self-responsibility in developing treatment techniques. The many different types of therapy that fit into this category have a similar rationale: We have control of our own behavior, we can make choices about the kinds of lives we want to live, and it is up to us to solve the difficulties we encounter in our daily lives.
Humanistic therapists believe that people naturally are motivated to strive for self-actualization. As we discussed in the chapter on motivation, self-actualization is the term that clinical psychologist Abraham Maslow used to describe the state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way.
Instead of acting in the more directive manner of some psychodynamic and behavioral approaches, humanistic therapists view themselves as guides or facilitators.
Therapists using humanistic techniques seek to help people understand themselves and find ways to come closer to the ideal they hold for themselves. In this view, psychological disorders result from the inability to find meaning in life and from feelings of loneliness and a lack of connection to others.
Humanistic approaches have produced many therapeutic techniques. Among the most important is person-centered therapy.Page: 460APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 37.1: Discuss the humanistic approaches to therapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Humanistic Approaches
94. Describe the aim of person-centered therapy. Identify several ways that therapists try to achieve this goal. How does contemporary person-centered therapy differ from the therapy as it might have been practiced in Rogers' day?
The answer should make such points as:
Aim of person-centered therapy—As a humanistic therapy, person-centered therapy attempts to help clients move toward self-actualization—a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potentials.
Methods—Person-centered therapists act as guides or facilitators. They provide a warm and supportive environment through nondirective counseling, in which they reflect and clarify the client's statements, and through providing unconditional positive regard by expressing warmth and acceptance.
Contemporary person-directed therapy is somewhat more directive than it was in its classic Rogerian form.Page: 532APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 37.1: Discuss the humanistic approaches to therapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Humanistic Approaches
95. Briefly compare and contrast interpersonal therapy with traditional psychodynamic therapy.
Interpersonal therapy (IPT) considers therapy in the context of social relationships. Although its roots stem from psychodynamic approaches, interpersonal therapy concentrates more on the here and now with the goal of improving a client's existing relationships. It typically focuses on interpersonal issues such as conflicts with others, social skills issues, role transitions (such as divorce), or grief.
Interpersonal therapy is more active and directive than traditional psychodynamic approaches, and sessions are more structured. The approach makes no assumptions about the underlying causes of psychological disorders but focuses on the interpersonal context in which a disorder is developed and maintained. It also tends to be shorter than traditional psychodynamic approaches and typically lasts only 12 to 16 weeks. During those sessions, therapists make concrete suggestions on improving relations with others and offer recommendations and advice.
Because interpersonal therapy is short and structured, researchers have been able to demonstrate its effectiveness more readily than longer-term types of therapy. Evaluations of the approach have shown that interpersonal therapy is especially effective in dealing with depression, anxiety, addictions, and eating disorders.Page: 449–461APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy.
Learning Objective: 37.2: Illustrate interpersonal therapy.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Person-Centered Therapy
96. Briefly describe the pros and cons of group therapy. Are there any disorders where group therapy appears to be more effective than one on one? Please defend your answer.
Although most treatment takes place between a single individual and a therapist, some forms of therapy involve groups of people seeking treatment. In group therapy, several unrelated people meet with a therapist to discuss some aspect of their psychological functioning.
People typically discuss with the group their problems, which often center on a common difficulty, such as alcoholism or a lack of social skills. The other members of the group provide emotional support and dispense advice on ways they have coped effectively with similar problems.
Groups vary greatly in terms of the particular model they employ; there are psychoanalytic groups, humanistic groups, and groups corresponding to the other therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, groups also differ with regard to the degree of guidance the therapist provides. In some, the therapist is quite directive; in others, the members of the group set their own agenda and determine how the group will proceed.
Because several people are treated simultaneously in group therapy, it is a much more economical means of treatment than individual psychotherapy. On the other hand, critics argue that group settings lack the individual attention inherent in one-to-one therapy and that especially shy and withdrawn individuals may not receive the attention they need in a group setting.Page: 462APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 37.3: Explain group therapy, family therapy, and self-help groups.
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Group therapy
97. One of the most controversial treatments in the field of psychology is electroconvulsive therapy. Briefly describe its illustrious history and if it is still used today. What are the justifications for using this type of treatment?
First introduced in the 1930s, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure used in the treatment of severe depression. In the procedure, an electric current of 70–150 volts is briefly administered to a patient's head, which causes a loss of consciousness and often causes seizures. Typically, health-care professionals sedate patients and give them muscle relaxants before administering the current; such preparations help reduce the intensity of muscle contractions produced during ECT. The typical patient receives about 10 ECT treatments in the course of a month, but some patients continue with maintenance treatments for months afterward.
ECT is a controversial technique. Apart from the obvious distastefulness of a treatment that evokes images of electrocution, side effects occur frequently. For instance, after treatment patients often experience disorientation, confusion, and sometimes memory loss that may remain for months. Furthermore, ECT often does not produce long-term improvement; one study found that without follow-up medication, depression returned in most patients who had undergone ECT treatments. Finally, even when ECT does work, we do not know why, and some critics believe it may cause permanent brain damage.
