The biological basis of mind and | Full Test Bank Chapter 4

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 1

1) Neuroscience is best defined as

a. The study of the brain and the nervous system

b. The study of the mind and body

c. The study of behaviour and the mind

d. The study of unconscious neurons

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 2

2) This position on the connection between mind and brain holds that mind and the body are made of different material

a. Materialism

b. Dualism

c. Reductivism

d. Deductivism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 3

3) The phrase “ghost in the machine” is most associated with

a. materialism

b. dualism

c. Marxism

d. empiricism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 4

4) Jenny believes that the mind and the body are both made of physical matter. Thus, Jenny believes in

a. Materialism

b. Dualism

c. Reductivism

d. Deductivism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 5

5) Evidence for materialism has come from patients in this medical state

a. Aggravated assault state

b. Post-traumatic state

c. Persistent vegetative state

d. Persistent alert state

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 6

6) The fact that parts of the brain initiate the process of performing actions before a person is aware of the behaviour is consistent with

a. Dualism

b. Empiricism

c. Behaviourism

d. Materialism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 7

7) The complex biological system designed for electro-chemical communication among specialized cells in the body is called the

a. Circulatory system

b. Nervous system

c. Communicative system

d. Endocrine system

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 8

8) The principal cell for communication in the nervous system is the

a. Glia

b. T-cell

c. Lipid

d. neuron

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 9

9) Which of the following provides the best description of a neuron?

a. a cell that receives information and transmits it to other cells

b. a cell that encodes information in endocrine copies

c. a cell that supports neuronal health and function

d. a cell that lines the inside of the skull

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 10

10) The cells that send information to the muscles and organs of the body are called

a. Sensory neurons

b. Motor neurons

c. interneurons

d. protoneurons

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 11

11) The cells that convert physical energy into a form that may be transmitted to the brain are called

a. Sensory neurons

b. Motor neurons

c. interneurons

d. protoneurons

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 12

12) These cells vastly outnumber other neurons and function to pass messages between neurons.

a. Sensory neurons

b. Motor neurons

c. interneurons

d. protoneurons

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 13

13) These projections reach out from the cell body of a neuron.

a. Dendrites

b. Cell bodies

c. axons

d. Terminal buttons

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 14

14) Also called the soma, this part of the cell contains the nucleus, where most of the genetic material for the cell is stored.

a. Dendrite

b. Cell body

c. Terminal buttons

d. Axon receptors

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 15

15) This part of a neuron transmits neural impulses from the cell body to other neurons.

a. Dendrite

b. Cell body

c. axon

d. Terminal buttons

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 16

16) Bundled axons that form communication channels within the brain and spinal cord are called

a. dendrites

b. tracts

c. sheaths

d. nerves

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 17

17) Bundled axons that form communication channels outside the central nervous system are called

a. dendrites

b. tracts

c. sheaths

d. nerves

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 18

18) Some axons are wrapped in this fatty layer that allows for faster neural transmission.

a. Fatty acid

b. Myelin sheath

c. Myelin tract

d. Lipid top-layer

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 19

19) The small gaps in myelin on an axon are referred to as

a. Nodes of Ranvier

b. Nodes of Radinor

c. Tracts of myelin

d. Tracts of Ranvier

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 20

20) Neurotransmitters are released from this part of the neuron

a. Cell body

b. Axon

c. Dendrite

d. Terminal

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 21

21) The term for the junction between terminals and dendrites is called the

a. Terminus

b. Cervix

c. Synapse

d. Corpus

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 22

22) Neurons are not fused to each other so neurotransmitters must pass across the

a. Synaptic gap

b. Neuronal cliff

c. Fiscal gap

d. Synaptic cliff

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 23

23) This type of cell not only assists neural functioning but outnumbers the neuron in the nervous system.

a. Flora

b. Fauna

c. Glia

d. Lipa

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 24

24) This is the term for the default “setting” of the energy of a neuron.

