Chapter 12 Exam Questions Social Psychology - Psychology and Your Life 3rd Edition | Test Bank with Answer Key by Robert S. Feldman. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 12
Test Bank
1. Social psychology is the scientific study of:
A. changes in humans over their life span.
B. how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
C. unconscious processes.
D. how people’s perceptions are affected by their environment.
Page: 485Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attitudes
2. Dr. Garza is a social psychologist. Which of the following is she most likely to study?
A. The heritability of mental illness
B. Comparison between genetics and environment in terms of their influence over a child’s development
C. How attitudes about global warming have been formed
D. The efficacy of person-centered therapy
Page: 485Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attitudes
3. When compared with a one-sided message, a two-sided message is:
A. equally persuasive.
B. somewhat less persuasive.
C. much less persuasive.
D. more persuasive.
Page: 486Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 39.1: Define persuasion.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Persuasion
4. Which of the following occurs when a recipient thoughtfully considers the issues and arguments involved in persuasion?
A. Central route processing
B. Cognitive dissonance
C. Peripheral route processing
D. Emotional appeal
Page: 487Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 39.1: Define persuasion.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Routes to Persuasion
5. _____ occurs when people are persuaded on the basis of factors unrelated to the nature or quality of the content of a persuasive message.
A. Cognitive dissonance
B. Logical conclusion
C. Peripheral route processing
D. Central route processing
Page: 487Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.1: Define persuasion.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Routes to Persuasion
6. An ad agency creates two ads for a particular car. One stresses the car's safety and gas mileage, while the other simply shows how fun it is to drive. The first ad relies on the _____ route to persuasion; the second, on the _____ route.
A. peripheral; central
B. central; peripheral
C. primary; secondary
D. secondary; primary
Page: 487Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 39.1: Define persuasion.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Routes to Persuasion
7. Blanche is extremely interested in politics and believes the upcoming election is very important to the future. Blanche would most likely be persuaded by a campaign message relying on the _____ route to persuasion.
A. primary
B. secondary
C. central
D. peripheral
Page: 487Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 39.1: Define persuasion.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Routes to Persuasion
8. Which of the following is true of central route processing?
A. People who are disinterested, unmotivated, bored, or distracted use central route processing to comprehend a message.
B. People who have a low need for cognition are more likely to employ central route processing.
C. People who have a low need for cognition become impatient when forced to spend too much time thinking about an issue and, consequently, use central route processing.
D. People with a high habitual level of thoughtfulness and cognitive activity are more likely to employ central route processing.
Page: 487Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 39.1: Define persuasion.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Routes to Persuasion
9. Richard, a venture capitalist, funds budding entrepreneurs on the basis of the business plans presented. When a business plan is complex, logical, and presented in a detailed manner, Richard is convinced and provides funding to the entrepreneur. This implies that Richard:
A. has a low need for cognition.
B. is more likely to use central route processing.
C. becomes impatient when forced to spend too much time thinking about an issue.
D. does not enjoy thinking or reflecting on the world and, hence, uses peripheral route processing.
Page: 487Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 39.1: Define persuasion.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Routes to Persuasion
10. Which of the following is true of peripheral route processing?
A. People who enjoy thinking, philosophizing, and reflecting on the world use peripheral route processing.
B. People who use peripheral route processing are persuaded by factors other than the quality and nature of a message.
C. People who use peripheral route processing are likely to be persuaded by complex, logical, and detailed messages.
D. People who have a high need for cognition are more likely to employ peripheral route processing.
Page: 487Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 39.1: Define persuasion.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Routes to Persuasion
11. You are developing advertisements to promote a political candidate. One ad is a radio spot to be aired during "drive time," when listeners are stressed, distracted, and impatient. Another advertisement is a print ad to appear in national newspapers and business magazines. Based on this information, which of the following would you recommend?
A. Both the radio spot and the print ad should rely on peripheral route processing.
B. The radio spot should rely on peripheral route processing.
C. Both the radio spot and the print ad should rely on central route processing.
D. The print ad should rely on peripheral route processing.
Page: 487Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 39.1: Define persuasion.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Routes to Persuasion
12. An advertising agency creates two television commercials for a range of kitchen and laundry appliances. Commercial A emphasizes the sleek styling of the appliances, whereas commercial B stresses their reliability and energy efficiency. Will the effectiveness of the two commercials vary as a function of the viewers' need for cognition?
A. Commercials A and B would be equally effective, regardless of the viewers' need for cognition.
B. Commercial A would be more effective than commercial B, regardless of the viewers' need for cognition.
C. Commercial A would be more effective than commercial B for viewers with a low need for cognition, whereas commercial B would be more effective than commercial A for viewers with a high need for cognition.
