Testbank - Chapter 2

1. Compared to participants in an everyday memory study, participants in a traditional memory study are more likely to be driven by:
   1. The need for accuracy
   2. The need to enhance self-esteem
   3. The need for honesty
   4. The need for reward
   5. The need for ecological validity
2. What are the main functions of autobiographic memory?
   1. Social function
   2. Directive function
   3. Self function
   4. Options 1 and 3
   5. Options 1, 2 and 3
3. The phenomenon whereby a surprisingly large number of memories come from the ages 10 to 30 is termed:
   1. Infantile amnesia
   2. Repression
   3. Reminiscence bump
   4. Retrospective interference
   5. Source amnesia
4. Which brain region associated with memory is generated within the hippocampus early in development?
   1. Subiculum
   2. Pons
   3. Prefrontal cortex
   4. Dentate gyrus
   5. Anterior cingulate
5. According to Howe and Courage (1997), infantile amnesia is most directly related to the emergence of:
   1. Short-term memory structures
   2. Repression
   3. Language
   4. The unconscious
   5. The cognitive self
6. Freud argued that childhood amnesia is caused by:
   1. Repression
   2. The emergence of the cognitive self
   3. Maternal reminiscing style
   4. Damage to the brain
   5. Lack of language
7. According to social-cultural developmental theory (e.g., Fivush, 2010), what is key to autobiographic memory development?
   1. Reading and writing
   2. Listening and social interaction
   3. Reading and culture
   4. Language and culture
   5. None of the above
8. According to Conway and Pleydell-Pearce's (2000) self-memory theory, the autobiographical memory knowledge base contains personal memories at how many levels of specificity?
   1. Two
   2. Three
   3. Four
   4. Five
   5. Six
9. According to Conway and Pleydell-Pearce's (2000) theory, which two methods of retrieval are used to access autobiographical memories?
   1. Direct and generative
   2. Direct and indirect
   3. Proactive and retroactive
   4. Retrograde and anterograde
   5. Explicit and implicit
10. Conway (2005) argued that people strive to have their autobiographical memories exhibit which two properties?
    1. Abundance and independent
    2. Diversity and abstractness
    3. Self-actualisation and integration
    4. Specificity and contingency
    5. Coherence and correspondence
11. The study by Woike et al. (1999) distinguished between the communal personality type and which other personality type that emphasises independence, achievement and personal power?
    1. Agentic
    2. Selfish
    3. Ego-depleted
    4. Ought-self
    5. Cognitive self
12. Bartlett (1932) argued that people commonly make use of expectation-shaping packets of knowledge stored in long-term memory, known as:
    1. Heuristics
    2. Stereotypes
    3. Unconscious desires
    4. Compulsions
    5. Schemas
13. The target was correctly identified more often with same-race faces than other-race ones (Megreya et al.). This is an example of?
    1. Outgroup
    2. Same-race effect
    3. Ingroup
    4. Cross-race effect
    5. Other-race effect
14. Brown and Kulik (1977) argued flashbulb memories typically include information about:
    1. Informant
    2. Place where the news was heard
    3. Individual's own emotional state
    4. Emotional state of others
    5. All of the above
15. What was found by Talarico and Rubin (2003) in their comparison of flashbulb and everyday memories?
    1. The vividness of flashbulb memories declined dramatically over the 32-week period
    2. People were good at judging the accuracy of their memories
    3. Flashbulb memories showed no more consistency over time than everyday memories
    4. The vividness of everyday memories increased over the 32-week period
    5. The vividness of flashbulb memories increased over the 32-week period
16. The phenomenon whereby eyewitness memory is influenced by prior expectations is known as:
    1. Weapon focus
    2. Encoding specificity principle
    3. Confirmation bias
    4. Observer bias
    5. Post-event bias
17. The study by Loftus and Palmer (1974) demonstrated how eyewitness memory can be influenced by:
    1. Pre-event information
    2. Confirmation bias
    3. Rehearsal
    4. Misleading information
    5. Reward
18. The findings of Lindsay et al. (2004) demonstrated how eyewitness memory could be distorted by thematically similar:
    1. Post-event information
    2. Rehearsal
    3. Stereotype information
    4. Pre-event information
    5. Conformity cues
19. Which type of information is most affected by misleading post-event information?
    1. Peripheral details
    2. Central details
    3. Weapon details
    4. Core details
    5. Self-relevant details
20. In Valentine et al.'s (2003) study of eyewitness identification from 314 real line-ups, how many eyewitnesses correctly identified the actual suspect?
    1. 0.4
    2. 0.5
    3. 0.6
    4. 0.7
    5. 0.8
21. Roy (1991) advised that distractions should be minimised, with pauses between responses and the next question, in their:
    1. Cognitive interview
    2. Encoding specificity principle
    3. Enhanced cognitive interview
    4. Simultaneous line-up
    5. Sequential line-up
22. Remembering to perform a given action in the appropriate circumstances involves:
    1. Event-based retrospective memory
    2. Event-based prospective memory
    3. Time-based prospective memory
    4. Time-based retrospective memory
    5. Knowledge-based prospective memory
23. According to Einstein and McDaniel's (2005) multi-process framework, the detection of cues for response is 'automatic' when the what following criteria are fulfilled?
    1. The ongoing task is focal
    2. The cue on the propective-memory task and the to-be-performed action are highly associated
    3. The cue is salient
    4. The indended action is simple
    5. All of the above
24. McDaniel et al. (2013) argued the monitoring required to perform a non-focal task would involve:
    1. Working memory
    2. Top-down attentional control
    3. Bottom-up attentional control
    4. Sustained activity
    5. Transient activty
25. Brown et al. (2017) replicated the other-race effect. They found greater activation in which network?
    1. Fronto-temporal network
    2. Default mode network
    3. Fronto-parietal network
    4. Salience network
    5. Tempo-parietal network
26. In the study by Jenkins et al. (2011), participants showed very poor face recognition. Why?
    1. Varability
    2. Replicability
    3. Similarity
    4. Unfamiliairty
    5. Typicality
27. According to McDaniel et al. (2013), sustained activity in the what would be involved in attentional control?
    1. Anterior parietal cortex
    2. Lateral prefrontal cortex
    3. Anterior prefrontal cortex
    4. Medial temporal lobe
    5. Hippocampus