The Endocrine System Ch.10 Verified Test Bank

Student name:__________

TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1) All hormones are synthesized and released by endocrine glands.

⊚ true
⊚ false

2) The hypothalamus controls hormonal secretions of the pituitary gland.

⊚ true
⊚ false

3) Individuals with congenital hypothyroidism tend to be short and stocky.

⊚ true
⊚ false

4) PTH acts to raise blood calcium levels.

⊚ true
⊚ false

5) Excessive PTH secretion can lead to hypocalcemia.

⊚ true
⊚ false

6) Abnormal heart rhythms can be caused by too much or too little calcium in the blood.

⊚ true
⊚ false

7) The adrenal medulla is under parasympathetic nervous system control.

⊚ true
⊚ false

8) The adrenal gland produces sex steroids known as gonadocorticoids.

⊚ true
⊚ false

9) Low levels of potassium in the blood trigger the secretion of aldosterone.

⊚ true
⊚ false

10) Glucagon is produced by pancreatic alpha cells.

⊚ true
⊚ false

11) Type I diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes.

⊚ true
⊚ false

12) Individuals with Type II diabetes have normal or elevated levels of insulin in their blood.

⊚ true
⊚ false

13) Research indicates that body weight is irrelevant to thedevelopment of Type II diabetes.

⊚ true
⊚ false

14) Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) tends to occur in active juveniles.

⊚ true
⊚ false

15) A lack of testosterone causes baldness.

⊚ true
⊚ false

16) Higher levels of estrogen in women causes a greater accumulation of subcutaneous fat than in men.

⊚ true
⊚ false

17) The hormones secreted by the thymus are called thymosins.

⊚ true
⊚ false

18) An autoimmune disease of the thyroid is myxedema.

⊚ true
⊚ false

19) Declining immune response in the elderly may be a result of thymus gland shrinkage.

⊚ true
⊚ false

20) The incidence of diabetes insipidus increases as we age.

⊚ true
⊚ false

21) Glucagon and cortisol both promote glucose sparing.

⊚ true
⊚ false

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
22) Which type of gland is ductless and secretes chemical messengers that are carried in the blood?

A) Endocrine
B) Exocrine

23) Chemical signals that travel through the body and affect the behavior of glands and tissues are called

A) serous secretions.
B) mucus.
C) hormones.
D) synovial fluid.

24) Which of the following is a type of peptide hormone?

A) Amine
B) Eicosanoid
C) Steroid
D) Glycoprotein

25) Which of the following is NOT true of a peptide hormone?

A) It diffuses into the cell to cause cellular changes.
B) It binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane.
C) It activates a second messenger inside the cell that causes cellular changes.
D) Cyclic AMP is a common second messenger.

26) Which of the following is NOT true of a steroid hormone?

A) It diffuses into the cell and binds to its receptor protein.
B) The hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA.
C) It activates a second messenger to cause cellular changes.
D) Intracellular enzymes, made from the DNA, direct cellular changes.

27) Clinically, which class of hormone is more likely to be administered orally since it will pass through biological membranes without being digested in the gut?

A) Peptide hormones
B) Steroid hormones

28) Which endocrine gland is NOT found in the cranial cavity?

A) Thymus gland
B) Pineal gland
C) Pituitary gland
D) Hypothalamus

29) Which endocrine gland is found in the thoracic cavity, superior to the heart?

A) Thyroid gland
B) Adrenal gland
C) Thymus gland
D) Pancreatic islets

30) Which endocrine glands are located in the abdominal cavity?

A) Pancreas and thyroid gland
B) Pineal gland and parathyroid glands
C) Adrenal glands and posterior pituitary
D) Pancreas and adrenal glands

31) The production and release of hormones is controlled by

A) other hormones.
B) the nervous system.
C) other chemical substances.
D) All apply.

32) When ions or nutrient molecules in the blood stimulate the release of a hormone, it is called _______ control.

A) hormonal
B) nervous
C) humoral
D) molecular

33) A decrease in blood Na+ levels stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. This is an example of _______ control.

