Research methods in psychology Test Bank Chapter 3

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 1

1) General strategies that may be used for conducting research are known as

a. Experiments

b. Observations

c. Research methods

d. Interventions

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 2

2) The most basic Type of descriptive research is the

a. Correlation

b. Case study

c. Interview

d. Observation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 3

3) Which of the following best describes a descriptive research method in which the researcher gathers detailed information about a single individual, group, family or organisation in order to better understand a phenomenon

a. Interview

b. Experiment

c. Case study

d. Correlation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 4

4) Which of the following is a critique of case study research

a. They are expensive to run

b. They may not generalise to other people

c. They require teams of interdisciplinary researchers

d. They are unethical

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 5

5) Which of the following is a strength of questionnaires?

a. There is often a low response rate

b. It can be administered to a large amount of people without a researcher present

c. they can be used with young children

d. They do not require ethical approval

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 6

6) Interviews may be preferable over questionnaires when:

a. researchers want to test vulnerable populations

b. Researchers are collecting personal information

c. Larger numbers are required

d. researchers wish to ask open questions where elaboration is encouraged

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 7

7) Which of the following is one way in which researchers with a pre-existing bias may deliberately influence the outcome of surveys?

a. Through making the survey too long

b. Typos and errors in the survey

c. Through wording effects

d. The format and layout of the survey

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 8

8) A quota sample refer to

a. A sample drawn from the population whereby participants are deliberately selected that match some of the required characteristics (e.g., sex)

b. A small sample of participants that are experts in your area of interest

c. Those participants who do not choose to take part in your study

d. A random sample of participants

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 9

9) A biased sample can be explained as

a. A sample of participants who know the aims of your study

b. A sample drawn from the population whereby participants are deliberately selected that match some of the required characteristics (e.g., sex)

c. Those participants who do not choose to take part in your study

d. A group of individuals that are not representative of the population of interest

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 10

10) During a covert observation:

a. participants give consent to taking part before the observation begins

b. participants are aware they are being watched

c. participants are unaware that they are being watched

d. Participants are asked about their experiences and opinions

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 11

11) During an overt observation

a. participants are aware they are being watched

b. the observation must take place inside of a lab environment

c. Some participants know they are being watched and some participants are unaware that they are being watched

d. participants are unaware that they are being watched

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 12

12) The distinction between participant and non-participant observations is:

a. Participant observations rely on observing human participants whereas non-participant observations rely on observing animals

b. Participant observations require the observer to participant in activities alongside those they are observing, whereas non-participant observations there is a clear separate of roles between observers and those being observed

c. Participant observations are always covert, whereas non-participant observations can be either overt or covert

d. Non-participant observations require the observer to participant in activities alongside those they are observing, whereas participant observations there is a clear separate of roles between observers and those being observed

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 13

13) In correlational research

a. Psychologists examine whether one variable is associated with or correlated with another variable

b. Psychologists ask whether one variable causes the other

c. Psychologists are interested in observing participants in their natural environment

d. Psychologists are looking to prove a theory

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 14

14) When one variable increases as the other variable increases, the correlation is said to be

a. Significant

b. Positive

c. Negative

d. Non-significant

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 15

15) When one variable decreases as the other variable increases, the correlation is said to be

a. Positive

b. Non- significant

c. Negative

d. Significant

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 16

16) When one variable increases and the other variable does not change, this is an example of

a. A positive correlation

b. No correlation

c. A negative correlation

d. A scatterplot

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 17

17) Correlation is measures with a statistic known as the

a. t-test

b. mean

c. correlation coefficient

d. correlation mean

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 18

18) The correlation coefficient ranges from

a. - infinity – infinity

b. 0 –100

c. -1 – 1

d. 0 – 1

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 19

19) A correlation coefficient of 0 would represent

a. A positive correlation

b. No correlation

c. A negative correlation

d. A perfect correlation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 20

20) A correlation coefficient of 14 would represent

a. A very strong positive correlation

b. No correlation

c. A correlation coefficient can only be between -1 and +1

d. A significant effect

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 21

21) The correlation coefficient provides information about

a. Whether there is a significant correlation between two variables

b. The strength and direction of the correlation between two variables

c. Whether one variable causes the other variable

d. The statistical difference between two independent groups

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 22

22) In correlational research a lurking variable refers to

a. The variable of interest

b. The variable that is manipulated within the study

c. A variable that influences two or more measured variables, creating the false impression that there is causal relationship

