Consciousness Chapter 6 Verified Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 1

1) Researchers who engage in consciousness studies often define consciousness as

a. An objective experience of reality

b. A phenomenon that defies a single consensus definition

c. An experience caused by specific neurons in the cortex

d. A well-defined physiological state

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 2

2) According to philosopher John Searle, consciousness consists of

a. Inner, qualitative, subjective states and feelings or awareness

b. Outward behaviour and the internal representations of actions

c. Intentional, qualitative, and objective states of being

d. Mental imagery during waking and dreaming

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 3

3) Consciousness is described as subjective, meaning that it cannot

a. Exist independent of its “owner”

b. Be derived from objective experience

c. Exist without external stimulation

d. Be totally innate

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 4

4) The hard problem of consciousness is that scientists must explain how it is that

a. the brain’s processes lead to a subjective conscious state

b. the brain integrates sensations from different sensory modalities

c. the mind evolved from the primitive brains of Neanderthals

d. the brain and the mind are distinctively different

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 5

5) Temporary and sometimes radical changes in the pattern of a person’s subjective experience are called

a. hallucinations

b. altered states of consciousness

c. virtual reality

d. heightened states of consciousness

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 6

6) Sleep deprivation causes all of the following symptoms, EXCEPT:

a. brief, mild hallucinations

b. irritability

c. impaired decision making

d. heightened awareness

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 7

7) Although she may believe that we are getting enough sleep, the average African-American female sleeps about

a. 6 to 7 hours a night

b. 8 to 10 hours a night

c. 5 to 6 hours a night

d. 3 to 4 hours a night

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 8

8) Any biochemical, physiological, or behavioral cycle that adheres to a near-24-hour schedule is known as a

a. circadian rhythm

b. natural biological rhythm

c. homeostatic rhythm

d. pacemaker rhythm

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 9

9) The suprachiasmic nuclei of the hypothalamus synchronize and maintain our

a. circadian rhythm

b. motivation to sleep

c. perception of time

d. homeostatic mechanism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 10

10) One time of day when sleepiness is usually at its strongest is during mid-afternoon, at about 3:00 p.m. Researchers have found that

a. it is during these hours that sleep-related traffic accidents peak

b. cultures in which afternoon naps are common exhibit a better quality of life

c. this is the time that our internal body temperature is at its peak

d. this period of the day is associated with a reduction in the rate of business transactions

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 11

11) The coordinated biological functions that keep track of how much sleep (particularly deep sleep) you have had the previous night versus how long you have been awake on a given day is called the

a. Sleep clock

b. Sleep generator

c. Sleep homeostat

d. Sleep apnea

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 12

12) In addition to rapid eye movements and vivid dreaming, REM sleep is generally characterized by

a. an increase in the incidence of sleep walking

b. the urge to act out one’s dreams

c. a decrease in activity in the pons region of the brain

d. an increase of activity throughout the brain and nervous system

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 13

13) The different brain waves associated with the five stages of sleep can be recorded by this imaging technique

a. fMRI

b. MRI

c. EEG

d. PET

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 14

14) When a person is in deep sleep, the corresponding brain waves are slow and wide, which means that they are

a. Beta waves

b. Alpha waves

c. Theta waves

d. Delta waves

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 15

15) Stage 2 sleep lasts only about 10 to 20 minutes and is characterized by these sudden short bursts of higher voltage brain activity

a. k-complexes

b. Sleep spindles

c. REM dreams

d. Hypnogogia

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 16

16) Also known as Stage 5 sleep, most of the dreaming that we remember occurs during this part of the sleep cycle

a. NREM

b. REM

c. Hypnogogia

d. AREM

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 17

17) Which of the following is true regarding the distribution of stages of the sleep cycle throughout an entire night?