A) nervous
B) hormonal
C) tropic
D) humoral

34) Most hormones are under some form of __________ to maintain their levels within normal limits.

A) negative feedback control
B) positive feedback control
C) central nervous system dysregulation
D) digestive mechanism

35) When a stressor is perceived and the "fight-or-flight" system triggers the adrenal gland to secrete epinephrine, this is an example of

A) humoral control.
B) nervous system control.
C) parathyroid control.
D) steroid hormone control.

36) With what portion of the brain is the pituitary associated?

A) Cerebrum
B) Cerebellum
C) Thalamus
D) Hypothalamus

37) Another name for the posterior pituitary gland is the

A) adenohypophysis.
B) hypothalamus.
C) neurohypophysis.
D) midbrain.

38) The adenohypophysis is another name for the

A) anterior pituitary gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) posterior pituitary gland.
D) None apply.

39) The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland by means of a

A) portal system of blood capillaries and veins.
B) group of secretory neurons.
C) connection with the posterior pituitary gland.
D) All apply.

40) The hypothalamus influences the anterior pituitary by producing

A) oxytocin and prolactin.
B) releasing and inhibiting hormones.
C) growth and stimulating hormones.
D) humoral and neural stimuli.

41) What type of cells produce oxytocin and ADH?

A) Glandular cells
B) Neurons
C) Neurosecretory cells
D) Neurohypophysis cells

42) Which of the following is NOT true about the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?

A) ADH is produced by the hypothalamus.
B) ADH causes water to be reabsorbed into kidney capillaries.
C) ADH is released from the anterior pituitary gland.
D) ADH causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure.

43) A deficiency of ADH will result in

A) diabetes insipidus.
B) diabetes mellitus.
C) large urine volume and increased thirst.
D) Both diabetes insipidus and large urine volume and increased thirst are correct.

44) Which of the following is NOT true concerning oxytocin?

A) Oxytocin increases uterine contractions during childbirth.
B) Oxytocin produces milk let-down during nursing.
C) Oxytocin is a steroid hormone.
D) Oxytocin release in childbirth is controlled by positive feedback.

45) The pituitary hormone ACTH will stimulate the ____ to produce its hormones.

A) thyroid gland
B) adrenal cortex
C) adrenal medulla
D) gonads
E) anterior thymus

46) Which of the following are gonadotropic hormones?

A) ACTH and FSH
B) FSH and LH
C) LH and TSH
D) ACTH and TSH

47) What hormone causes mammary gland development and production of milk?

A) Oxytocin
B) Gonadotropins
C) Prolactin
D) ADH

48) Which of the following is NOT true of growth hormone (GH)?

A) GH stimulates protein synthesis in bone, cartilage, and muscle.
B) GH increases the rate of amino acid uptake by cells.
C) GH is also known as vasopressin.
D) GH promotes fat metabolism as opposed to glucose metabolism.

49) An increase in growth hormone during growing years will cause

A) gigantism.
B) pituitary dwarfism.
C) acromegaly.
D) diabetes insipidus.

50) An increase in growth hormone after growing years will cause

A) gigantism.
B) pituitary dwarfism.
C) acromegaly.
D) diabetes insipidus.

51) Which endocrine gland produces the largest number of different hormones?

A) Posterior pituitary
B) Anterior pituitary
C) Thyroid gland
D) Adrenal medulla

52) What are the target cells of the hormone thyroxine?

A) Pancreas and adrenal gland cells
B) Brain neurons and endocrine cells
C) Bone and muscle cells
D) Most body cells

53) What is the function of thyroxine?

A) It increases the metabolic rate.
B) It stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water.
C) It raises blood sugar.
D) It stimulates protein synthesis.

54) Simple goiter

A) is due to lack of iodine in the diet.
B) is due to high levels of thyroxine in the blood.
C) is an enlargement of the thymus gland.
D) is described by all of these characteristics.

55) Thyroxine is also known as

A) thymosin.
B) thyrotropin.
C) T _3.
D) T _4.

