TestBank - Chapter 6

1. Clarke and Mack (2015) carried out a classic series of studies on:
   1. Short-term memory store
   2. Long-term memory store
   3. Haptic memory store
   4. Iconic memory store
   5. Echoic memory store
2. What type of information is held by the echoic store?
   1. Olfactory
   2. Visual
   3. Auditory
   4. Haptic
   5. Gustatory
3. What are the causes for information to be lost from short-term memory?
   1. Displacement and interference
   2. Displacement and decay
   3. Rehearsal and interference
   4. Decay and interference
   5. Cue-dependent forgetting
4. The type of forgetting that occurs when the memory traces in the memory system are stored, but are inaccessible, is:
   1. Displacement
   2. Proactive interference
   3. Retroactive interference
   4. Decay
   5. Cue-dependent forgetting
5. The three memory stores in the multi-store model of memory differ in which of the following ways?
   1. Temporal duration
   2. Storage capacity
   3. Forgetting mechanisms
   4. Effects of brain damage
   5. All of the above
6. (Scenario) When Hugo Munsterberg couldn’t find the pocket-watch he used to keep in one particular pocket, after he moved it to a new one, he was experiencing forgetting attributable to:
   1. Displacement
   2. Proactive interference
   3. Retroactive interference
   4. Decay
   5. Cue-dependent forgetting
7. Logie (1995) subdivided Baddeley's visuo-spatial sketchpad into the visual cache, and what additional component?
   1. Phonological loop
   2. Episodic buffer
   3. Central executive
   4. Inner scribe
   5. Articulatory loop
8. What type of experiement has been used to test the assumption of limited capacity in short-term memory?
   1. Chunking studies
   2. Digit span studies
   3. Dichotic listening studies
   4. Dual-task studies
   5. Free recall studies
9. Serial recall of a list of words is better when the words do NOT sound the same. This phenomenon is called the:
   1. Distinctiveness effect
   2. Phonological similarity effect
   3. Word-length effect
   4. Familiarity effect
   5. Practice effect
10. According to the working memory model, words presented visually obtain access to the phonological loop indirectly through:
    1. Subvocal articulation
    2. Articulatory suppression
    3. Rehearsal
    4. Practice
    5. The visuo-spatial sketchpad
11. Which brain area is most likely to be associated with the central executive?
    1. Inferior frontal gyri
    2. Middle frontal gyri
    3. Prefrontal cortex
    4. Ventral prefrontal cortex
    5. Occipital lobe
12. Patients with dysexecutive syndrome typically have damage within the:
    1. Occipital lobes
    2. Parietal lobes
    3. Corpus callosum
    4. Temporal lobes
    5. Frontal lobes
13. The study by Allen et al. (2012) on visual stimuli whereby participants had to remember briefly a single feature or colour–shape combination offered support for the existence of which component of working memory?
    1. Phonological loop
    2. Episodic buffer
    3. Central executive
    4. Inner scribe
    5. Articulatory loop
14. The study by Eysenck and Eysenck (1980), involving nouns with irregular grapheme–phoneme correspondence, demonstrated the importance of what in creating lasting long-term memories?
    1. Decay
    2. Distinctiveness
    3. Elaboration
    4. Maintenance rehearsal
    5. Similiarity
15. Which theory of memory was developed by Morris et al. (1977)?
    1. Multi-store model
    2. Working memory model
    3. Levels of processing theory
    4. Transfer-appropriate processing theory
    5. Source monitoring theory
16. Freud claimed threatening or traumatic memories often cannot gain access to conscious awareness. This is an example of:
    1. Repression
    2. Displacement
    3. Denial
    4. Regression
    5. Projection
17. The study by Jacoby et al. (2001) provided support for the idea that proactive interference results primarily from:
    1. Strength of the initial incorrect response
    2. Problems in retrieving the correct response
    3. Problems with storage of the correct response
    4. Retroactive interference by the incorrect response
    5. All of the above
18. Which effect appears to be stronger when participants are in a positive rather than negative mood, because they are motivated to alter negative moods?
    1. Mood congruency effects
    2. Learned helplessness
    3. Trace-dependent forgetting
    4. Mood-state-dependent memory
    5. Repression
19. Godden and Baddeley (1980) failed to find the typical superior memory performance for participants who learned and were tested in the same physical environment (context-dependent memory) using which type of test?
    1. Serial recall
    2. Recognition
    3. Cued recall
    4. Digit span
    5. Free recall
20. The process whereby information is fixed into long-term memory is termed:
    1. Storage
    2. Knowledge transfer
    3. Encoding
    4. Consolidation
    5. Rehearsal
21. According to Eichenbaum (2001), the first phase of consolidation primarily involves what brain region?
    1. Cerebellum
    2. Occipital lobe
    3. Amygdala
    4. Hippocampus
    5. Thalamus
22. Patients who have impaired memory for events occurring before the onset of their memory loss are said to be suffering from:
    1. Proactive amnesia
    2. Anterograde amnesia
    3. Retrograde amnesia
    4. Retroactive amnesia
    5. Global amnesia
23. Which of the following findings is/are consistent with consolidation theories of forgetting?
    1. Consuming alcohol prior to learning reduces forgetting rates
    2. Retrograde amnesia is greater for recently formed memories
    3. Retroactive interference effects are greatest soon after learning has occurred
    4. Distinct patterns of brain activations associated with retrieval of older versus newer memories
    5. All of the above
24. Learning and memory involve several stages of processing. What is the first stage?
    1. Storage
    2. Encoding
    3. Retrieval
    4. Recovery
    5. Forgetting
25. According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), iconic memory is assumed to be:
    1. Attentive
    2. Preattentive
    3. Subattentive
    4. Inattentive
    5. Unattentive
26. Which does “encoding specificity principle” mean?
    1. The notion that encoding depends on readily accessible information
    2. The notion that forgetting depends on the similarities between information available and information forgotten
    3. The notion that retrieval depends on the overlap between the information available at retrieval and the information in the memory trace
    4. The probability of unsuccessful retrieval
    5. The probability of successful retrieval of the distractor item and the information readily available in the memory trace
27. Darling et al. (2017) discussed several studies showing how memory can be enhanced by the episodic buffer. What was the focus of the research?
    1. Visuo-spatial kickboxing
    2. Episodic buffer
    3. Visuo-spatial bootstrapping
    4. Central executive
    5. Long-term memory