D. Commercial B would be more effective than commercial A for viewers with a low need for cognition, whereas commercial A would be more effective than commercial B for viewers with a high need for cognition.
Page: 487Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 39.1: Define persuasion.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Routes to Persuasion
13. The mental conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts is known as:
A. social cognition.
B. the halo effect.
C. cognitive dissonance.
D. a schema.
Page: 488Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.1: Define persuasion.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Cognitive Dissonance
14. Sets of cognitions about people and social experiences are called _____.
A. images
B. algorithms
C. halo effects
D. schemas
Page: 489Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Social Cognition
15. Fallon has an idea of what politicians are like: they are often lawyers, are smooth and communicate well, and are not always honest. These characteristics are components of Fallon's _____ of politicians.
A. concept
B. schema
C. image
D. framework
Page: 489Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Social Cognition
16. Which of the following is true of schemas?
A. A schema occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.
B. A schema is never susceptible to error.
C. Schemas are absolutely accurate as our moods affect how we perceive others, and we make judgments based on our moods.
D. Schemas help us predict what others are like on the basis of relatively little information.
Page: 490Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Social Cognition
17. Unusually important characteristics that help one form an initial overall impression of another individual are called _____ traits.
A. primary
B. cardinal
C. central
D. schematic
Page: 490Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Forming Impressions
18. One forms an impression of another individual:
A. very quickly, within a few seconds.
B. very quickly, within a few minutes.
C. gradually, over time.
D. during the first few encounters.
Page: 490Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Forming Impressions
19. _____ are brought about by something in the environment.
A. Dispositional causes
B. Situational causes
C. Internal causes
D. Personality causes
Page: 491Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Theory
20. Fiona received an e-mail from her manager, Rebecca, asking her to meet her to discuss a past project. However, Fiona was struggling to complete an urgent project and had to reply that she wouldn't be able to meet her that day. Rebecca was not pleased with Fiona's reply and told her colleague that Fiona was "too busy and important" to meet with her supervisor and was, therefore, an unpleasant snob. In this scenario, Rebecca believes that Fiona's behavior has a _____ cause.
A. situational
B. dispositional
C. primary
D. secondary
Page: 491Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Theory
21. Perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors are called _____ causes.
A. situational
B. circumstantial
C. environmental
D. dispositional
Page: 491Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe the main principles of social cognition, including schemas, impression formation, attribution, and biases.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Theory
22. "He probably cheated on the test because he is a dishonest person." This represents a(n) _____ cause of behavior.
A. dispositional
B. situational
C. central
D. peripheral
Page: :491Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Theory
23. Which of the following attribution biases is correctly matched with its definition?
A. Halo effect—An initial impression of an individual having some positive traits causing one to infer that the individual has many other positive traits as well
B. Self-serving bias—Overemphasizing dispositional factors when explaining other people's behavior
C. Fundamental attribution error—Assuming that other people are similar to oneself, even when meeting them for the first time
D. Assumed-similarity bias—The tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors (skill, ability, or effort) and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself
Page: 491Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Biases
24. Sharon was made the captain of her softball team due to her excellent playing skills. However, the fact that she did not display good team management skills and did not cooperate with her teammates was ignored while making her the captain. Which of the following biases is illustrated in this instance?
A. Fundamental attribution error
B. Assumed-similarity bias
C. Self-serving bias
D. Halo effect
Page: 492Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Biases
25. George met Paul at a seminar for the first time. When Paul expressed his political interests, George felt that Paul was very similar to himself as they shared the same opinions on political ideals. George's inference is an example of:
A. selective perception.
B. self-serving bias.
C. assumed-similarity bias.
D. fundamental attribution error.
Page: 492Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Biases
26. Shaun is angry at the way a coworker has treated him. Shaun feels justified in his anger because "surely, anybody would feel the same way if the same thing happened to them." This example reveals Shaun's susceptibility to the:
A. halo effect.
B. assumed-similarity bias.
C. self-serving bias.
D. fundamental attribution error.
Page: 492Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Biases
27. The tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors (skill, ability, or effort) and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself is known as the:
A. assumed-similarity bias.
B. halo effect.
C. self-serving bias.
D. fundamental attribution error.
Page: 492Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Biases
28. If you are exhibiting the self-serving bias, which of the following statements would you most likely use to explain a poor grade on a test?