56) Which form of thyroid hormone is more effective in influencing target cells?

A) T ₃
B) T ₄

57) Which hormone is needed for thyroxine production?

A) ACTH
B) GH
C) ADH
D) TSH

58) What element is needed for thyroxine production?

A) Calcium
B) Iodine
C) Sodium
D) Potassium

59) Hypothyroidism in adults caused by decreased production of thyroxine is known as

A) simple goiter.
B) Graves' disease.
C) myxedema.
D) exophthalmic goiter.

60) Myxedema is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A) lethargy and lower pulse.
B) hyperactivity and insomnia.
C) weight gain.
D) lowered body temperature.

61) Hyperthyroidism in adults caused by oversecretion of thyroxine is known as

A) simple goiter.
B) Graves' disease.
C) myxedema.
D) acromegaly.

62) Exophthalmic goiter is a characteristic of

A) congenital hypothyroidism.
B) myxedema.
C) Graves' disease.
D) acromegaly.

63) Calcitonin

A) is produced by the thyroid gland.
B) is produced by the parathyroid gland.
C) lowers the metabolic rate.
D) is produced by the parathyroid gland and lowers the metabolic rate.

64) Calcitonin

A) raises blood calcium.
B) lowers blood calcium.
C) deposits excess calcium into bones.
D) Both lowers blood calcium and deposits excess calcium into bones are correct.

65) Which of the following is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone?

A) Release of calcium from bones
B) Increased reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
C) Increased blood phosphate levels
D) Activation of vitamin D for increased intestinal absorption of calcium

66) Parathyroid hormone is antagonistic to

A) thyroxine.
B) calcitonin.
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone.
D) aldosterone.

67) Which of the following is NOT a target organ of parathyroid hormone?

A) Muscle
B) Bone
C) Intestines
D) Kidneys

68) How does PTH stimulate absorption of calcium from the intestines?

A) Increases peristalsis
B) Activates calcitriol
C) Activates osteoclasts
D) Stimulates intestinal enzymes

69) Hypocalcemia can result in

A) muscle weakness.
B) renal failure.
C) depressed nervous system.
D) tetany.

70) Which of the following are portions of the adrenal glands?

A) Anterior and posterior divisions
B) Lateral and medial segments
C) Cortex and medulla
D) Dorsal and ventral lobes

71) ACTH

A) is produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
B) stimulates the adrenal cortex.
C) stimulates the adrenal medulla.
D) Both is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex are correct.

72) Epinephrine is produced by the

A) adrenal medulla.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) thyroid gland.
D) thymus.

73) Which portion of the adrenal gland is most closely associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

A) Medulla
B) Cortex
C) Anterior lobe

74) Which of the following functions to regulate a short-term response to stress?

A) Epinephrine
B) Glucocorticoids
C) Mineralocorticoids
D) All apply.

75) Which of the following is NOT true of glucocorticoids?

A) They promotethe metabolism of fatty acids instead of carbohydrates.
B) They promotekidney absorption of sodium.
C) They promotes the breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids.
D) They can lead to an increase in blood glucose levels.

76) Cortisone

A) reduces inflammation, pain, and swelling.
B) may be used to treat arthritis.
C) may suppress the immune system.
D) All apply.

77) The most important mineralocorticoid is

A) cortisol.
B) epinephrine.
C) aldosterone.
D) norepinephrine.

78) The action(s) of aldosterone is (are)to

A) promote renal reabsorption of water.
B) promote renal excretion of potassium.
C) promote renal reabsorption of sodium.
D) All apply.

79) Renin has its direct effect on a molecule known as

A) vasopressin.
B) angiotensin II.
C) angiotensinogen.
D) aldosterone.

80) Which molecule directly stimulates the release of aldosterone?

A) Angiotensin I
B) Angiotensin II
C) Angiotensinogen
D) Sodium chloride
E) Renin

81) What chemical is secreted by the kidneys when blood sodium is low and (or)blood pressure is low?

