TestBank - Chapter 4

1. What term was used by Gibson to describe those higher-order characteristics of the visual array that remain unaltered when an observer moves around the environment?
   1. Affordances
   2. Dissociates
   3. Gradients
   4. Invariants
   5. Obligatories
2. What term was used by Gibson to describe the potential uses of objects that present themselves to an observer?
   1. Affordances
   2. Dissociates
   3. Gradients
   4. Invariants
   5. Obligatories
3. Gibson’s theory of perception is consistent with the visual processing that is moderated by which processing stream?
   1. Vision-for-perception
   2. Ventral
   3. What
   4. Vision-for-action
   5. Occipital lobe
4. According to Lee (1976), time to contact can be calculated using which of the following measures?
   1. Perceived distance
   2. Perceived velocity
   3. Perceived distance divided by perceived velocity
   4. The rate of expansion of an object’s retinal image
   5. Visual direction
5. Tresilian (1999) argued that the informativeness of tau as a measure of time to contact is limited because:
   1. It ignores accelerations in object velocity
   2. It can only provide information about time to contact with the eyes
   3. It is only accurate when applied to objects that are spherically symmetrical
   4. It requires that image size and object expansion are both detectable
   5. All of the above
6. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of the planning system in Glover’s (2004) planning-control model of human action?
   1. It is not used during an actual movement
   2. It is relatively slow
   3. It uses both spatial and non-spatial information
   4. It is influenced by the individual’s goals
   5. It is susceptible to conscious influence
7. When free to look wherever they want, drivers approaching a bend tend to focus on the:
   1. Curb edge
   2. Plateau
   3. Tangent point
   4. Horizon
   5. Inflection gradient
8. Units in which system are activated when animals perform an action AND when they observe another animal performing the same action?
   1. Replication dyad
   2. Reproduction system
   3. Fronto-vestibular network
   4. Mirror neuron system
   5. Perception-for-action system
9. Grossman et al. (2005) found that point-light displays of biological motion activated which brain area?
   1. Middle temporal area
   2. Superior temporal sulcus
   3. Inferior parietal lobe
   4. Frontal lobes
   5. Basal ganglia
10. Johansson (1975) stated that the ability to perceive biological motion is:
    1. Learned
    2. Related to practice
    3. Innate
    4. Controlled
    5. Less developed than other types of motion perception
11. The phenomenon in which observers do not notice an unexpected object appearing in a visual display is termed:
    1. Change blindness
    2. Ebbinghaus illusion
    3. Müller-Lyer illusion
    4. Inattentional blindness
    5. Ponzo illusion
12. According to Kuhn and Martinez (2012), magicians often make use of which phenomenon that involves a failure to detect that a once-present object has been manipulated in some way?
    1. Change blindness
    2. Ebbinghaus illusion
    3. Müller-Lyer illusion
    4. Misdirection
    5. Ponzo illusion
13. Rensink et al. (1997), among others, have argued that visual representations formed when viewing a scene depend on our limited attentional focus and, for that reason, are necessarily:
    1. Non-verbal
    2. Retinotopically mapped
    3. Rehearsed
    4. Sparse
    5. Integrated with other sensory information
14. Hollingworth and Henderson’s eye-tracking study (2002) revealed that what type of change was most readily detected?
    1. Type
    2. Token
    3. Spatial
    4. Hemifield
    5. Depth
15. Do adults with autism detect human motion in point-like displays?
    1. No – they do not have an intact ability to detect human motion
    2. Yes – they have an intact ability and show emotion processing in such displays
    3. Yes – they have an intact ability but exhibit impaired emotion processing in such displays
    4. No – they do not have an intact ability but can show emotion processing
    5. None of the above
16. What is retinal flow?
    1. Changes in the pattern of light on the retina
    2. Changes in the pattern of light on the cornea
    3. Changes in rod and cone light patterns
    4. Steady increase in bright light on the eye
    5. The pressure on the retina
17. Retinal flow is influenced by:
    1. The image on the cornea is flipped by following a straight path of light
    2. The retinal image is flipped and is produced by following a straight path of light and/or eye movement alone
    3. Rotation in the retina image produced by following a curved path and/or eye and head movement
    4. Head and eye movements alone change the retina image
    5. Rotation in the retina image produced by following a straight path and/or eye and head movements
18. Cohen (2002) assessed observer’s sensitivity to human, dog and seal motion using point-light displays. What is their conclusion about sensitivity?
    1. We are less sensitive to animal motion
    2. We are more sensitive to observed motions resembling our own actions
    3. We are more sensitive to actions for human motion
    4. We have the same sensitivity to both human and animal motion
    5. None of the above
19. “Identification of a peripheral object is impaired by nearby objects” describes which phenomenon?
    1. Change blindness
    2. Inattentional blindness
    3. Peripheral blindness
    4. Apraxia
    5. Visual crowding
20. What is apraxia?
    1. Inability to perform planned actions
    2. Inability to plan actions
    3. Inability to recognise actions
    4. Inability to predict planned actions
    5. Inability to understand an action
21. Which one is a criticism of Glover's (2004) planning-control model?
    1. The planning system involves different processes
    2. The model argues control occurs late during object-directed movements
    3. It has an oversimplified view of processes involved in goal-directed action
    4. The model accounts for planning and control processes when only one object is present
    5. All of the above