A. "The professor doesn't know how to teach."
B. "I am just not very good at this subject."
C. "I didn't study well enough to get a good grade."
D. "In general, I am not very smart."
Page: 492Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Biases
29. Which of the following is true of the fundamental attribution error?
A. There are weak group-level differences in the use of the fundamental attribution error.
B. It is actually not very common, either in Western or in Eastern cultures.
C. It is more common in Western than in Eastern cultures.
D. It is more common in Eastern than in Western cultures.
Page: 492Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Biases
30. In determining the causes of others' behavior, we overemphasize _____ factors; this is the _____.
A. dispositional; self-serving bias
B. dispositional; fundamental attribution error
C. situational; self-serving bias
D. situational; fundamental attribution error
Page: 492Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Biases
31. The field of _____ examines the influence of cognitive biases and attribution errors on people's economic decision making.
A. forensic psychology
B. economic psychology
C. industrial/organizational psychology
D. behavioral economics
Page: 492Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Biases
32. _____ is the process by which communal groups and individuals exert pressure on an individual, either deliberately or unintentionally.
A. Central interaction
B. Altruism
C. Diffusion of responsibility
D. Social influence
Page: 495Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.1: Define conformity.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Conformity
33. Dahlia is an associate at one of the city's most prestigious law firms. The associates in the firm generally work until at least 7 or 8 each evening. This is an element of the firm's:
A. role.
B. schema.
C. norm.
D. attitude.
Page: 495Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 40.1: Define conformity.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Conformity
34. _____ refers to a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people.
A. Dissonance
B. Conformity
C. Schema
D. Incongruity
Page: 495Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.1: Define conformity.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Conformity
35. Which of the following statements is true of conformity?
A. People working on ambiguous tasks and questions (those with no clear answer) are not susceptible to conformity.
B. The less attractive a group appears to its members, the greater its ability to produce conformity.
C. Conformity is considerably lower when people must respond publicly.
D. Subtle or even unspoken social pressure results in conformity.
Page: 495Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 40.1: Define conformity.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Conformity
36. In Asch's classic conformity studies, participants thought they were taking part in a study of:
A. learning.
B. perceptual skills.
C. prison life.
D. visual learning.
Page: 495Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.1: Define conformity.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Asch's Experiment
37. Which of the following was a significant finding in the studies conducted by Asch on conformity?
A. Conformity is considerably higher when people must respond publicly.
B. People working on ambiguous tasks and questions (those with no clear answer) are not susceptible to conformity.
C. Groups that unanimously support a position show the least pronounced conformity pressures.
D. Tasks at which an individual is less competent than others in a group have reduced conformity.
Page: 496Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.1: Define conformity.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Conformity
38. Which of the following is true of the findings made by Asch on conformity?
A. The more attractive a group appears to its members, the lower its ability to produce conformity.
B. Conformity is considerably higher when people must respond privately than it is when they can do so publicly.
C. There is less chance for conformity when an individual is less competent at a task than others in a group.
D. Groups that unanimously support a position show the most pronounced conformity pressures.
Page: 496Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 40.1: Define conformity.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Asch's Experiment
39. According to Asch's pioneering work on conformity, which of the following statements is true?
A. Groups that unanimously support a position show the least pronounced conformity pressures.
B. The presence of just one person who shares the minority point of view is sufficient to reduce conformity pressures.
C. Conformity refers to behavior that occurs only in response to direct social pressure.
D. The more attractive a group appears to its members, the lower its ability to produce conformity.
Page: 496Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 40.1: Define conformity.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Asch's Experiment
40. Which alternative below correctly defines a social influence concept?
A. Conformity—a change in behavior in response to commands
B. Compliance—a change in behavior or attitudes in response to direct social pressure
C. Obedience—a change in behavior or attitudes to follow social norms
D. Conformity—a change in behavior or attitudes in response to direct social pressure
Page: 497Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.2: Explain compliance.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Compliance
41. In the _____ technique, one asks a person to agree to a small request, which has a high likelihood of compliance because it is small.
A. not-so-free
B. foot-in-the-door
C. door-in-the-face
D. that's-not-all
Page: 497Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.2: Explain compliance.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Zimbardo's Prison Experiment
42. A magazine publisher asks you to commit to a brief trial subscription. Having committed to the trial subscription, you may be more likely to buy a full year subscription. This exemplifies the _____ compliance technique.