A) Renin
B) Angiotensin
C) ACTH
D) Aldosterone

82) Which of the following is NOT a result of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A) Blood pressure increases due to constriction of arterioles.
B) Blood pressure increases due to reabsorption of sodium and therefore water into the blood.
C) Blood pressure decreases due to dilation of arterioles.
D) Blood volume increases due to the effect of ADH.

83) What hormone is antagonistic to aldosterone?

A) Cortisol
B) Atrial natriuretic hormone
C) ACTH
D) Epinephrine

84) Atrial natriuretic hormone

A) is produced by the adrenal glands.
B) is secreted when blood volume is too high.
C) stimulates aldosterone secretion.
D) All apply.

85) Atrial natriuretic hormone is named for its main effect which is to

A) increase sodium excretion in the urine.
B) decrease sodium excretion in perspiration.
C) cause the binding of sodium to urea in the blood.
D) increase the absorption of sodium by heart muscle cells.

86) Aldosterone will cause _______ of sodium, while ANH will cause ____ of sodium.

A) excretion; reabsorption
B) reabsorption; excretion

87) What condition occurs due to hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones?

A) Cushing syndrome
B) Diabetes insipidus
C) Addison's disease
D) Hashimoto's disease

88) What condition occurs due to hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones?

A) Cushing syndrome
B) Diabetes insipidus
C) Addison's disease
D) Hashimoto's disease

89) Which of the following is NOT a result of Cushing syndrome?

A) Bronzing of the skin
B) Fat deposited in the trunk
C) Moon-shaped face
D) Hypertension

90) Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Addison's disease?

A) Retention of sodium and water leading to high blood pressure
B) Excessive, but ineffective ACTH
C) Bronzing of the skin
D) Loss of sodium and water leading to low blood pressure

91) Which of the following is NOT a short-term stress response?

A) Heartbeat and blood pressure increase
B) Blood glucose levels increase
C) Blood flow to muscle increases
D) Reduction of inflammation

92) Which of the following is NOT true about the pancreas?

A) It contains exocrine tissue that produces digestive enzymes.
B) It contains endocrine tissue that produces hormones.
C) Its exocrine tissue consists of the pancreatic islets.
D) Its hormones help maintain glucose homeostasis.

93) The pancreatic islets produce

A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) digestive enzymes.
D) both insulin and glucagon.

94) Which promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen?

A) Glucagon
B) Insulin
C) Glucagon and insulin

95) Insulin results in

A) most cells taking up glucose.
B) fat cells breaking down fat.
C) converting glycogen to glucose.
D) increasing glucose levels of the blood.

96) What is the stimulus for the release of insulin?

A) Decreasing blood glucose levels
B) Decreasing blood sodium levels
C) Increasing blood glucose levels
D) Increasing blood calcium levels

97) What are the main target tissues for glucagon?

A) Pancreas and liver
B) Skeletal muscle and liver
C) Liver and kidneys
D) Adipose tissue and liver

98) What is the stimulus for the release of glucagon?

A) Decreasing blood glucose levels
B) Decreasing blood sodium levels
C) Increasing blood glucose levels
D) Increasing blood calcium levels

99) Which of the following provides an accurate example of negative feedback regulation?

A) High blood glucose inhibitssecretion of glucagon.
B) Low blood glucose inhibits secretion of glucagon.
C) Low blood glucose stimulates secretion of insulin.
D) Low insulin levels inhibit insulin receptor formation.

100) Type I diabetes mellitus

A) is due to lack of glucagon.
B) results in sugar in the urine.
C) is more common than type II diabetes.
D) All apply.

101) Which of the following symptoms of diabetes mellitus is NOT correctly matched with its term?

A) Polydipsia - extreme hunger
B) Polyuria - excessive urination
C) Ketonuria - ketones in the urine
D) Glycosuria - glucose in the urine

102) Which of the following is NOT a long-term complication of diabetes mellitus?