Despite the drawback, therapists still use it because in many severe cases of depression, it offers the only quickly effective treatment. For instance, it may prevent depressed, suicidal individuals from committing suicide, and it can act more quickly than antidepressive medications.
The use of ECT has risen in the last decade with more than 100,000 people undergoing it each year. Still, ECT tends to be used only when other treatments have proved ineffective, and researchers continue to search for alternative treatments.Page: 473APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 38.2: Explain electroconvulsive therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Electroconvulsive Therapy
98. What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
One new and promising alternative to ECT is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS creates a precise magnetic pulse in a specific area of the brain. By activating particular neurons, TMS has been effective in relieving the symptoms of major depression in a number of controlled experiments. However, the therapy can produce side effects, such as seizures and convulsions, and it is still considered experimental.Page: 473APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 38.2: Explain electroconvulsive therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Electroconvulsive Therapy
99. Briefly describe psychosurgery.
A technique used only rarely today, psychosurgery was introduced as a "treatment of last resort" in the 1930s. The initial form of psychosurgery, a prefrontal lobotomy, consisted of surgically destroying or removing parts of a patient's frontal lobes, which surgeons thought controlled emotionality. In the 1930s and 1940s, surgeons performed the procedure on thousands of patients often with little precision. For example, in one common technique, a surgeon literally would jab an ice pick under a patient's eyeball and swivel it back and forth.
Psychosurgery often did improve a patient's behavior—but not without drastic side effects. Along with remission of the symptoms of the mental disorder, patients sometimes experienced personality changes and became bland, colorless, and unemotional.
In other cases, patients became aggressive and unable to control their impulses. In the worst cases, treatment resulted in the patient's death.
With the introduction of effective drug treatments—and the obvious ethical questions regarding the appropriateness of forever altering someone's personality—psychosurgery became nearly obsolete. However, it is still used in very rare cases when all other procedures have failed and the patient's behavior presents a high risk to the patient and others.
For example, surgeons sometimes use a more precise form of psychosurgery called a cingulotomy in rare cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder in which they destroy tissue in the anterior cingulate area of the brain. In another technique, Gamma Knife surgery, beams of radiation are used to destroy areas of the brain related to obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Occasionally, dying patients with severe, uncontrollable pain also receive psychosurgery.
Still, even these cases raise important ethical issues, and psychosurgery remains a highly controversial treatment.Page: 473–474APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 38.2: Explain electroconvulsive therapy.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Psychosurgery
100. Briefly describe the community psychology movement that originated in the 1960s.
The answer should mention the following points:Page: 475–476APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 38.4: Discuss the community psychology movement.
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment
Topic: Community Psychology
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 76
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 55
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 33
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology. 10
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy 7
APA Outcome: 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research 1
APA Outcome: 5.1: Apply psychological content and skills to career goals. 4
Bloom's: Apply 10
Bloom's: Remember 50
Bloom's: Understand 40
Difficulty: Easy 54
Difficulty: Hard 10
Difficulty: Medium 36
Learning Objective: 36.1: Explain psychodynamic approaches to therapy. 22
Learning Objective: 36.2: Explain behavioral approaches to therapy. 19
Learning Objective: 36.3: Explain Cognitive Approaches to therapy. 7
Learning Objective: 37.1: Discuss the humanistic approaches to therapy. 9
Learning Objective: 37.2: Illustrate interpersonal therapy. 3
Learning Objective: 37.3: Explain group therapy, family therapy, and self-help groups. 5
Learning Objective: 37.4: Assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy. 7
Learning Objective: 38.1: Discuss options for drug therapy. 11
Learning Objective: 38.2: Explain electroconvulsive therapy. 11
Learning Objective: 38.3: Offer perspective on biomedical therapies. 5
Learning Objective: 38.4: Discuss the community psychology movement. 3
Module: 36: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment 46
Module: 37: Psychotherapy: Humanistic and Group Approaches to Treatment 24
Module: 38: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment 31
Topic: Antianxiety Drugs 2
Topic: Antidepressant Drugs 4
Topic: Antipsychotic Drugs 5
Topic: Behavioral Approaches 4
Topic: Classical Conditioning Treatments 7
Topic: Cognitive Approaches 8
Topic: Community Psychology 5
Topic: Contemporary Psychodynamic Approaches 3
Topic: Effectiveness of Therapy 7
Topic: Electroconvulsive Therapy 7
Topic: Family Therapy 1
Topic: Freud's Psychoanalysis 11
Topic: Group therapy 3
Topic: Humanistic Approaches 4
Topic: Interpersonal Therapy 2
Topic: Operant Conditioning Treatments 7
Topic: Person-Centered Therapy 6
Topic: Psychodynamic Therapies 7
Topic: Psychosurgery 7
Topic: Self-Help Groups 1
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Psychology and Your Life 3rd Edition | Test Bank with Answer Key
By Robert S. Feldman