A. door-in-the-face
B. foot-in-the-door
C. foot-in-the-mouth
D. that's-not-all
Page: 497Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: Define compliance, and describe tactics that lead to compliance.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Compliance
43. The foot-in-the-door technique works because:
A. of the effectiveness of the norm of reciprocity.
B. an incentive, discount, or bonus is always offered.
C. a first large request is refused but a smaller request is accepted.
D. an involvement with a small request leads to an interest in an issue.
Page: 497Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 40.2: Explain compliance.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Compliance
44. In the _____ technique, someone makes a large request, expects it to be refused, and follows it with a smaller one.
A. not-so-free
B. foot-in-the-door
C. door-in-the-face
D. that's-not-all
Page: 498Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.2: Explain compliance.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Compliance
45. Which of the following compliance techniques is correctly matched with its description?
A. Foot-in-the-door technique—Someone makes a large request, expects it to be refused, and follows it with a smaller one.
B. Door-in-the-face technique—When salespeople provide samples to potential customers, they do so to instigate the norm of reciprocity.
C. That's-not-all technique—When a salesperson offers you a deal at an inflated price; immediately after the initial offer, the salesperson offers an incentive, discount, or bonus to clinch the deal.
D. Not-so-free sample technique—One asks a person to agree to a small request, which has a high likelihood of compliance because it is small.
Page: 498Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 40.2: Explain compliance.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Compliance
46. An infomercial is aired on late-night TV that claims that the price of a product has been slashed for a special offer and now includes a bonus sample size of an adjunct to the product. This illustrates the _____ compliance technique.
A. door-in-the-face
B. foot-in-the-door
C. foot-in-the-mouth
D. that's-not-all
Page: 498Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 40.2: Explain compliance.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Compliance
47. Which of the following sales techniques is based on the norm of reciprocity?
A. That's-not-all technique
B. Door-in-the-face technique
C. Not-so-free sample technique
D. Foot-in-the-door technique
Page: 498Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.2: Explain compliance.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Compliance
48. Dr. Greene studies the ways to increase the safety behavior of workers on offshore oil platforms. Dr. Greene is a(n) _____ psychologist.
A. developmental
B. social
C. cognitive
D. industrial-organizational
Page: 498Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 40.2: Explain compliance.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Compliance
49. Milgram's participants were told that the study concerned:
A. obedience.
B. visual perception.
C. learning.
D. problem-solving.
Page: 499Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.3: Discuss obedience.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Milgram’s Experiment
50. Which social influence concept has been correctly matched with a psychologist often associated with it?
A. Conformity—Cialdini
B. Compliance—Asch
C. Obedience—Festinger
D. Obedience—Milgram
Page: 499Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.3: Discuss obedience.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Obedience
51. _____ refers to a negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members.
A. Discrimination
B. Prejudice
C. Diffusion of responsibility
D. Reciprocity-of-liking effect
Page: 502Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 41.1: Identify foundations of prejudice.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Prejudice
52. Discrimination refers to:
A. a negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members.
B. a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members.
C. the behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group.
D. the consideration of individuals for their personal qualities and not their membership in a group.
Page: 502Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 41.2: Distinguish measuring practices for prejudice and discrimination.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Discrimination
53. Neil was selected for his college baseball team because of his racial origin. Which of the following is illustrated in this scenario?
A. Discrimination
B. Reciprocity-of-liking effect
C. Acculturation
D. Diffusion of responsibility
Page: 502-503Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 41.2: Distinguish measuring practices for prejudice and discrimination.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Discrimination
54. In Juanita's community, girls are not expected to enjoy or excel at mathematics. Juanita's algebra grades drop as she progresses in school. As a high school junior, she is enrolled only in consumer mathematics courses. Which concept does Juanita's example best illustrate?
A. Cognitive dissonance
B. Social identification
C. Entrapment
D. Self-fulfilling prophecy
Page: 503Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 41.1: Identify foundations of prejudice.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Discrimination
55. The _____ theory suggests that people tend to be ethnocentric, viewing the world from their own perspective and judging others in terms of their group membership.
A. social identity
B. resource competition
C. observational learning
D. social neuroscience
Page: 503Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 41.1: Identify foundations of prejudice.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Prejudice
56. As an adolescent, Travis comes out as gay. Following this, he withdraws from his heterosexual friends and promotes positions more radical than those he did formerly. He favors the "outing" of closeted public figures under all circumstances, and he argues that gays who wish to marry are imitating heterosexual values. Which account of prejudice does Travis's example illustrate?
