Verified Test Bank Communities And Ecosystems Ch38

Chapter 38

Communities and Ecosystems

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A species that is so important to its community (such as the sea otter) that their removal can dismantle a food web is termed a species.
2. capstone
3. flagstone
4. cobblestone
5. cornerstone
6. keystone
7. The decline of the sea otter population in the Pacific Northwest has been attributed to
8. pollution from an oil spill.
9. predation by killer whales.
10. a genetic mutation causing a decrease of fertility in male otters.
11. an increase in the water temperature.
12. predation by Steller sea lions.

3. An ecosystem is defined as

A. the set of environmental resources that each organism requires for survival, growth, reproduction, etc.

B. the sum of living organisms and nonliving environmental components in an area.

C. the physical place and environmental surroundings in which individual organisms live.

D. all of the members of all of the species living in an area.

E. all of the individuals of the same species living in an area.

1. Abiotic components of an ecosystem include
2. only animal life.
3. both living and nonliving components.
4. living components only.
5. nonliving components only.
6. all components except animal life.
7. A genetic change in one species that selects for a subsequent genetic change in a different species is termed
8. gene dynamics.
9. evolutionary dynamics.
10. genetic dispersion.
11. competitive exclusion.
12. coevolution.
13. The physical place where members of a population typically live is termed a
14. symbiont.
15. niche.
16. habitat.
17. community.
18. competitive zone.
19. The total of all the resources, both biotic and abiotic, a species exploits for its survival, growth, and reproduction is its
20. food web.
21. niche.
22. biosphere.
23. competitive zone.
24. habitat.
25. When two or more species depend on the same limited resource for survival, occurs.
26. coevolution
27. competition
28. succession
29. stotting
30. symbiosis
31. The tidal zones, in which the barnacles Balanus and Chthamalus exist when both species are present, illustrate the principle of

1. symbiotic inclusion.
2. parasitism.
3. competitive exclusion.
4. None of the answer choices is correct.
5. resource partitioning
6. In , multiple species use the same resource in a slightly different way or at a different time.
7. resource partitioning
8. mutualism
9. intraspecific competition
10. symbiotic inclusion
11. None of the answer choices is correct.
12. A relationship between two species in which one species lives in or on the other is
13. predation.
14. niche sharing.
15. resource partitioning.
16. coevolution.
17. symbiosis.
18. states that two species cannot coexist indefinitely in the same niche.
19. Zonal exclusion theory
20. Endosymbiotic theory
21. Co-inclusion principle
22. Competitive exclusion principle
23. Second law of thermodynamics
24. A type of symbiosis in which both species benefit is
25. intraspecific competition.
26. mutualism.
27. predation.
28. parasitism.
29. commensalism.
30. A type of symbiosis in which one member of the relationship benefits with no effect on the other is
31. parasitism.
32. mutualism.
33. commensalism.
34. predation.
35. intraspecific competition.

15. You are shown an example of two organisms in a relationship, in which one lives on the other. The organism living on the other benefits from nutritional resources, while the organism being lived upon is harmed. This is an example of

1. predation.
2. mutualism.
3. commensalism.
4. parasitism.
5. intraspecific competition.

16. Which of the following is not a type of symbiosis?

1. parasitism
2. mutualism
3. commensalism
4. predation
5. None of the answer choices is correct.

17. The sea otter is an omnivore that makes up a small portion of the community by weight, yet strongly influences the health, dynamics, and diversity of the entire community of other oceanic species around it. This is an example of a species.

1. flagstone
2. None of the answer choices is correct.
3. keystone
4. capstone
5. cornerstone

18. A state or national park in your area conserves natural wildlife and plant florae in a community that remains fairly constant over time. This is an example of .

1. competitive exclusion
2. commensalism
3. an apparent climax community
4. species evenness
5. succession
6. The type of succession that occurs in an area where no community previously existed is succession.
7. tertiary
8. primary
9. climax
10. keystone
11. secondary
12. Species that are the first to colonize an area are termed species.
13. primary
14. tertiary
15. secondary
16. pioneer
17. keystone
18. A food chain is a series of organisms that
19. shares the same energy source.
20. successively eats one another.
21. shares the same niche.
22. exhibits mutualism with each other.
23. succeeds one another as a climax community develops.
24. An organism's is its position in the food chain, relative to the ecosystem's energy source.
25. keystone level
26. climax level
27. trophic level
28. habitat
29. niche
30. An organism that can use energy and inorganic substances to produce all the organic material it requires is a(n)
31. consumer.
32. decomposer.
33. autotroph.
34. secondary consumer.
35. heterotroph.
36. Organisms that obtain their energy from producers or other consumers are
37. heterotrophs.
38. autotrophs and producers.
39. producers.
40. heterotrophs and producers.
41. autotrophs.
42. Decomposers