a. Stage 2 sleep is typically the longest lasting sleep stage at the end of the cycle

b. The end of a night’s sleep corresponds with the disappearance of NREM Stages 3 and 4

c. REM sleep is most prevalent early in the night, when the sleeper has just begun sleeping

d. NREM takes up about 50% of the sleep cycle as sleep progresses

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 18

18) If you had been thinking during sleep about material on a test scheduled for the following day or making a list of things you needed to take care of over the weekend, this type of sleep mentation had occurred

a. sleep thinking

b. lucid dreaming

c. apex dreaming

d. normal cognition

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 19

19) When she is in the midst of a lucid dream, Lucia will not

a. ask herself if she is really dreaming

b. look at her hands to verify the conscious experience

c. accept irrational events as being real

d. be aware of her real conscious self

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 20

20) Which of the following best describes Freud’s theory regarding why people dream?

a. People dream to fulfill their unconscious wishes and desires

b. People dream to help solve problems or regulate mood disturbances during the previous day

c. People dream because REM sleep elicits random activation of memories

d. People dream because it allows them to rehearse responses to threating situations

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 21

21) Despite the cultural changes throughout the 20th century, young adults tend to dream about various forms of this more than anything else

a. Sex

b. Aggression

c. Social exclusion

d. Verbal abuse

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 22

22) All of the following describe true statements about the content of dreams, EXCEPT:

a. Most of the time, people dream about things that they hardly ever experience

b. There is a large amount of continuity between the content of dreams and people’s waking thoughts

c. If one falls asleep in front of the television or with the radio on, the external stimuli can invade the dream

d. Much of the content of dreams is stable across cultures, with a few predictable cultural differences

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 23

23) This sleep disorder is defined as the chronic difficulty to fall asleep, stay asleep, and/or obtain a restful sleep

a. Narcolepsy

b. Parasomnia

c. Insomnia

d. Sleep apnea

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 24

24) The sufferers of this sleep disorder experience hundreds of episodes a night, during which the brain and body do not receive enough oxygen

a. Narcolepsy

b. Obstructive sleep apnea

c. REM sleep behaviour disorder

d. Insomnia

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 25

25) If you awaken to find your roommate seemingly acting out his dream by knocking things off of his nightstand, attempting to jump around the room, and talking, he likely has this parasomnia

a. Somnilogy

b. REM sleep behaviour disorder

c. Somnambulism

d. Night terrors

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 26

26) Judah is 5 years old, and his parents are concerned because they have found him cleaning up his toys late at night several times this week. When they try to ask him what he is doing he is unresponsive, but after a few minutes he will walk back to his room and sleep on the floor. Judah most likely has this parasomnia

a. Somnambulism

b. REM sleep behaviour disorder

c. Narcolepsy

d. Night terrors

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 27

27) Which of the following statements regarding narcolepsy is FALSE?

a. Narcolepsy sufferers may begin to dream vividly the moment they fall asleep

b. Narcolepsy is associated with a dysfunction in the ability of the brain to produce the hormone hypocretin

c. Narcolepsy sufferers may fall asleep while driving a car or operating machinery

d. During narcoleptic sleeps the normal progression from NREM to REM occurs in only 60 minutes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 28

28) Sociocognitive theorists who argue that hypnosis is similar to a placebo response, meaning that hypnosis is dependent on a person believing that he or she is being hypnotized, take this view

a. Nonstate

b. Special state

c. Imagination

d. Magical thinking

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 29

29) All of the following are examples of techniques that transcendental meditation might recommend, EXCEPT

a. noticing the way the breath enters and leaves the body at the point of the nostrils

b. repeating a sound or word continuously

c. placing one’s attention on a specific part of one’s body

d. focusing one’s attention on everything rather than one thing, but to responding to nothing

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 30

30) Any substance with properties that affect mental life or consciousness is called a(n)

a. Illicit drug

b. Psychoactive drug

c. Psychedelic drug

d. Psychiatric drug

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 2, Question 31

31) Because of a variety of scientific and public biases, this drug was mistakenly thought to lead to Parkinson’s disease

a. Cocaine

b. MDMA

c. Methamphetamine

d. Heroin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 32

32) Which of the following is not among the classic set of defining characteristics of addiction?

