Verified Test Bank Gymnosperms Chapter.18

Chapter 18: Gymnosperms

Multiple-Choice Questions

A seed is composed of a(n) ______ and ______.

a. ovule; embryo

b. ovule; megasporangium

c. ovule; integuments

d. megasporangium; embryo

e. megasporangium; integuments

In seed plants, the ______ is called the nucellus.

a. young sporophyte

b. megagametophyte

c. megaspore

d. megasporangium

e. embryo

Which of the following was NOT a step in the evolution of the ovule?

a. Retention of the megaspores in the megasporangium

b. Production of only four megaspore mother cells per megasporangium

c. Formation of a highly reduced endosporic megagametophyte

d. Production of only one functional megaspore per megasporangium

e. Development of the embryo within the megagametophyte

A micropyle is a(n):

a. nutritive structure of the embryo.

b. nutritive structure of the pollen grain.

c. opening in the megaspore wall.

d. opening in an integument.

e. opening in the megasporangium wall.

With the evolution of the ovule, the unit of dispersal shifted from the megaspore to the:

a. sperm.

b. egg.

c. microspore.

d. megaspore mother cell.

e. seed.

The fossil record indicates that the integument evolved through a gradual:

a. thickening of the megasporangium wall.

b. splitting of the megaspore wall.

c. fusion of megaspore lobes.

d. splitting of the ovule wall.

e. fusion of integumentary lobes.

Just before fertilization, a gymnosperm ovule contains:

a. an embryo.

b. antheridia.

c. archegonia.

d. megaspores.

e. a seed coat.

After fertilization, the integuments develop into the:

a. seed coat.

b. ovule.

c. nucellus.

d. micropyle.

e. megaspore.

Which of the following is NOT a gymnosperm phylum?

a. Gnetophyta

b. Anthophyta

c. Cycadophyta

d. Ginkgophyta

e. Coniferophyta

Seed plants evolved most directly from:

a. lycophytes.

b. ferns.

c. progymnosperms.

d. angiosperms.

e. trimerophytes.

The progymnosperms had characteristics intermediate between those of the ______ and those of the ______.

a. Paleozoic ferns; gymnosperms

b. Paleozoic ferns; angiosperms

c. seedless vascular trimerophytes; seed plants

d. seedless vascular trimerophytes; modern ferns

e. seedless vascular trimerophytes; rhyniophytes

Which of the following questions concerning the progymnosperms is FALSE?

a. They had a bifacial vascular cambium.

b. Archaeopteris was a major type.

c. Some contain a eustele.

d. Most were heterosporous.

e. Seed plants are thought to have evolved from plants similar to the progymnosperms.

Which extinct gymnosperms resembled modern cycads?

a. Seed ferns

b. Cordaitales

c. Bennettitales

d. Ophioglossales

e. Trimerophytes

Which of the following statements about gymnosperms is FALSE?

a. Gymnosperm means “naked seed.”

b. Ovules and seeds are exposed on the surface of sporophylls.

c. The female gametophyte produces several archegonia.

d. The male gametophyte produces several antheridia.

e. The male gametophyte is endosporic.

In gymnosperms, pollination occurs usually by:

a. insects.

b. water.

c. wind.

d. birds.

e. mammals.

______ produce nonmotile sperm.

a. Conifers and gnetophytes

b. Conifers and cycads

c. Cycads and Ginkgo

d. Cycads and gnetophytes

e. Ginkgo and gnetophytes

In which of the following groups is the pollen tube haustorial?

a. Conifers and gnetophytes

b. Conifers and cycads

c. Cycads and Ginkgo

d. Cycads and gnetophytes

e. Ginkgo and gnetophytes

In which gymnosperms do multiflagellated sperm swim to an archegonium?

a. None

b. Ginkgo only

c. Gnetophytes only

d. Cycads only

e. Ginkgo and cycads

Polyembryony is common in gymnosperms because a(n):

a. seed produces several ovules.

b. ovule produces several megasporangia.

c. megasporangium produces several megaspores.

d. megagametophyte produces several archegonia.

e. archegonium contains several eggs.

Which of the following statements about conifers is FALSE?

a. They belong to the phylum Coniferophyta.

b. Their leaves have humidity-resistant features.

c. They are the most ecologically important gymnosperms.

d. They include the pines, firs, and spruces.

e. The tallest vascular plant is a conifer.