A. Cognitive categorization
B. Resource competition
C. Observational learning
D. Social identity
Page: 503Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 41.1: Identify foundations of prejudice.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Prejudice
57. The use of group membership to provide social respect produces an unfortunate outcome because we may:
A. inflate the negative aspects of our in-group and, at the same time, devalue outgroups.
B. come to think that our in-group is better than the groups to which we don't belong.
C. start to view the members of outgroups as superior to the members of our in-group.
D. start to prejudice against the members of our in-group and inflate the positive aspects of outgroups.
Page: 504Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 41.1: Identify foundations of prejudice.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Prejudice
58. The Implicit Association Test was developed because:
A. people may not be consciously aware of their own racial attitudes.
B. people are very direct and frank while reporting their racial attitudes.
C. earlier measures failed to tap into the emotional aspect of racial attitudes.
D. people do not censor their responses regarding their own racial attitudes.
Page: 504Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 41.1: Identify foundations of prejudice.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Implicit Association Test
59. Which of the following statements is true of the Implicit Association Test?
A. The test is based on questions such as "Would you prefer interacting with a member of Group X rather than Group Y?" that typically identify the most blatant prejudices.
B. The test makes use of the fact that people's automatic reactions often provide the most valid indicator of what they actually believe.
C. The test was developed, in part, as a reaction to the frank and uncensored responses of people regarding their racial attitudes.
D. The test proves that people can’t be prejudiced if they do not know that they are engaged in it.
Page: 504Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 41.1: Identify foundations of prejudice.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Implicit Association Test
60. Which of the following statements reflects a criticism that has been leveled against the Implicit Association Test?
A. The test measures only conscious racial attitudes.
B. The test requires people to directly report their racial feelings.
C. The biases that the test measures may not affect overt behavior.
D. The test proves that people can’t be prejudiced if they do not know that they are engaged in it.
Page: 505Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 41.1: Identify foundations of prejudice.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Implicit Association Test
61. Psychologists have found that prejudice and discrimination may be reduced by:
A. decreasing contact among in-group and outgroup members.
B. making values and norms against prejudice less conspicuous.
C. educating people about other groups.
D. encouraging stereotype vulnerability.
Page: 505Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 41.3: Assess ways to reduce prejudice and discrimination.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Prejudice
62. Courtney is enrolled in an advanced physics class at her high school. She is one of the only three girls in the class, and she is aware of the notion that girls are not as good as boys at math and science. This knowledge may actually hinder Courtney's performance in the class as a result of:
A. entrapment.
B. stereotype threat.
C. cognitive dissonance.
D. diffusion of responsibility.
Page: 506Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 41.3: Assess ways to reduce prejudice and discrimination.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Stereotypes
63. Which of the following explanations is correctly paired with the process it reflects?
A. Awareness of a negative view of one's group generating anxiety, and thus impairing performance—stereotype threat
B. High-status individuals, such as celebrities or athletes, receiving reinforcement for reflecting stereotypes in their behavior—cognitive dissonance
C. Behavior being brought in line with a stereotype to reduce the tension created by a discrepancy between the stereotype and one's own experience—observational learning
D. A change in behavior in response to the commands of others—conformity
Page: 506Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 41.3: Assess ways to reduce prejudice and discrimination.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Stereotypes
64. Which of the following is true of the factors that initially attract two people to each other?
A. Chances are that one becomes bored of those who live geographically closest to him or her.
B. The less similar others are, the more one likes them.
C. Repeated exposure to a person is often not sufficient to produce attraction.
D. Proximity leads to liking.
Page: 509Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Attraction
65. The reciprocity-of-liking effect means that we like:
A. people we've seen repeatedly.
B. people who live nearby.
C. people similar to ourselves.
D. people who like us.
Page: 509Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Attraction
66. _____ love involves a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another.
A. Companionate
B. Affectionate
C. Passionate
D. Cathartic
Page: 510Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Love
67. Lynette is sexually attracted to her boyfriend and cares for his needs. In this scenario, Lynette is most likely experiencing _____ love.
A. companionate
B. passionate
C. platonic
D. cathartic
Page: 510Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Love
68. The love we feel for family members and close friends is termed _____ love.
A. committed
B. compassionate
C. companionate
D. consummate
Page: 510Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Love
69. Ten-year-old Joanne expresses her love for her mother every morning before she leaves for school. This is an example of _____ love.
A. romantic
B. passionate
C. consummate
D. companionate
Page: 510Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Love
70. Consider the distinction many researchers make between passionate love and companionate love. How do the two types of love differ?
A. Passionate love does not involve feelings of closeness and connectedness; companionate love does.
B. Passionate love does not involve commitment; companionate love does.
C. Companionate love does not involve feelings of closeness and connectedness; passionate love does.
D. Companionate love does not involve physical intimacy; passionate love does.
Page: 510Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Love
71. According to Sternberg, the _____ component of love involves initial thoughts that one loves someone and the longer-term feelings of commitment to maintain love.
A. intimacy
B. passion
C. decision
D. closeness
Page: 510Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Love
72. According to Sternberg, the _____ component of love includes feelings of closeness and connectedness.
A. intimacy
B. passion
C. decision
D. commitment
Page: 511Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Love
73. According to Sternberg, the _____ component of love includes the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance.
