Full Test Bank Ch.16 nan Bryophytes

Chapter 16: Bryophytes

Multiple-Choice Questions

Which of the following statements concerning the bryophytes is FALSE?

a. Some can grow in Antarctica.

b. Some can grow above timberline.

c. Some can grow in deserts.

d. Some can grow in freshwater.

e. Some can grow in high-salinity salt water.

Bryophytes are a group of organisms at the transition between:

a. brown algae and algae.

b. fungi and plants.

c. green algae and vascular plants.

d. nonvascular and vascular plants.

e. aquatic and terrestrial plants.

Bryophytes share all of the following features with charophytes except:

a. the presence of archegonia.

b. chloroplasts with well-developed grana.

c. flagella that extend from the sides of the cell.

d. a nuclear envelope that breaks down during mitosis.

e. persistent spindles or phragmoplasts.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by bryophytes and vascular plants?

a. multicellular sporangia

b. sporopollenin in spore walls

c. tissues produced by an apical meristem

d. retention of the embryo within an antheridium

e. antheridia and archegonia with sterile jacket layers

Which of the following statements about bryophytes is FALSE?

a. They lack xylem and phloem.

b. The cell walls of their water-conducting cells are lignified.

c. They exhibit alternating heteromorphic generations.

d. The sporophyte is usually nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte.

e. The gametophyte is usually larger than the sporophyte.

Which of the following statements about bryophytes is FALSE?

a. They may be “thalloid” or “leafy.”

b. Some species contain strands with conducting functions.

c. They do not have true stems and leaves.

d. They have rhizoids that absorb water and nutrients.

e. Some species have plasmodesmata with a desmotubule.

In bryophytes, rhizoids usually:

a. absorb ions.

b. absorb water.

c. attach to the substrate

d. are unicellular.

e. are true roots.

The evolutionary relatedness between green algae and bryophytes is indicated by the observation that green algae contain ______ plastid(s) per cell and the reproductive cells of many bryophytes contain ______ plastid(s) per cell.

a. 1; 1

b. 2; 2

c. 1; 2

d. 2; 1

e. 3; 3

Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction in bryophytes is FALSE?

a. Sperm are the only flagellated cells produced by bryophytes.

b. The zygote is matrotrophic.

c. Sex is governed by the distribution of sex chromosomes.

d. In the antheridium, the spermatogenous cells are “sterile.”

e. Chemicals released from the archegonium attract sperm.

In bryophytes, fertilization takes places in the:

a. open water.

b. capsule.

c. seta.

d. antheridium.

e. archegonium.

Matrotrophy refers to the:

a. attraction of sperm by the egg.

b. nourishment of the zygote by the archegonium.

c. transport of sugars through the placenta.

d. division of the zygote within the venter.

e. movement of sugars through plasmodesmata.

Which of the following statements concerning the transport of nutrients from the gametophyte to the embryo is FALSE?

a. Transport is apoplastic.

b. Transport is facilitated by the placenta.

c. Transport occurs via plasmodesmata.

d. The archegonium provides sugars to the embryo.

e. The archegonium provides amino acids to the embryo.

The base of the bryophyte archegonium, called the ______, contains ______.

a. placenta; a single egg

b. capsule; spermatogenous cells

c. calyptra; several eggs

d. venter; a single egg

e. seta; spermatogenous cells

When the cells of the ________ disintegrate, they form a tube through which sperm move to the egg.

a. neck canal

b. capsule

c. calyptra

d. venter

e. placenta

The ________ is located between the sporophyte and gametophyte generations.

a. seta

b. capsule

c. calyptra

d. venter

e. placenta

At maturity, the sporophyte of most bryophytes consists of the:

a. foot and seta only.

b. seta and capsule only.

c. capsule and calyptra only.

d. foot, seta, and capsule.

e. seta, capsule, and calyptra.

The ______ is embedded in the archegonium.

a. foot

b. seta

c. capsule

d. neck canal

e. sporangium

Embryophytes are characterized by having:

a. few mitotic divisions between fertilization and meiosis.

b. a multicellular embryo that has stomata.

c. a multicellular, matrotrophic embryo.

d. a dominant gametophyte generation.

e. vascular tissues.

Which of the following statements about stomata is FALSE?

a. Each stoma is bordered by two guard cells.

b. They aid in the uptake of CO₂.

c. They generate a flow of water between sporophyte and gametophyte.

d. They occur in all bryophytes.

e. They are sites of loss of water vapor.