Which of the following statements about pine leaves is FALSE?

a. They have a thick cuticle.

b. They have sunken stomata.

c. They are spirally arranged and borne singly on the stem.

d. They are arranged in indeterminate bundles called fascicles.

e. Their vascular bundles are surrounded by transfusion tissue.

The longest-lived tree is:

a. Sequoiadendron giganteum.

b. Sequoiadendron semperiverens.

c. dawn redwood.

d. sago palm.

e. bristlecone pine.

In the pine life cycle, meiosis occurs in:

a. archegonia.

b. microspores.

c. microsporocytes.

d. pollen grains.

e. sporophylls.

The daughter cells produced by a microsporocyte are:

a. microspore mother cells.

b. microspores.

c. pollen grains.

d. prothallial cells.

e. generative cells.

In pines, the immature male gametophyte consists of:

a. two prothallial cells, one generative cell, and one tube cell.

b. one prothallial cell, two generative cells, and one tube cell.

c. one prothallial cell, one generative cell, and two tube cells.

d. two prothallial cells, two generative cells, and one tube cell.

e. one prothallial cell, one generative cell, and one tube cell.

The seed-scale complex of an ovulate cone consists of:

a. a megasporophyll and two ovules.

b. a megasporophyll and one bract.

c. an ovuliferous scale and two ovules.

d. two ovules and two bracts.

e. an ovuliferous scale, two ovules, and one bract.

In pines, a megaspore mother cell divides to give rise to four ______, of which ______ disintegrate(s).

a. megaspores; one

b. megaspores; two

c. megaspores; three

d. megasporocytes; two

e. megasporocytes; three

Which of the following statements concerning pollination drops is FALSE?

a. They contain sugars and amino acids.

b. They contain proteins that function in pathogen defense.

c. They prevent pollen grains from contacting the nucellus.

d. They contain proteins that function in pollen development.

e. They exude from the open end of ovules.

In pines, the generative cell of the male gametophyte divides to produce:

a. two sperm cells.

b. one sterile cell and one spermatogenous cell.

c. one sterile cell and one sperm cell.

d. two spermatogenous cells.

e. two sterile cells.

In pines, the mature male gametophyte consists of:

a. one tube cell and one generative cell.

b. one tube cell, one sterile cell, and one spermatogenous cell.

c. two prothallial cells, one tube cell, and one generative cell.

d. two prothallial cells, one tube cell, one sterile cell, and one spermatogenous cell.

e. two prothallial cells, one tube cell, one sterile cell, and two sperm.

Which of the following statements about the embryogeny of pine is FALSE?

a. Three types of polyembryony occur in most species.

b. Four tiers of embryonic cells form at the lower end of the archegonium.

c. Suspensor cells force the embryos through the wall of the archegonium.

d. An embryo begins to develop from each of the four cells farthest from the micropyle.

e. The integument develops into a seed coat.

In a conifer seed, the three different generations are represented by the:

a. integument, nucellus, and egg.

b. seed coat, embryo, and food supply.

c. seed coat, archegonium, and food supply.

d. integument, ovule, and embryo.

e. integument, megasporangium, and archegonium

Which of the following statements about pine seeds is FALSE?

a. They are often shed from the cones during the first year following pollination.

b. They are often dispersed by the wind.

c. Some are dispersed only after the cones are scorched by fire.

d. Some are dispersed by birds.

e. Some are winged.

In the ______, ovules are solitary and surrounded by an aril.

a. larches

b. hemlocks

c. yews

d. junipers

e. spruces

The tallest living plant is:

a. Sequoiadendron giganteum.

b. Sequoiadendron semperiverens.

c. Metasequoia.

d. Taxodium.

e. Pinus longaeva.

_________ is a conifer regarded as a “living fossil.”

a. Tsuga

b. Sequoiadendron semperiverens

c. Metasequoia

d. Taxodium

e. Abies

Palmlike gymnosperms belong to the phylum:

a. Cycadophyta.

b. Coniferophyta.

c. Ginkgophyta.

d. Progymnospermophyta.

e. Gnetophyta.

Which of the following gymnosperms is a cycad native to the United States?

a. Gnetum

b. Zamia

c. Tsuga

d. Taxus

e. Metasequoia

Which phylum is characterized by having coralloid roots?

a. Progymnospermophyta

b. Gnetophyta

c. Ginkgophyta

d. Cycadophyta

e. Coniferophyta

Which of the following statements about cycads is FALSE?

a. They resemble palms.

b. They exhibit secondary growth.

c. They produce nonflagellated sperm.

d. They are pollinated by insects.

e. They harbor cyanobacteria.