A. intimacy
B. passion
C. decision
D. closeness
Page: 512Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Love
74. Which of the following is suggested by Sternberg in his theory on love?
A. The different combinations of the three components of love vary over the course of relationships.
B. Sternberg proposes that love is not a necessary ingredient of marriage.
C. The love we feel for our parents, other family members, and even some close friends is categorized as passionate love.
D. Relationships are happiest when the strengths of the various components differ between two partners.
Page: 512Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Love
75. Which of the following was suggested by ethologist Konrad Lorenz about aggression?
A. Lorenz argued that aggression is a primary instinctual drive observed only in animals.
B. Lorenz believed that society should offer people acceptable ways of permitting catharsis.
C. Lorenz said that the shorter the period of aggressive-energy buildup, the greater the amount of aggression displayed when it is discharged.
D. Lorenz suggested that participation in aggressive sports and games would encourage the discharge of aggression in socially undesirable ways.
Page: 514Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.2: Explain aggression and prosocial behavior.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Instinct Approaches
76. The notion of diffusion of responsibility is usually included in the study of:
A. group decision making.
B. prosocial behavior.
C. aggression.
D. social influence.
Page: 516Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.2: Explain aggression and prosocial behavior.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Prosocial Behavior
77. Generally, which of the following is true of moral decisions made by people?
A. There is no relation between the moral decisions made by people and situational factors.
B. Most social psychologists agree that no single set of attributes differentiates helpers from non-helpers.
C. Most psychologists believe that prosocial behavior always contains an element of self-sacrifice.
D. Psychologists using a neuroscience perspective believe that if the rational side wins out, one is less likely to take a logical view of moral situations.
Page: 516Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 42.2: Explain aggression and prosocial behavior.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Altruism
78. Which of the following statements best defines stress?
A. It is an injury that one inflicts on oneself.
B. It is an individual's response to events that threaten or challenge him or her.
C. It is the release of aggressive energy that has built over time within an individual.
D. It is the reaction of an individual to the blocking of his or her goals.
Page: 518Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 43.1: Define stress and discuss how it affects us.
Module: 43: Stress and Coping
Topic: Stress
79. Which of the following is a term used for long-term, chronic problems?
A. Background stressors
B. Cataclysmic events
C. Personal stressors
D. Cathartic events
Page: : 520Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 43.2: Explain the nature of stressors.
Module: 43: Stress and Coping
Topic: Stress
80. Which of the following coping mechanisms for stress attempts to modify the source of stress?
A. Emotion-focused coping
B. Problem-focused coping
C. Nature-focused coping
D. Future-focused coping
Page: : 520Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 43.3: Describe how people cope with stress.
Module: 43: Stress and Coping
Topic: Coping
81. Social cognition refers to the way people understand and make sense of others and themselves.Page: 489APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 43: Stress and Coping
Topic: Social Cognition
82. Attribution theory considers how we decide what the specific causes of a person's behavior are on the basis of the samples of that behavior.Page: 491APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Theory
83. We expect the people we meet to be more or less the same as we are. Social psychologists call this the assumed-similarity bias.Page: 492APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Biases
84. A social role is the set of behavioral expectations associated with a particular social position.Page: 496APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.1: Define conformity.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Groupthink
85. A neighbor asks for a small favor; you agree. The following week, he asks for a larger favor. Having previously agreed to the smaller favor, you are now more likely to consent to the larger favor than you would have been otherwise. Your neighbor has gained your compliance through the foot-in-the-door technique.Page: 497APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 40.2: Explain compliance.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Compliance
86. The norm of reciprocity is the well-accepted societal standard dictating that we should treat other people as they treat us.Page: 498APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.2: Explain compliance.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Compliance
87. Marisol consults with middle managers to determine how decision making may be improved in their corporations. Marisol specializes in industrial organizational psychology.Page: 498–499APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define compliance, and describe tactics that lead to compliance.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Compliance
88. A change in behavior in response to a direct command is termed obedience.Page: 499APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe Milgram’s study of obedience to authority and its results.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Obedience
89. The observational learning approach to prejudice is supported by the fact that children as young as 3 show a preference for their own race.Page: 503APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 41.1: Identify foundations of prejudice.
