Test Bank Answers Chapter 37 Hoefnagels Populations

Chapter 37

Populations

Multiple Choice Questions

1. It is believed that war vessels in World War II carried the brown tree snake to the island of _. This invasive predator caused extinction of many local populations of birds and small reptiles.
2. Ceylon
3. Madagascar
4. Guam
5. Cuba
6. Puerto Rico

2. The brown tree snake in Guam had a of about 100 snakes per hectare, which is approximately equal to two American football fields.

1. population
2. death rate
3. population density
4. growth rate
5. population distribution

3. Wildlife biologists use methods which in order to control the brown tree snake population on Guam.

1. anesthetize the snakes with acetominophen in rats

B. All of the answer choices are correct.

C. capture and kill the snakes, increasing death rates

D. release sterilized males to compete with wild fertile males

E. use specially trained dogs to prevent spread to other islands

4. A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and occupy the same geographical location is a

1. population.
2. flock.
3. herd.
4. community.
5. peer group.

5. The physical location in which an organism lives is termed its

1. community.
2. habitat.
3. ecosystem.
4. range.
5. home boundary.

6. The difference between a population and a community in the same location is that

1. a community is an isolated subpopulation of a larger population of a species.
2. a population includes members of one species, while a community includes its nonliving environmental resources.
3. a population includes all the living organisms, while a community is the physical location in which they live.
4. a community includes members of one species, while a population includes multiple species.
5. a population includes members of one species, while a community includes populations of multiple species.
6. The study of the relationships among organisms and the environment is
   1. ecology.
   2. ethology.
   3. geology.
   4. habitology.
   5. ergonomics.
7. The number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume of habitat is
   1. the population dynamics.
   2. the carrying capacity.
   3. the population density.
   4. a community.
   5. the population distribution.

Three population distribution patterns are shown in this figure.

1. Image "C" indicates that only portions of the habitat are favorable to support growth. This type of population distribution, where growth occurs in grouping patterns, is called
2. nonselected distribution.
3. uniform distribution.
4. clumped distribution.
5. random distribution.
6. forced distribution.
7. In image "B" individuals within the population defend distinct territories for resources, resulting in a defined distance between each. This is an example of distribution.
8. random
9. nonselected
10. clumped
11. forced
12. uniform
13. Image "A" represents a population where individuals do not strongly attract or repel one another. This is an example of distribution.
14. clumped
15. random
16. nonselected
17. forced
18. uniform
19. The study of the factors that influence changes in a population's size is
    1. population density.
    2. population geology.
    3. population dynamics.
    4. population dispersion.
    5. population ethology.
20. The movement of individuals into another population is termed
21. immigration.
22. population dispersion.
23. expatriation.
24. clumping.
25. emigration.
26. Emigration happens when individuals move a population, while immigration happens when individuals move a population.
    1. by extrapolation towards; by dispersion from
    2. by dispersion through; by extrapolation at the periphery of
    3. out of; into
    4. due to environmental resistance within; due to carrying capacity within
    5. into; out of
27. The number of individuals produced per individual per unit time in a population is its rate.
    1. expatriation
    2. emigration
    3. immigration
    4. death
    5. birth
28. The number of individuals that die in a population per unit time is its rate.
    1. expatriation
    2. birth
    3. immigration
    4. death
    5. emigration
29. In a survivorship curve, a type I species, like a human or elephant, is a species that has
    1. the highest probability of dying at a very young age.
    2. a strong possibility of becoming extinct in a relatively short period of time.
    3. the highest probability of dying as it reaches its maximum life span.
    4. an equal probability of dying at any age.
    5. an extremely short life span.
30. In a survivorship curve, a type II species, like a song bird, is a species that has
    1. the highest probability of dying as it reaches its maximum life span.
    2. an extremely short life span.
    3. a strong possibility of becoming extinct in a relatively short period of time.
    4. an equal probability of dying at any age.
    5. the highest probability of dying at a very young age.
31. In a survivorship curve, a type III species, like most insects and plants, is a species that has
    1. a strong possibility of becoming extinct in a relatively short period of time.
    2. an equal probability of dying at any age.
    3. an extremely long life span.
    4. the highest probability of dying at a very young age.
    5. the highest probability of dying as it reaches its maximum life span.
32. In a population, the difference between the birth rate and the death rate is the
    1. population dispersion factor.
    2. per capita rate of increase.
    3. population density determining factor.
    4. S-shaped population curve.
    5. J-shaped population curve.
33. How would the population equation G = rN be expressed in the full names of each abbreviated variable?
    1. rate of emigration = birth rate x initial population size
    2. None of the answer choices is correct.
    3. logistic growth rate = per capita rate of increase x carrying capacity
    4. number of individuals added during any time interval = per capita rate of increase x initial population size
    5. carrying capacity = environmental resistance x exponential growth rate
34. The combination of external factors that keep a population from reaching its maximum growth rate is the
    1. population clumping.
    2. environmental resistance.
    3. environmental augmentation.
    4. population aging.
    5. environmental assuagement.
35. The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support is its
    1. dispersion capacity.
    2. growth capacity.
    3. density dispersion.
    4. environmental load.
    5. carrying capacity.
36. In a population growth curve affected by environmental resistance, the formula G = rN(K – N)/K is used to calculate the number of new individuals added after each time interval. In this equation K

represents the

• 1. number of individuals added per unit time.
  2. carrying capacity.