Gymnosperms having fan-shaped deciduous leaves belong to the phylum:

a. Cycadophyta.

b. Coniferophyta.

c. Ginkgophyta.

d. Progymnospermophyta.

e. Gnetophyta.

Members of the phylum ______ harbor a green alga that exists in a “precursor” state, having neither discernible nuclei nor mitochondria.

a. Ginkgophyta

b. Coniferophyta

c. Gnetophyta

d. Progymnospermophyta

e. Cycadophyta

______ is a gnetophyte characterized by two strap-shaped leaves growing from a massive woody disk.

a. Rhopalotria

b. Zamia

c. Ephedra

d. Welwitschia

e. Gnetum

The gymnosperms most closely resembling angiosperms belong to the phylum:

a. Cycadophyta.

b. Coniferophyta.

c. Ginkgophyta.

d. Progymnospermophyta.

e. Gnetophyta.

True-False Questions

All seed plants are heterosporous.

A seed develops into an ovule.

A micropyle is the opening in a microsporangium.

The progymnosperms were unique among the woody plants of the Devonian period in producing secondary phloem.

Seeds are thought to have evolved before wood.

The bifacial vascular cambium evolved first in the progymnosperms.

The Bennettitales is an extinct group of gymnosperms.

The pollen grain is a partly developed megagametophyte.

The microgametophytes of Gymnosperms usually produce at least one antheridium.

Each gymnosperm ovule usually produces several archegonia.

The pollen tube originally developed as a structure that permitted the male gametophyte to absorb nutrients during sperm formation.

The tallest vascular plant belongs to the phylum Coniferophyta.

In pines, materials are conducted between the mesophyll and the vascular bundles via transfusion tissue.

Microspore mother cells divide by mitosis, producing microsporocytes.

In Pinus, the four-celled pollen grain consists of one prothallial cell, two generative cells, and one tube cell.

In gymnosperms, the ovules abort about 95 percent of the time.

In Pinus, when the generative cell divides it produces one sterile cell and two spermatogenous cells.

In pine, the mature microgametophyte is the germinated pollen grain.

In conifer seeds, the food supply is diploid.

The tallest living plant belongs to the family Cupressaceae.

Cyanobacteria typically inhabit coralloid roots.

In cycads and Ginkgo, male and female gametophytes are produced on the same plant.

The exposed part of Welwitschia consists of a concave disc that produces only two strap-shaped leaves.

Gnetum and Welwitschia, but not Ephedra, resemble angiosperms in lacking archegonia.

Essay Questions

1. Introduction; p. 430; easy

In what way was the seed such an important adaptation in the evolution of plants?

2. Evolution of the Seed; p. 430; moderate

List the key events that led to the evolution of the ovule.

3. Progymnosperms Gymnosperms; pp. 432–433; moderate

Explain the evidence to support the hypothesis that progymnosperms are progenitors of seed plants.

4. Living Gymnosperms; pp. 435-437; difficult

Discuss the phylogenetic relationships among the four groups of living gymnosperms.

5. Living Gymnosperms; pp. 436-437; moderate

Discuss the role and evolutionary development of the pollen tube.

6. Living Gymnosperms; pp. 436, 440-441; moderate

Explain the difference between pollination and fertilization. How much time elapses between these two processes in pine?

7. Phylum Coniferophyta; p. 438; easy

Explain the difference between determinate and indeterminate growth, and give an example of each.

8. Phylum Coniferophyta; pp. 439–443; difficult

Outline the main events of the pine life cycle, indicating the time frame for each.

9. Phylum Coniferophyta; p. 439; difficult

Explain why an ovuliferous scale is more properly called a seed-scale complex.

10. Phylum Coniferophyta; pp. 439-441; moderate

List the steps, including the names of all cells produced, by which a microspore becomes a mature pollen grain.

11. Other Living Gymnosperm Phyla: Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta; pp. 448–454; difficult

Compare and contrast the reproductive structures of cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes.

12. Other Living Gymnosperm Phyla: Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta; pp. 453–454; moderate

Describe the three living genera of gnetophytes. What features suggest that they are closely related to the angiosperms?