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination
Topic: Prejudice
90. Interpersonal attraction refers to positive feelings for others: liking and loving.Page: 508APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Attraction
91. The reciprocity-of-liking effect refers to a tendency to like those who like us.Page: 509APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Attraction
92. The intentional injury of, or harm to, another person is called aggression.Page: 513APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.2: Explain aggression and prosocial behavior.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Aggression
93. The process of discharging built-up aggressive energy is called catharsis.Page: 514APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.2: Explain aggression and prosocial behavior.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Instinct Approaches
94. Putting oneself at risk to help an individual in danger exemplifies altruistic behavior.Page: 584APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.2: Explain aggression and prosocial behavior.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Altruism
95. Identify and describe three attribution biases. Provide illustrative examples.
Students' examples may vary.
The answer should define three of the following attribution biases:
Halo effect: An initial understanding that an individual has some positive (or negative) traits is used to assume the presence of other uniformly positive (or negative) traits. For example, if we learn that a worker is intelligent, we may assume that he is conscientious and agreeable as well.
Assumed-similarity bias: We think of others as similar to ourselves, even when meeting them for the first time. Their behavior must therefore reflect the factors that would cause us to act similarly.
Self-serving bias: We attribute our successes to internal, dispositional factors and our failures to external causes. For example, a coach may attribute her team's wins to her skill and its losses to the team's lack of discipline.
Fundamental attribution error: We tend to over-attribute others' behavior to such dispositional causes as personality traits and disregard the potential contributions of situational factors to their behavior. For example, we may attribute a classmate's academic failure to a lack of intelligence or to laziness rather than to situational pressures such as outside work or financial or family stresses.Page: 491–492APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition.
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition
Topic: Attribution Biases
96. What are the major sources of social influence?
Social influence is the process by which social groups and individuals exert pressure on an individual, either deliberately or unintentionally. The three types of social pressure are conformity, compliance, and obedience.
Conformity is a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people. Compliance refers to the behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure. Obedience refers to a change in behavior in response to the commands of others.Page: 495APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.1: Define conformity.
Learning Objective: 40.2: Explain compliance.
Learning Objective: 40.3: Discuss obedience.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: ComplianceTopic: ConformityTopic: Obedience
97. Discuss the significant findings of Asch on conformity.
Asch's significant findings focus on the following:
(a.) The characteristics of a group: The more attractive a group appears to its members, the greater its ability to produce conformity. Furthermore, a person's relative status, the social rank held within a group, is critical. The lower a person's status in the group, the greater the group's power over that person's behavior.
(b.) The situation in which an individual is responding: Conformity is considerably higher when people must respond publicly than it is when they can do so privately.
(c.) The kind of task: People working on ambiguous tasks and questions (those with no clear answer) are more susceptible to social pressure. When asked to give an opinion on something, such as what type of clothing is fashionable, a person will more likely yield to conformist pressures than he or she will if asked a question of fact. In addition, tasks at which an individual is less competent than others in a group have reduced conformity.
(d.) Unanimity of a group: Groups that unanimously support a position show the most pronounced conformity pressures.Page: 495–496APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 40.1: Define conformity.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Conformity
98. Briefly outline the procedure of Milgram's classic obedience study. What were the results? Evaluate Milgram's procedure with respect to the ethical guidelines of contemporary psychology.
The answer should contain the following elements:
Milgram's procedure: Participants were told that they were taking part in a learning experiment with another participant, who was in reality a confederate. The confederate was assigned the role of a "learner"; the participant, that of a "teacher." The teacher supplied the learner with a list of paired associates and then tested the learner. When the learner made a mistake, the teacher was instructed to deliver an electric shock. The confederate received no actual shock but acted as if he did. With each successive mistake, the teacher was instructed to deliver a stronger shock. Milgram wished to determine how strong a shock an individual would be willing to deliver.
Milgram's results: The most important of Milgram's results is that fully two-thirds of the participants were willing to deliver the maximum shock level to the confederates.
Ethics: Milgram's experiment involved deception, in that participants were told it was a learning experiment. In addition, the distress that participants experienced may not have been balanced by the benefit to society of this one experiment. Finally, no mention is made of any aftercare provided to participants experiencing distress in the experiment.Page: 499-500APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 40.3: Discuss obedience.
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups
Topic: Milgram’s Experiment
99. Discuss the three major psychological theories regarding aggression. To what extent can we lessen human aggression, given these accounts?