A) Blindness
B) Kidney and heart disease
C) Atherosclerosis
D) Loss of hearing

103) Which of the following is a new and developing treatment option for type I diabetes mellitus?

A) Pancreatic islet transplantation
B) Skin patches
C) Gel-coated pills
D) All apply.

104) The male hormone(s) secreted by the testes is (are)

A) steroid Y.
B) progesterone.
C) testosterone.
D) gonadotropin.
E) both testosterone and gonadotropin.

105) Which of the following is NOT true of androgens?

A) Causes growth of body and pubic hair
B) Stimulates oil and sweat glands
C) Some androgens are produced by the adrenal medulla
D) Enlarges the vocal cords to lower the voice

106) Which of the following is NOT a result of the secretion of estrogens and progesterone?

A) Growth of the uterus and breasts
B) Growth of the vocal cords
C) Widening of the hips
D) Uterine cycle

107) Lymphocyte differentiation occurs in the

A) adipose tissue.
B) pineal gland.
C) thymus gland.
D) thyroid.

108) The thymus is at its largest and most active

A) in a newborn.
B) in childhood.
C) in late adulthood.

109) Melatonin is associated with the

A) adipose tissue.
B) pineal gland.
C) thymus gland.
D) hypothalamus.

110) Melatonin is released in response to

A) increased sunlight.
B) staying awake later into the night.
C) decreased sunlight.
D) going to bed earlier.

111) The _______ produces erythropoietin that stimulates the red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.

A) liver
B) adrenal gland
C) kidney
D) pancreas

112) Leptin is produced by

A) adipose tissue.
B) the pineal gland.
C) the thymus gland.
D) the liver.

113) The hormone that creates a sense of hunger is

A) gastrin.
B) ghrelin.
C) leptin.
D) melatonin.

114) Which growth factor stimulates the formation of capillary networks?

A) Epidermal growth factor
B) Granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor
C) Platelet-derived growth factor
D) Tumor angiogenesis factor

115) Which of the following growth factors is NOT important in wound healing?

A) Tumor angiogenesis factor
B) Epidermal growth factor
C) Nerve growth factor
D) Platelet-derived growth factor

116) A group of chemicals that have local effects instead of being released into the blood are known as

A) epidermal growth factors.
B) prostaglandins.
C) pyrogens.
D) steroid hormones.

117) Chemicals that signal the same cell that made them are called ______ messengers, while those that signal nearby cells are called_____ messengers.

A) pheromone; prostaglandin
B) autocrine; paracrine
C) paracrine; endocrine
D) allomone; autocrine
E) endocrine; pheromone

118) Prostaglandins are chemicals that derive from

A) acetylcholine.
B) serotonin.
C) tyrosine.
D) cholesterol.
E) arachidonate.

119) What type of chemical signals occur between individuals of the same species?

A) Prostaglandins
B) Growth factors
C) Pheromones
D) Pyrogens

120) A not uncommon endocrine condition in the elderly is _________ which can lead to hair loss and mental sluggishness.

A) hypothyroidism
B) diabetes insipidus
C) Parkinson's disease
D) Graves' disease

121) Which of the following is NOT an example of antagonistic hormones?

A) Aldosterone, atrial natriuretic hormone
B) Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone
C) Androgens, estrogens
D) Insulin, glucagon

122) Which body system is least affected by actions of the endocrine system?

A) Digestive system
B) Cardiovascular system
C) Respiratory system
D) Urinary system

123) What hormone is NOT involved in regulating fuel metabolism?

A) Ghrelin
B) Cortisol
C) Glucagon
D) Insulin

124) What hormones are the ultimate controllers of fuel metabolism?

A) Insulin and glucagon
B) Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
C) Epinephrine and cortisol
D) Somatostatin and insulin

125) Which hormones help regulate blood pressure and volume?

A) ADH and ANH
B) Aldosterone and leptin
C) ADH and PTH
D) All apply.

126) Which hormones regulate blood calcium balance?

A) Calcitrol and calcitonin
B) Cortisol and PTH
C) PTH and calcitonin
D) Cortisol and thyroxine