C. environmental resistance.

D. number of individuals at the start of a time interval.

E. per capita rate of increase.

1. In the population growth curve equation G = rN(K – N)/K, when N is very small relative to K, the population
2. growth rate is low.
3. None of the answer choices is correct.
4. growth rate stabilizes.
5. growth rate is high.
6. crashes.
7. Species with an opportunistic, or r-selected, life history strategy
8. are long-lived.
9. are limited primarily by carrying capacity.
10. provide extensive care for their offspring.
11. produce many offspring.
12. reproduce later in life.
13. Species with an equilibrium, or K-selected, life history strategy
14. have only a few offspring.
15. are short-lived.
16. reproduce at an early age.
17. give very little care to their offspring.
18. have a large number of offspring.
19. Two countries, and _, account for one-third of the human population.
20. Russia; Brazil
21. India; Brazil
22. China; Russia
23. Russia; India
24. China; India
25. A population with a large fraction of pre-reproductive individuals is common in _-developed countries; this population will most likely in size.
26. more; decrease
27. less; increase
28. less; decrease
29. more; increase
30. A population with a large fraction of post-reproductive individuals is common in -developed countries; this population will most likely in size.
31. more; decrease
32. less; decrease
33. more; increase
34. less; increase
35. Predation of deer by wolves is an example of a
    1. death-independent factor.
    2. density-dependent limit.
    3. density-codependent limit.
    4. death-dependent factor.
    5. density-independent limit.
36. If a deer herd has a population of N = 1,000, and a per capita rate of increase of 10% (r = 0.1 per year), how much will the deer population grow in a year, if resources are unlimited?

A. 500

B. 50

C. 100

D. 1,000

E. 10

1. If a deer herd has a population of 1,000, a carrying capacity of 2,000, and an intrinsic rate of growth of 10% (0.1), what is true of this deer population?
2. None of the answer choices is correct.
3. births < deaths
4. births > deaths
5. The answer cannot be determined with this information.
6. births = deaths
7. An example of a density-independent factor that affects a population's growth is
   1. All of the answer choices are correct.
   2. frost killing all of your tomato plants.
   3. a fungus infecting your tomato plants.
   4. your tomato plants competing for water.
   5. insects eating your tomato plants.
8. In 2010, India had a population of 1,170,000,000, a birthrate of 0.027, and a death rate of 0.013. What was the per capita rate of India's population?

A. 0.001

B. 0.014

C. 0.027

D. 0.040

E. 0.013

1. In 2010, India had a population of 1,170,000,000, a birthrate of 0.027, and a death rate of 0.013. Approximately, by how much did the Indian population grow in 2010?

A. 170,000,000

B. 17,000,000

C. 1,700,000

D. 17,000

E. 170,000

The diagrams below show the age structures of India, the United States, and China.

37. Based on the population pyramid shown above, you would expect the Indian population to

• 1. decrease over time because births are low.
  2. stay constant.
  3. decrease because the death rate is higher than the birthrate.
  4. grow but not stabilize.

E. grow and then begin to stabilize.

38. A population age structure diagram showing roughly equal numbers in each age group, such as in the United States population pyramid, depicts a

1. stable population.
2. population facing extinction.
3. declining population.
4. growing population.
5. very small population size.
6. An ecologist catches 100 frogs from a pond, marks them, and releases them back into the pond. After a few days, another 100 frogs are captured and 10 have the marks on them. How many frogs are in the pond?

A. 900

B. 100

C. 1,000

D. 90

E. 10,000

1. Which of the following best describes the link between population-limiting factors and K-selected species?
   1. None of the answer choices is correct.

B. K-selected species are limited by density-dependent factors and have few offspring.

C. K-selected species are limited by density-dependent factors and have many offspring.

D. K-selected species are limited by density-independent factors and have few offspring.

E. K-selected species are limited by density-independent factors and have many offspring.

1. The link between population-limiting factors and r-selected species is represented by opportunistic species being limited by
   1. density-independent factors and having no offspring.

B. density-dependent factors and having many offspring.

C. density-dependent factors and having few offspring.

D. density-independent factors and having many offspring.

E. density-independent factors and having few offspring.

1. Conservation biologists try to protect or create habitats for endangered species. How would this directly affect the equation G = rN(K – N)/K for an endangered animal?

A. It would lower N.

1. It would raise r.
2. It would raise K.
3. It would raise N.
4. It would lower K.
5. Researchers studying guppies in Trinidad found that guppies, in streams with high predation, reproduce earlier and more frequently. How would the scientists describe the selective force acting on the guppy population?
6. r-selection
7. sexual selection
8. density-dependent factors
9. density-independent factors
10. K-selection
11. Why have growth rates increased the most in developing countries in the past 50 years?
    1. Individuals in the population are living longer lives.
    2. Death rates have decreased as compared to birthrates.
    3. Death rates have increased as compared to birthrates.
    4. Individuals in the population are living shorter lives.
    5. Death rates are equal to birthrates.
12. Why are the leading causes of death in high-income countries heart disease, stroke, and cancer, while in low-income countries infectious diseases are the leading causes of death?
    1. There are genetic differences between populations.
    2. The population density in high-income countries is clustered.