A. All of the answer choices are correct.

B. return organic molecules to an inorganic form.

1. include fungi.
2. include bacteria.
3. obtain nutrients from detritus.
4. Secondary consumers are
5. All of the answer choices are correct.
6. herbivores.
7. fungi.
8. bacteria.
9. carnivores.
10. The total amount of energy trapped by the autotrophs of an ecosystem is called
11. gross primary consumption.
12. net energy fixation.
13. net primary consumption.
14. net primary production.
15. gross primary production.
16. The net primary productivity is the amount of energy
17. trapped by the autotrophs of an ecosystem.
18. given off as heat by producers.
19. available for consumers.
20. used in metabolism by producers.
21. Both given off as heat by producers and trapped by the autotrophs of an ecosystem are correct.
22. The ecosystem that would most likely have a high net primary productivity is a
23. desert.
24. tropical rain forest.
25. boreal forest.
26. temperate forest.
27. tundra.
28. As an overall average, about of the energy at one trophic level is available to the next-highest rank in the food chain.

A. 2%

B. 20%

C. 10%

1. 7%
2. 4%
3. Biomagnification usually happens for chemicals that
4. are not readily degraded.
5. dissolve in fat.
6. dissolve in water.
7. are not readily degraded and dissolve in fat.

E. are not readily degraded and dissolve in water.

1. Which of the following is not an important biogeochemical cycle on Earth?
2. phosphorus cycle
3. iron cycle
4. nitrogen cycle
5. water cycle
6. carbon cycle
7. In the water cycle, animals return water to the environment by
8. transpiration and excretion.
9. excretion.
10. transpiration.
11. evaporation and excretion.
12. evaporation.
13. The energy-requiring process by which liquid water becomes water vapor (a gas) is
14. All of the answer choices are correct.
15. sublimation.
16. condensation.
17. evaporation.
18. convection.
19. Carbon returns to the atmosphere
20. from respiration of plants.
21. by the burning of fossil fuels.
22. All of the answer choices are correct.
23. from respiration of animals.
24. as carbon dioxide.
25. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric N2 into
26. methane.
27. nitrates.
28. nitrites.
29. ammonium.

E. carbon dioxide.

1. In , bacteria return nitrogen to the atmosphere by converting nitrates to N2.
2. denitrification
3. respiration
4. nitrification
5. transpiration
6. nitrogen fixing
7. The cycle begins with the weathering of rock.
8. phosphorus
9. nitrogen
10. water
11. carbon
12. energy

You go on a canoe trip to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area (BWCA) in northern Minnesota. This ecosystem is cold most of the year and receives plenty of rainfall. It has many lakes that are full of walleye pike. You observe walleye eating minnows. In turn, the minnows feed on scuds (zooplankton), which eat algae (phytoplankton).

1. Walleye pike are which of the following?
2. decomposers
3. secondary consumers
4. tertiary consumers
5. primary consumers
6. producers
7. Zooplankton are which of the following?
8. producers
9. secondary consumers
10. decomposers
11. tertiary consumers
12. primary consumers