a. Action potential

b. Resting potential

c. Activating potential

d. Relaxing potential

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 25

25) The flood of sodium neurons leading to an increase of positively charged ions in the cell is called

a. Polarization

b. Depolarization

c. Neutralization

d. Action formation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 26

26) When a drug decreases the effect of a neurotransmitter is called a(n)

a. Agonist

b. Antagonist

c. Interneuron

d. Protagonist

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 27

27) Dopamine is an important part of the reward system of the brain but is also very important for

a. Regulating bodily movement

b. Blocking pain signals

c. Bonding between mother and infant

d. Regulating the experience of pain

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 28

28) This neurotransmitter operates by inhibiting brain neurons from firing.

a. Dopamine

b. Serotonin

c. Glutamate

d. GABA

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 29

29) The central nervous system is composed of

a. The central nerve

b. The brain

c. The brain and spinal cord

d. The cerebellum and brain

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 30

30) Grey matter is responsible for collecting and integrating information because it is partly made of

a. Myelinated axons

b. Dendrites and cell bodies

c. Endorphins

d. Spinal reflexes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 2, Question 31

31) The autonomic nervous system is mainly responsible for regulating

a. Primary visual sensitivity

b. Involuntary actions of muscles, glands, and organs

c. Cellular activity in the spinal cord

d. Voluntary motor actions

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 32

32) The somatic nervous system is mainly responsible for regulating

a. Involuntary reflexes

b. Heart and lung function

c. Cellular activity

d. Voluntary motor actions

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 33

33) The peripheral nervous system has two divisions called

a. The somatic and autonomic nervous systems

b. The central and somatic systems

c. The autonomic and automatic systems

d. The sensory and motor systems

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 34

34) Which of the following is not a part of the hindbrain?

a. Cerebellum

b. Medulla

c. Pons

d. Thalamus

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 35

35) The inferior and superior colliculi are both parts of the

a. Midbrain

b. Hindbrain

c. Forebrain

d. Cerebellum

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 36

36) Ken experienced a blow to the back of the head, which resulted in problems coordinating his balance and his sensory input. Which part of Ken’s brain has most likely been damaged?

a. Pons

b. Cerebellum

c. Medulla

d. Reticular formation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 37

37) The midbrain structures known as the inferior and superior colliculi are essential for

a. Forming long-term memories of motor information

b. Conveying auditory and visual information to various forebrain structures

c. Conveying sensory information from the cortex to the limbs

d. Converting tactile sensations into emotions

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 38

38) Unlike many of the hindbrain and midbrain structures, the structures of the forebrain

a. Generally receive information and send commands to the same side of the body

b. Are composed of relatively simple neural material

c. Are divided into two cerebral hemispheres

d. Are only important for regulating vital bodily functions

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 39

39) This structure, severed in so-called “split-brain” patients, allows neurons from separate cerebral hemispheres to communicate directly.

a. Thalamus

b. Corpus callosum

c. Fornix

d. Hypothalamus

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 40

40) Which of the following has not been included in the classic descriptions of the so-called “limbic system?

a. Hypothalamus

b. Thalamus

c. Hippocampus

d. Amygdala

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 41

41) This lobe houses the auditory cortex, auditory association areas, and Wernicke’s area.

a. Occipital

b. Temporal

c. Parietal

d. Frontal

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 42

42) Which of the following best describes the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

a. The prefrontal cortex processes all of the sensory information that comes from our skin

b. The prefrontal cortex combines the information from the visual and auditory areas to provide support for the parietal cortex

c. The prefrontal cortex integrates information from the rest of the brain and compares it against our goals for any given situation

d. The prefrontal cortex integrates all the information from the temporal lobe to make decisions about our emotions

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 43

43) Which of the following provides the best description of hemispheric specialization in the cortex?

a. The two hemispheres of the cortex are specialized to have identical functions

b. The two hemispheres of the cortex are specialized for different functions, especially in the case of language

c. The two hemispheres of the cortex are specialized to maintain most of the body’s vital functions like respiration and heart rate

d. The two hemispheres of the cortex are specialized to compete for the brain’s resources, especially the limbic system

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 44

44) The human brain is able to reorganize and adapt to environmental input, a concept known as

a. Viscosity

b. Density

c. Plasticity

d. Fluidity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 45

45) This brain imaging technique is the result of a series of radio-frequency images that reveal ongoing changes in the specific portions of the brain.