d. a statistic that quantifies the strength and direction of a variable

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 23

23) A true experiment enables psychologists to

a. Infer causality

b. Infer relationships between variables

c. Compare pre-existing groups

d. manipulate the data once collected

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 24

24) An independent variable refers to

a. The variable that is purposely manipulated

b. The variable that is being measured

c. A lurking variable

d. A variable with independent groups in each condition

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 25

25) A dependent variable refers to

a. A lurking variable

b. The variable that is being measured

c. The variable that is purposely manipulated

d. A variable with independent groups in each condition

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 26

26) When each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions of the experiment, they are said to be

a. Non-randomly assigned

b. Randomly assigned

c. A control group

d. The experimental group

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 27

27) A double-blind experiment is one in which

a. Both the research participants and those interacting directly with the study are aware of the exact nature of the hypotheses being tests and/or to which level of the independent variable a participant has been exposed

b. The research participants are unaware of which level of the independent variable they have been assigned to and/or are unaware of the nature of the researcher’s hypothesis

c. Neither the subject nor those interacting directly with the study are aware of the exact nature of the hypotheses being tests and/or to which level of the independent variable a participant has been exposed

d. All participants have been instructed on how to behave during the study

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 28

28) In an experiment, any variable that exerts a measurable effect on the dependent variable without the knowledge of the experimenter is called

a. The independent variable

b. A confounding variable

c. The dependent variable

d. A continuous variable

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 29

29) When participants realise the aim of a study and modify their behaviour accordingly this is referred to as

a. Participant bias

b. Experimenter bias

c. Good subject tendency

d. Psychological bias

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 30

30) The mean, median, and mode are examples of

a. Statistical designs

b. Significance tests

c. Inferential statistics

d. Descriptive statistics

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 31

31) A p value of <.05 means

a. That the probability of these results being due to chance alone is 5%

b. That the probability of these results being due to chance alone is 95%

c. The effect size is large

d. The findings are non-significant

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 32

32) The statistic which measures the magnitude, or strength, of a difference found between groups on a variable is known as a/an

a. P value

b. Effect size

c. Descriptive statistic

d. Correlation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 33

33) Qualitative data refers to

a. Data in a non-numeric form

b. Data in a numeric form

c. Data that is collected with large samples

d. The research output from a psychological study

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 34

34) Which Type of analysis aims to deconstruct language to uncover ideological assumptions in the ways we use language

a. Statistical analysis

b. Quantitative analysis

c. Content analysis

d. Discourse analysis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 35

35) Which of the following is NOT one of the BPS ethical guideline

a. Risk

b. Confidentiality

c. Valid consent

d. Scientific integrity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 36

36) A p value of .02 means

a. The effect size is large

b. That the probability of these results being due to chance alone is 98%

c. That the probability of these results being due to chance alone is 2%

d. The findings are non-significant

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 37

37) A blind experiment is one in which

a. Both the research participants and those interacting directly with the study are aware of the exact nature of the hypotheses being tests and/or to which level of the independent variable a participant has been exposed

b. The research participants are unaware of which level of the independent variable they have been assigned to and/or are unaware of the nature of the researcher’s hypothesis

c. Neither the subject nor those interacting directly with the study are aware of the exact nature of the hypotheses being tests and/or to which level of the independent variable a participant has been exposed

d. All participants have been instructed on how to behave during the study

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 38

38) The good subject tendency is

a. The process of removing data from ‘bad’ subjects

b. The general desire of research participants to please the experimenter or give the experimenter what he or she ‘wants’

c. The act of only recruiting willing participants

d. The tendency to only recruit participants known to the researcher

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 39

39) Operational definitions are

a. A precise definition of a variable in terms that can be utilized for a research study

b. Variables that are manipulated by the researcher

c. A subjective interpretation of a variable within a study

d. The way in which researchers define which statistical analysis is best suited to answer the research question

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 40

40) External validity is defined as

a. the extent to which the results of research can apply to the sample tested

b. The extent to which the results of statistical testing are significant

c. The extent to which the results of research are of interest to the general public

d. The extent to which the results of research generalise to real-world settings

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 41

41) Thematic analysis (TA) is one example of

a. Inferential statistics

b. Qualitative analysis

c. Descriptive statistics

d. Quantitative methods

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 42

42) In content analysis

a. Qualitative data is coded quantitatively and analysed statistically

b. Texts or transcripts are analysed on how language has been used to construct a version of reality

c. Blocks of text and transcripts are analysed for themes

d. Quantitative data analysis is not used

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 43

43) Which of the following refers to a set of rules put together to make it easier to conform to standards of morally correct behaviour