41. Mercury released from coal-burning power plants would be at the highest concentration in

1. the phytoplankton.
2. the zooplankton.
3. the minnows.
4. eagles that eat the walleye.
5. the walleye.
6. Walleye pike tend to live in deep waters and feed at night. Northern pike live in shallower waters and feed all day. Which of the following best explains these differences?
7. mutualism
8. commensalism
9. resource partitioning
10. parasitism
11. predation
12. If there are 10,000 calories of net primary productivity in a field, how much on average will be available to a primary consumer?
13. 10,000 calories
14. 10 calories
15. 1 calorie
16. 1,000 calories
17. 100 calories
18. If there are 10,000 calories of net primary productivity in a field, how much, on average, will be available to a secondary consumer?
19. 100 calories
20. 1 calorie
21. 10 calories
22. 10,000 calories
23. 1,000 calories
24. An insect that resembles leaves is using to avoid predation.
25. warning coloration
26. mimicry
27. mutualism
28. chemical defense
29. camouflage
30. An insect that resembles the face of a snake is using to avoid predation.
31. warning coloration
32. mimicry
33. mutualism
34. camouflage
35. chemical defense
36. Mycorrhizal fungi obtain food from plants in exchange for water and nutrients. This is an example of
37. mutualism.
38. commensalism.
39. herbivory.
40. parasitism.
41. predation.
42. Lichens live on the sides of trees to access sunlight. During this process there is no apparent harm nor benefit to the tree. This is an example of
43. commensalism.
44. parasitism.
45. herbivory.
46. predation.
47. mutualism.
48. Mistletoe is a plant that grows in the branches of trees. Its roots penetrate the bark of the tree, allowing it to obtain water and nutrients. The tree is harmed, and can even die as a result of this interaction. This is an example of
49. commensalism.
50. herbivory.
51. parasitism.
52. predation.
53. mutualism.
54. Prior to 1972, a pesticide called DDT was used widely in the United States, but was found to pose risks to human health and wildlife. It was found that DDT contaminated the waterways. Where would the concentration of the nonpolar pesticide been the highest?
55. a seagull
56. a mosquito larva
57. plankton
58. algae
59. a minnow
60. Some scientists predict that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase, plant growth will also increase. What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?
61. Plants release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during respiration.
62. Plants consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.
63. Plants consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during respiration.
64. None of the answer choices is correct.
65. Plants release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during photosynthesis.
66. Some scientists predict that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase, the pH of the oceans will drop, thus threatening coral and organisms within shells. What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?
67. Carbon dioxide combines with water to form a base.
68. Carbon dioxide combines with water to form an acid.
69. As the oceans warm, more water is evaporated, lowering the pH of the remaining water.
70. As the pH of the ocean decreases, more carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.
71. As the pH of the ocean increases, more carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.
72. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, in the roots of soybeans, help provide a source of nitrogen to the plants. In exchange, the bacteria obtain food from the plants. The bacteria are converting
73. ammonium (NH4) to nitrate (NO3).
74. nitrate (NO3) to ammonium (NH4).

C. nitrogen gas (N2) to nitrate (NO3).

D. nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonium (NH4).

E. nitrate (NO3) to nitrogen gas (N2).

1. Eutrophication can be caused by excess accumulation of in a body of water.
2. phosphorus
3. nitrogen or phosphorous
4. carbon
5. nitrogen or carbon
6. nitrogen
7. The interaction between panic grass and its endophyte fungus that allows them to grow at 65°C together, but not independently, is an example of
8. commensalism.
9. predation.
10. parasitism.
11. competition.
12. mutualism.
13. The virus in this study
14. infected the fungus.
15. infected both the fungus and the plant.
16. infected the plant.
17. infected the bacteria.
18. did not infect either the fungus or the plant.
19. How was the virus detected?
20. by the presence of viral proteins
21. by the presence of double-stranded RNA
22. by the presence of antibodies to the virus
23. by signs of infection
24. by the ability to grow at 65°C
25. What was the purpose of repeatedly drying, freezing, and thawing some of the fungi?
26. to kill the fungi
27. to make the fungus more susceptible to the virus
28. to prepare the fungi to infect the panic grass
29. to remove the virus
30. to prepare the fungi for growth at 65°C

1. What is the dependent variable in this figure?
2. number of plants that died at 37°C
3. number of plants that could grow at 37°C
4. number of plants that died at 65°C
5. number of plants that could grow at 65°C
6. From the data, scientists conclude that plants survived heat best
7. when infected by the virus.
8. with virus-free fungi.
9. when not infected by the virus.
10. with virus-infected fungi.
11. without fungi.

True / False Questions

1. The cause of the sea otter population decline in the Pacific Northwest was primarily an oil spill.

True False

1. The term abiotic means "nonliving."

True False

1. The reliance of a plant on one type of insect for pollination and that insect having only the nectar of that plant as its food source is an example of coevolution.

True False

1. Resource partitioning allows only a single species to use a resource.

True False

1. Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which neither member of the relationship benefits.

True False

1. An example of a keystone species is a root-associated fungus that conifer trees need in order to survive and that supply food for rodents.

True False

1. Lichens and mosses that can grow on and erode rock would be considered pioneer species.

True False

1. All communities eventually reach the climax state, in which all components are consistent.

True False

69. Energy is constantly being recycled within an ecosystem.

True False

70. Raw sewage within a water ecosystem can kill fish because respiration by the microbes in the sewage reduces the concentration of oxygen within the water.

True False

71. In a process called denitrification, bacteria convert NO - to N .

3 2

True False