a. Functional positron emission tomography

b. Function electroencephalography

c. Functional magnetic resonance imaging

d. Functional electrical stimulation imaging

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 46

46) This early pseudoscientific theory of brain function held that the physical anatomy of the skull could be analysed to reveal the workings of the human mind.

a. Plasticity

b. Philology

c. Phrenology

d. Plutocracy

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 47

47) This lobe contains the primary motor cortex and is also important for many of the higher cognitive functions of the cortex.

a. occipital

b. temporal

c. parietal

d. frontal

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 48

48) You meet a patient in the hospital who has experienced head trauma that disrupted the function of her primary visual cortex. Which lobe of the cortex has been affected?

a. occipital

b. temporal

c. parietal

d. frontal

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 49

49) This outer layer of the cerebrum enables humans to interpret sensory information, solve problems, learn, remember, and use language.

a. cerebellum

b. cerebral cortex

c. allocortex

d. hippocortex

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 4, Question 50

50) Seated at the base of the forebrain, this relaying structure is thought of as the “gateway” to the higher functions of the brain.

a. amygdala

b. Basal ganglia

c. hippocampus

d. thalamus

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 51

51) Neurons pass along messages to one another to “fire” or “not fire” in a fashion similar to the use of 1s and 0s by computers to represent complex information.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 52

52) The majority of neurons in the central nervous system are sensory neurons.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 53

53) Dendrites are the sending parts of neurons, while axons receive information from other neurons.

Incorrect

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 54

54) Most substances in the blood stream are allowed to freely enter the brain through the brain-blood barrier.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 55

55) Research involving split-brain patients revealed support for the notion of equipotentiality of brain tissue.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 56

56) The cerebellum contains between 50 and 70 percent of the total number of neurons in the brain.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 57

57) Axons that make up the white matter of the brain and spinal cord as surrounded by myelin, cells that accelerate the speed of neural communications.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 58

58) Depolarization is an event that signals the inhibition of an action potential in the axon.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 59

59) The somatosensory cortex and primary motor cortex are both located in the parietal lobe to help spatial cognition.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 60

60) Modern neuroscience has largely rejected dualism as a description of the mind and brain.

a. True

b. False

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 61

61) _ is a philosophical view that the mind and brain are made of the same material.

a. Materialism

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 62

62) _ neurons transmit information toward the spinal cord and brain, while _ neurons transmit information from the spinal cord and brain to the body.

a. Sensory; motor

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 63

63) Inhibitor and excitatory stimulations received by neurons are collected by the _, and information is sent to other cells through the_.

a. Dendrites; axons

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 64

64) During an action potential, the cell becomes _ meaning that a flood of sodium (Na⁺) ions enter the cell, raising its electric charge.

a. depolarised

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 65

65) Neurons communicate through the release of _ like dopamine, serotonin, and GABA.

a. neurotransmitters

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 66

66) The nerves that enable movement of the limbs and sensation from the skin and muscles are part of the _ nervous system, while the nerves that regulate organ function are part of the _ nervous system.

a. somatic; automatic

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 67

67) Without a _ your brain would have a reduced ability to relay signals from lower brain areas to specific parts of the cerebral cortex.

a. thalamus

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 68

68) A _ neuroscientist is most likely to employ brain-imaging techniques like fMRI to examine the mind.

a. cognitive

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 69

69) The _ lobe houses the somatosensory cortex and the _ lobe is dedicated totally to visual processing.

a. parietal; occipital

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 4 - Question 70

70) The endocrine system is composed of bodily organs known as _ and the chemicals they synthesize and release into your bloodstream and tissues, called _.

a. glands; hormones

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 4, Question 71

71) The anatomy of the neuron includes four very important regions: dendrites, cell body, axon, and terminal. Define each region and explain how each region contributes to an action potential.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 4, Question 72

72) Describe the electrochemical processes that enable the following: polarization, depolarization, and repolarization. In your answer, make sure to mention resting potentials and action potentials.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 4, Question 73

73) Describe the major divisions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Be sure to explain spinal grey matter and white matter and the different divisions of the peripheral nervous system.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 4, Question 74

74) Explain what it means to say that the human cerebral cortex is plastic. In your answer give two examples of how plasticity might be observed in two separate lobes. Also discuss how plasticity is related to hemispheric specialization.