a. Withdrawal

b. Tolerance

c. Craving

d. Toxicity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 33

33) Tolerance refers to the fact that the effect of a drug

a. increases as a person uses higher doses

b. becomes more toxic as a person increases the dos

c. decreases as a person uses the same does

d. becomes less toxic as a person increases the dose

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 34

34) This classic effect of drug addiction is sometimes the result of the body experiencing removal of the drug as a harmful event

a. Withdrawal

b. Tolerance

c. Craving

d. Toxicity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 35

35) The term narcotic generally refers to these drugs

a. Opioids

b. Barbiturates

c. Benzodiazepines

d. Hypnotics

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 36

36) Use of this class of hypnotic drugs along with heroin increases the risk of overdose nearly 28 times

a. alkaloids

b. benzodiazepines

c. anti-psychotics

d. beta-blockers

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 37

37) Compared to cocaine, the effects of amphetamines are said to be harsher because

a. the highs are longer-lasting

b. the withdrawal is more psychological than physical

c. the experience is less likely to result in euphoria

d. the increased energy lasts about 15 minutes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 38

38) Which of the following statements is evidence that caffeine is not “addictive” in the classical sense of the word?

a. Some caffeine users have attempted to quit or cut down and found it quite difficult

b. Caffeine users generally do not typically take serious risks to obtain the drug

c. Caffeine users devote most of their time in attempts to locate caffeine

d. Non-fatal overdoses on caffeine are uncommon

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 39

39) The percentage of people who begin smoking after age 18 is approximately

a. 50%

b. 40%

c. 20%

d. 10%

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 40

40) All of the following statements about adolescents and smoking are true, EXCEPT:

a. Cigarette advertisers historically have targeted adolescents

b. Adolescents are more prone to risky behaviour

c. Adolescents understand the importance of long-term consequences of behaviour

d. Adolescent smokers “infect” their friends though peer influence and peer selection

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 41

41) Alcohol tends to produce some positive benefits like feelings of relaxation, well-being, interest in conversation, and sociability when

a. a person is drinking wine

b. the dose of alcohol is small

c. the primary drink is beer

d. a person ingests three to four drinks in an hour

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 42

42) This depressant drug had initially been marketed as a food supplement for body builders until it was discovered that it was being abused as a psychoactive drug

a. GHB

b. Rohypnol

c. Xanax

d. Ephedrine

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 43

43) The psychedelic drugs peyote, LSD, and mushrooms are similar in that

a. the potential for dependence on these drugs is exceptionally low

b. the psychological effects are invariant from one person to the next

c. use of the drugs is much more common in an urban cultural setting

d. the experience of using has many psychological benefits

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 44

44) All of the following statements about the safety of Ecstasy are supported by research, EXCEPT:

a. Most of these risks of Ecstasy use appear to result from extremely heavy use

b. Ecstasy has not been proven to cause brain damage in humans

c. There have been very few deaths reliably attributed to Ecstasy taken alone

d. Ecstasy is the safest drug to be taken along with alcohol

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 45

45) The psychoactive ingredient in all types of cannabis is known as

a. 5HT-2

b. GHB

c. THC

d. LSD

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 46

46) Which of the following statements regarding the potential for harm following from use of cannabis is true?

a. No evidence exists that marijuana use leads to an increased risk of mortality from lung disease

b. Dependence on cannabis is likely to occur after very heavy long-term recreational use

c. Marijuana smoke does not contain as much of hazardous tar that cigarette smoke contains

d. Cannabis has a safety ratio about equal to alcohol

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 47

47) Opium is one of the oldest psychoactive substances known to mankind; however, it is not a drug itself, but contains a number of

a. Alkaloids

b. Opioids

c. Metaboloids

d. Lipids

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 48

48) Most modern researchers and practitioners prefer to use this word instead of the word addiction

a. Tolerance

b. Dependence

c. Withdrawal

d. Craving

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 49

49) Though neuroscientific studies of the brains of meditators have revealed significant differences between meditating brains and non-meditating brains, one can be skeptical of the fact that

a. the research also showed an increase in cortical activation in meditators

b. the research demonstrated that meditators must practice meditation before it has an effect on the brain

c. the research represents a correlation between meditation and brain changes, but not a causal link

d. the research suggests that consciousness changes substantially during meditation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 2, Chapter 6, Question 50