The following ideas should be included:
Aggression is the intentional injury of or harm to another person. Instinct approaches stem from Freud's notion that aggression is a primary, innate, instinctual drive. Konrad Lorenz, an ethologist, expanded Freud's notions by arguing that humans, along with members of other species, have a fighting instinct; this drive builds up until it is released during a process of catharsis. Lorenz suggests that society should provide acceptable outlets for the inevitable release of this innate drive; that is all we can really do to channel aggression. Organized sports may provide such an acceptable outlet. Observational learning approaches, on the other hand, maintain that we learn to be aggressive by observing others—models—receive reinforcement for aggressive behavior. This theory suggests that viewing violence on television or in movies is not cathartic; rather, it provides a model for aggressive behavior. We can lessen aggression by providing fewer instances in which models are rewarded for aggression; we can limit the amount of violence shown on television, for example.Page: 512–515APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 42.2: Explain aggression and prosocial behavior.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: AggressionTopic: Frustration-Aggression ApproachesTopic: Instinct ApproachesTopic: Observational Learning Approaches
100. Describe the four basic steps involved in the decision to give aid.
The decision to give aid involves four basic steps:
(a.) Noticing a person, event, or situation that may require help
(b.) Interpreting the event as one that requires help: Even if we notice an event, it may be sufficiently ambiguous for us to interpret it as a nonemergency situation. It is here that the presence of others first affects helping behavior. The presence of inactive others may indicate to us that a situation does not require help—a judgment we do not necessarily make if we are alone.
(c.) Assuming responsibility for helping: It is at this point that diffusion of responsibility is likely to occur if others are present. Moreover, a bystander's particular expertise is likely to play a role in determining whether he or she helps.
(d.) Deciding on and implementing the form of helping: After we assume responsibility for helping, we must decide how to provide assistance. Helping can range from very indirect forms of intervention, such as calling the police, to more direct forms, such as giving first aid or taking the victim to a hospital. Most social psychologists use a rewards-costs approach for helping to predict the nature of the assistance a bystander will choose to provide.Page: 515–516APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 42.2: Explain aggression and prosocial behavior.
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior
Topic: Altruism
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 80
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 82
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 3
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology. 24
APA Outcome: 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 12
APA Outcome: 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 2
Bloom's: Apply 23
Bloom's: Remember 54
Bloom's: Understand 23
Difficulty: Easy 53
Difficulty: Hard 18
Difficulty: Medium 29
Learning Objective: 39.1: Define persuasion. 11
Learning Objective: 39.2: Explain social cognition. 23
Learning Objective: 40.1: Define conformity. 11
Learning Objective: 40.2: Explain compliance. 11
Learning Objective: 40.3: Discuss obedience. 4
Learning Objective: 41.1: Identify foundations of prejudice. 9
Learning Objective: 41.2: Distinguish measuring practices for prejudice and discrimination. 2
Learning Objective: 41.3: Assess ways to reduce prejudice and discrimination. 3
Learning Objective: 42.1: Compare and contrast the concepts of "like" and love. 13
Learning Objective: 42.2: Explain aggression and prosocial behavior. 8
Learning Objective: 43.1: Define stress and discuss how it affects us. 1
Learning Objective: 43.2: Explain the nature of stressors. 1
Learning Objective: 43.3: Describe how people cope with stress. 1
Learning Objective: Define compliance, and describe tactics that lead to compliance. 2
Learning Objective: Describe Milgram’s study of obedience to authority and its results. 1
Learning Objective: Describe the main principles of social cognition, including schemas, impression formation, attribution, and biases. 1
Module: 39: Attitudes and Social Cognition 34
Module: 40: Social Influence and Groups 27
Module: 41: Psychotherapy: Prejudice and Discrimination 14
Module: 42: Positive and Negative Social Behavior 21
Module: 43: Stress and Coping 4
Topic: Aggression 2
Topic: Altruism 3
Topic: Asch's Experiment 3
Topic: Attitudes 2
Topic: Attraction 4
Topic: Attribution Biases 11
Topic: Attribution Theory 5
Topic: Cognitive Dissonance 1
Topic: Compliance 12
Topic: Conformity 7
Topic: Coping 1
Topic: Discrimination 3
Topic: Forming Impressions 2
Topic: Frustration-Aggression Approaches 1
Topic: Groupthink 1
Topic: Implicit Association Test 3
Topic: Instinct Approaches 3
Topic: Love 9
Topic: Milgram’s Experiment 2
Topic: Obedience 3
Topic: Observational Learning Approaches 1
Topic: Persuasion 1
Topic: Prejudice 6
Topic: Prosocial Behavior 1
Topic: Routes to Persuasion 9
Topic: Social Cognition 4
Topic: Stereotypes 2
Topic: Stress 2
Topic: Zimbardo's Prison Experiment 1
Document Information
Connected Book
Psychology and Your Life 3rd Edition | Test Bank with Answer Key
By Robert S. Feldman