A major difference between the spore walls of bryophytes and charophytes is that the bryophyte spore walls contain:

a. lignin.

b. sporopollenin.

c. cellulose.

d. phenolic materials.

e. stomata.

Sporopollenin is found in _____ of the charophytes, in _____ of the bryophytes, and in ____ of the vascular plants.

a. spores; spores; spores

b. zygotes; zygotes; zygotes

c. spores; zygotes; zygotes

d. spores; zygotes; spores.

e. zygotes; spores; spores

After they germinate, bryophyte spores first give rise to:

a. hyphae.

b. archegonia.

c. rhizoids.

d. protonema.

e. antheridia.

The two clades of liverworts are the _______ liverworts and the _______ liverworts.

a. complex thalloid; leafy liverworts and simple thalloid

b. leafy; thalloid

c. simple thalloid; leafy liverworts and complex thalloid

d. complex leafy; simple leafy liverworts and thalloid

e. simple leafy; complex leafy liverworts and thalloid

Most liverworts develop close symbiotic associations with the:

a. zygomycetes.

b. ascomycetes.

c. glomeromycetes.

d. chytrids.

e. basidiomycetes.

In contrast to the ventral portion, the dorsal portion of a thalloid liverwort:

a. contains rhizoids.

b. contains scales.

c. is thicker.

d. contains chlorophyll.

e. is colorless.

______ is a liverwort that carries its gametangia on gametophores.

a. Frullania

b. Marchantia

c. Anthoceros

d. Riccia

e. Ricciocarpus

In Marchantia, the mature capsule contains:

a. spores only.

b. elaters only.

c. gemmae only.

d. spores and elaters only.

e. spores, elaters, and gemmae.

The function of elaters is to:

a. help disperse spores.

b. help disperse gemmae.

c. strengthen the spore wall.

d. conduct water and nutrients through the plant body.

e. support the archegoniophores.

Leaves of leafy liverworts differ from those of mosses in that liverwort leaves:

a. are of equal size.

b. are spirally arranged.

c. have a thickened midrib.

d. are entire rather than lobed or dissected.

e. are arranged in two rows with a third row of smaller leaves.

In the liverworts, an androecium is a:

a. structure producing sperm.

b. group of water-conducting cells.

c. short side branch bearing antheridia.

d. tubular sheath surrounding the archegonium.

e. structure of the gemma cup.

A perianth is characteristically found in the:

a. thalloid liverworts.

b. hornworts.

c. mosses.

d. leafy liverworts.

e. genus Marchantia.

Which of the following is NOT a group of mosses of phylum Bryophyta?

a. Peat mosses

b. Granite mosses

c. Club mosses

d. Bryidae

e. Andreaeidae

Peat mosses belong to the phylum ______, class ______.

a. Bryophyta; Sphagnidae

b. Bryophyta; Andreaeidae

c. Bryophyta; Bryidae

d. Marchantophyta; Sphagnidae

e. Marchantophyta; Bryidae

The genus ______ is characterized by capsules raised on a pseudopodium.

a. Andreaea

b. Sphagnum

c. Polytrichum

d. Anthoceros

e. Ricciocarpus

The protonema of Sphagnum consists of ______ of cells.

a. a single row

b. two or more rows

c. a two-layer-thick plate

d. a one-layer-thick plate

e. two overlapping plates

Hyaline cells are found in the _____ of ______.

a. rhizoids; Sphagnum

b. rhizoids; Riccia

c. leaves; Andreaea

d. leaves; Marchantia

e. leaves; Sphagnum

The granite mosses belong to the phylum ______, class ______.

a. Bryophyta; Sphagnidae

b. Bryophyta; Andreaeidae

c. Bryophyta; Bryidae

d. Hepatophyta; Sphagnidae

e. Hepatophyta; Bryidae

The protonema of Andreaea consists of ______ of cells.

a. a single row

b. two or more rows

c. a two-layer-thick plate

d. a one-layer-thick plate

e. two overlapping plates

The “true mosses” belong to the phylum ______, class ______.

a. Bryophyta; Sphagnidae

b. Bryophyta; Andreaeidae

c. Bryophyta; Bryidae

d. Hepatophyta; Sphagnidae

e. Hepatophyta; Bryidae

Hadrom contains:

a. gametes.

b. food-conducting cells.

c. water-conducting cells.

d. spores.

e. degenerate nuclei.