C. Access to sanitation, vaccines, and antibiotics is greater in high-income countries.

1. The population density in high-income countries is larger.
2. The ecological footprint in high-income countries is larger.
3. A country's ecological footprint can be calculated by multiplying its population size by the footprint of each individual. Why are some ecologists concerned about the ecological footprint of a country like India?
   1. Its population is increasing.
   2. Its standard of living and land area are increasing.
   3. Its population and land area are increasing.
   4. Its standard of living is increasing.
   5. Both its population and standard of living are increasing.
4. For a lady bug population at the beginning of summer, the food supply and habitat are almost limitless. If there are 1,000 lady bugs in a one-acre field, the per capita rate of increase is 25%, and no immigration or emigration occurs, how many individuals will be added in the next generation? Discern whether G = rN(K – N)/K or G = rN applies appropriately.

A. 1,250

B. 1,000

C. 250

1. 0
2. 125
3. For a lady bug population at the end of summer, the food supply decreases to where only 2,000 lady bugs can be supported per acre. If there are 1,000 lady bugs in a one-acre field, the per capita rate of increase is 25%, and no immigration or emigration occur, how many individuals will be added in the next generation? Interpret whether G = rN(K – N)/K or G = rN is appropriate.

A. 1,000

B. 250

C. 1,250

D. 125

E. 0

1. In this graph of yellow-eyed penguins, the data indicate that

• 1. 10% of the yellow-eyed penguins live to eleven years of age.

B. reproductive age of the yellow-eyed penguins is three years.

C. most of the yellow-eyed penguins die in their first year of life.

D. All of the answer choices are correct.

E. just less than 30% of the yellow-eyed penguins survive to reproductive age.

50. In a population with limiting resources, the J-shape of the population growth curve indicates that

A. the population size is approaching the carrying capacity for its resources.

B. the population is experiencing exponential growth.

C. the population is experiencing logistic growth.

D. the population has both unlimited resources and is experiencing exponential growth.

E. resources for the population are unlimited.

51. Atlantic mollies of the species Poecilia mexicana are found in the habitat(s) of

A. coastal tidal pools and coral reefs.

B. estuaries where saltwater and freshwater mix.

C. isolated desert pools left from hurricane storm surges.

D. streams and cave waters with clean water and H2S poisonous molecules.

E. All of the answer choices are correct.

52. Graphed from 10,000 BCE to 2010, as shown below, the global human population

A. None of the answer choices is correct.

B. shows the typical curve of exponential growth.

C. is showing clearly that humans are at Earth's carrying capacity for our species.

D. shows the typical curve of logistic growth.

E. has reached 0% growth rate, as shown by the data plot at 2010.

53. Atlantic mollies of the species Poecilia mexicana live in habitats that make multiple collection trips difficult, yet they live in populations of many small individuals. What variable was measured to estimate and compare their life histories among different conditions?

A. embryo biomass

B. embryo number and embryo biomass

C. embryo number

D. ages of the collected male and female Atlantic mollies

E. numbers and sizes of the collected male and female Atlantic mollies

54. What key conclusion did Riesch and Schlupp draw from the life history data of the Atlantic mollies?

A. More energy is invested in producing larger offspring when the populations live in environmentally stressful habitats.

B. The populations exposed to H2S are able to use the toxic molecule for metabolic energy.

C. Genetic regulation in the species results in production of equal sizes of offspring whether exposed to stressful environments or not.

D. More energy is invested in producing many more offspring when the populations live in environmentally stressful habitats.

E. The populations are only able to survive and reproduce when in stressful environments of either darkness or H2S.

55. How is the adaptation of investing more energy in producing large offspring beneficial in the Atlantic mollies?

A. Larger-sized offspring can avoid predation by other species.

B. Larger-sized offspring have increased swimming ability for accessing food in toxic or dark conditions.

C. Larger-sized offspring mature to reproductive age at a faster rate.

D. Larger-sized offspring can migrate easier among the stressful and nonstressful environments.

E. All of the answer choices are correct.

True / False Questions

56. On the island of Guam, a single type of nonnative organism, the black-footed ferret, is responsible for the disappearance of at least 12 species of birds and small reptiles from the island.

True False

1. Immigration is the migration out of a particular area.

True False

1. Emigration is the migration out of a particular area.

True False

1. When exponential growth is plotted over time, an S-shaped curve emerges.

True False

1. When logistic growth is plotted over time, a J-shaped curve emerges.

True False

61. The maximum number of individuals of a population that a habitat can support indefinitely is its carrying capacity.

True False

62. The government of China offers financial incentives to encourage citizens to have children.

True False

63. The United Nations issued a highest projection of the global human population in 2100 to be 15.8 billion people.

True False

1. Conditions whose growth-limiting effects increase as a population grows are density-independent factors.

True False