a. Moral codes

b. Ethical codes

c. Themes

d. Discourse analysis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 44

44) The British Psychological Society’s ethical principle that ‘Psychologists should produce research that is of benefit to both participants and the common good’, is known as

a. Social responsibility

b. Respect

c. Scientific integrity

d. Confidentiality

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 45

45) According to the British Psychological Society’s ethical guidelines, participants should be able to withdraw some or all of their data

a. At any point in the research process

b. Up to 24 hours after the study has been conducted

c. Before the end of the study

d. In no circumstances

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 46

46) When participants are deliberately misinformed about the research this is known as

a. consent

b. deception

c. withdrawal

d. ethics

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 47

47) Which of the following is a branch of philosophy devoted to the nature of reality

a. realism

b. ontology

c. Fundamentalism

d. Oncology

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 48

48) Statistical literacy refers to

a. The ability to find significant findings

b. The ability to make sense of statistical information

c. The ability to make sense of qualitative methods

d. The ability to gain ethical approval

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 49

49) The core difference between qualitative and quantitative research is

a. Qualitative data gathers non-numerical data, whereas quantitative data gathers numerical data

b. Quantitative data gathers non-numerical data, whereas quantitative data gathers numerical data

c. Qualitative data can only be analysed qualitatively whereas quantitative data can be analyses qualitatively and quantitatively

d. Quantitative data rejects numbers and adopts a more interpretive and less empirical view of the world

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 1, Chapter 3, Question 50

50) Significance testing

a. Rejects numbers and adopts a less empirical view of the world

b. Tells us whether a research question is worth studying

c. Tells us the probability that a given set of data would be expected by chance alone

d. Is always used alongside qualitative research methods

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 51

51) An independent variable in an experiment is the variable that researchers measure

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 52

52) Psychologists can extract quantitative data from qualitative data and analyse this using quantitative analysis

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 53

53) When one variable increases as the other variable increases, the correlation is said to be a negative correlation

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 54

54) A psychologistic finds a strong positive correlation between number of hours studying and exam performance. The psychologist concludes that number of hours studying causes better exam performance. The conclusions drawn are:

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 55

55) Random assignment to conditions is when each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions of the experiment

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 56

56) A psychologist suspects that there is good subject tendency within his experiment. This means that participants are likely to give good quality data.

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 57

57) In a blind experiment neither the subject nor those interacting directly with them are aware of the exact nature of the hypotheses being tested and/or to which level of the independent variable a participant has been exposed.

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 58

58) Thematic analysis (TA) involves deconstructing text or transcripts for examples of how language has been used to construct a version of reality

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 59

59) A psychologist finds a strong positive correlation between two variables. This means that the correlation coefficient will be above 0.

a. True

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b. False

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Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 60

60) Statistical significance is the same thing as an effect size.

a. True

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b. False

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Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 61

61) In experimental design _ are all the ways in which experimenters work to keep all variables constant other than the independent variable(s) being manipulated.

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a. controls

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 62

62) _ validity is the extent to which the results of research generalize to real-world settings.

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a. External

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 63

63) _ analysis aims to deconstruct language to uncover ideological assumptions in the ways we use language

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a. Discourse

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 64

64) The inferential procedure traditionally used to determine the probability of chance factors affecting results is known as __ testing.

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a. Statistical

b. Significance

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 65

65) _ means deliberately misinforming participants about the research.

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a. Deception

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 66

66) The _ variable is the variable being manipulated in an experiment to determine the possible effects on a _ variable (DV).

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a. Independent

b. Dependent

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 3 – Question 67

67) In an experiment, any variable that exerts a measurable effect on the dependent variable without the knowledge of the experimenter is called a _ variable or _.

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a. Confounding

b. Confound

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 68

68) The _, median and _ are all Types of descriptive statistics.

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a. Mean

b. Mode

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 69

69) _ _ affects results of a study when participants realize the aim of the study and modify their behaviour accordingly

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a. Participant

b. bias

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 3 - Question 70

70) _ analysis involves taking a text or transcript and counting the frequency of particular words

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a. Content

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 3, Question 71

71) Describe the British Psychological Society’s ethical guidelines. In your answer, refer to how you would ensure that these guidelines are met during an experiment.

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Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 3, Question 72

72) Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative data. In your answer use examples of research methods that you may use to collect each of these Types of data.

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Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 3, Question 73

73) Explain the difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. You may wish to give examples in your answer.

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Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 3, Question 74

74) Explain what is mean by the statement correlation does not imply causation.

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