What is the function of hydroids?

a. anchoring the gametophyte

b. photosynthesis

c. aiding in spore dispersal

d. conducting water

e. conducting food

A peristome is a capsular structure characteristic of members of the phylum ______, class ______.

a. Bryophyta; Sphagnidae

b. Bryophyta; Andreaeidae

c. Bryophyta; Bryidae

d. Hepatophyta; Sphagnidae

e. Hepatophyta; Bryidae

Which of the following statements concerning hornworts is FALSE?

a. Some gametophytes have chloroplasts containing a pyrenoid.

b. A meristem develops between the foot and the sporangium.

c. The sporophyte contains several layers of photosynthetic cells.

d. The sporophyte is covered with a cuticle but lacks stomata.

e. The sporophyte dehisces longitudinally.

Anthoceros is an example of a:

a. moss.

b. hornwort.

c. leafy liverwort.

d. thalloid liverwort.

e. vascular plant.

True-False Questions

Bryophytes are transitional between the charophycean algae and vascular plants.

Bryophytes differ from charophytes in that bryophytes have asymmetrical motile cells.

Both bryophytes and charophytes retain their multicellular embryos within the female gametophyte.

Bryophytes were the first extant plant group to diverge from a monophyletic plant lineage.

Bryophytes produce preprophase bands similar to those found in charophycean algae.

In bryophytes, sperm must swim through water to reach the egg.

The sporophyte epidermis of mosses contains stomata that resemble the stomata of vascular plants.

When bryophyte spores germinate, they first form juvenile developmental stages called rhizoids.

The upper portion of a thalloid liverwort is thinner than the lower portion.

The sporophyte of Riccia is simpler in structure than the sporophyte of Marchantia.

Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are distinctive features of Riccia and Ricciocarpus.

Gemmae and gemma cups are directly involved in sexual reproduction.

Ambuchanania and Sphagnum are the two genera in the class Sphagnidae.

The protonema of Sphagnum is similar to thallus of Coleochaete.

Hyaline cells are living cells with ringlike and spiral wall thickenings.

Peat mosses normally release hydroxide ions, thereby raising the pH of their environment.

Leptoids are somewhat similar to a type of food-conducting cells in vascular plants.

In the Bryidae, gametophytes are borne on the sporophytes.

The “cushiony” growth habit is characteristic of epiphytic mosses. [“pattern” meant?]

The sporophytes of mosses are commonly associated with cyanobacteria.

Despite a superficial resemblance between their gametophytes, hornworts and thallose liverworts are only distantly related.

Some hornwort species form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

The sporophyte of Anthoceros lacks a seta.

As long as conditions are favorable, the hornwort sporophyte continues to elongate due to the activity of an apical meristem.

Essay Questions

1. The Relationships of Bryophytes to Other Groups; pp. 367–368; moderate

What features do bryophytes share with the green algae? What features do they share with vascular plants?

2. Comparative Structure and Reproduction of Bryophytes; pp. 371–372; moderate

Describe the sexual reproductive structures of bryophytes.

3. Comparative Structure and Reproduction of Bryophytes; p. 372; difficult

What is a placenta? What is its role in plant development? What are the advantages of matrotrophy in the evolution of plants?

4. Comparative Structure and Reproduction of Bryophytes; pp. 372-373; moderate

Discuss the importance of sporopollenin for bryophytes.

5. Liverworts: Phylum Marchantiophyta; pp. 373–375; moderate

Discuss some of the features that distinguish the thalloid liverworts from the leafy liverworts.

6. Liverworts: Phylum Marchantiophyta; p. 375; moderate

How would you distinguish a leafy liverwort from a moss?

7. Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta; p. 379; moderate

Describe the three features that distinguish the Sphagnidae from other mosses.

8. Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta; p. 380; moderate

In what ways is Sphagnum ecologically important?

9. Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta; pp. 381–382; difficult

What are hadrom and leptom? In what ways do they suggest an evolutionary relationship between mosses and vascular plants?

10. Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta; pp. 382–387; moderate

Describe the life cycle of a true moss.

11. Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta; pp. 383-384; moderate

Explain the differences between the “cushiony” and “feathery” growth patterns of mosses.

12. Hornworts: Phylum Anthocerophyta; pp. 388–389; Liverworts: Phylum Marchantiophyta; pp. 373-374; Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta; pp. 381-383; moderate

How are hornworts similar to the thalloid liverworts and to the mosses? How are they similar?