50) More users who try this stimulant ultimately become dependent upon it than any other drug, including heroin and cocaine

a. Amphetamine

b. Nicotine

c. Ecstasy

d. Methamphetamine

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 51

51) Even when two people have the same experience—say, listening to the same piece of music—the experience is different because each person has her or his own consciousness

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 52

52) According to the “hard problem” of consciousness, even if we grant that consciousness is a property of the brain, we still have no idea how consciousness arises from the brain.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 53

53) The pervasive use of cell phones and computers at bedtime among young people has increased sleep time and decreased daytime sleepiness

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 54

54) Melatonin inhibits the brain’s mechanisms for promoting wakefulness—allowing various other sleep-related mechanisms to do their work “unopposed” by a drive for wakefulness.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 55

55) During Stage 4 sleep you may be vaguely aware of your environment, and some of you may experience hypnogogia.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 56

56) It is easy to know the difference between being asleep and being awake because the sleep homeostat helps us understand when we have passed from waking into sleep.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 57

57) During REM sleep you do not act out your dreams because the motor muscles of the body are inhibited.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 58

58) Each stage of the sleep cycle lasts 90 minutes and occurs only once during a full night’s sleep.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 59

59) Evidence shows that sleep improves memory for events one has experienced as well as for facts and skills.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 60

60) Sigmund Freud believed that dreams are the brain’s attempt to solve problems during sleep or regulate mood carried over from the previous day.

a. True

b. False

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 61

61) _ means that consciousness can only be experienced by some sort of being and cannot exist independent of its “owner.”

a. Subjectivity

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 62

62) In human beings, sleep and wakefulness are regulated in part by the numerous cycles experienced each day (body temperature, hormonal activity, mental alertness, etc.). These rhythms are kept on schedule and synchronized with one another by the __.

a. Circadian pacemaker

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 63

63) If not enough sleep occurs on a given night relative to the amount you normally require, __ is built up, and you will feel pressure to “make up” the lost sleep

a. Sleep debt

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 64

64) During normal wakefulness, brain waves tend to be of the _ type—very rapid, relatively narrow oscillations. In some extremely relaxed wakeful states where eyes are closed, however (e.g., meditation), lower-frequency _ waves may predominate

a. Beta; alpha

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 65

65) Because it is not always clear exactly what should or should not be considered a “dream,” researchers often use the term ________________to describe any and all mental activity that occurs during sleep.

a. Sleep mentation

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 66

66) In a(n) _____________ there is a sense of being one’s “real self” in the dream with a consciousness similar to that of waking consciousness.

a. Lucid dream

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 67

67) As many as 30 percent to 50 percent of all Americans experience at least symptoms of ____________ at some point, but only about 2 percent to 10 percent Americans suffer from the chronic form of the sleep disorder

a. Insomnia

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 68

68) REM typically begins immediately at sleep onset for people with __________, rather than following 90 minutes of NREM as would normally be the case

a. Narcolepsy

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 69

69) The larger the _____________ of a drug, the less toxic the drug is given the dosages normally used

a. Safety ratio

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 6 - Question 70

70) Research suggests that ____________ is less addictive than smoking, with true addiction occurring only at very high doses taken over prolonged periods

a. Alcohol

b. Type second 'blank' here if more than one possible answer e.g. two different spellings.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 6, Question 71

71) Describe the three characteristics of consciousness known as qualitativeness, subjectivity, and unity. In doing so, provide examples of the “hard problem” of understanding consciousness and its relationship to the notion of dualism.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 6, Question 72

72) During the course of the sleep cycle, our brain activity changes in stages. Describe all five stages of sleep, including the characteristic brain waves and sleep disorders that might accompany each stage. Make sure to distinguish between the four NREM stages and REM sleep.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 6, Question 73

73) Hypnosis and meditation are less understood then some other altered states of consciousness. Describe the special-state vs. nonstate debate using examples of studies of hypnotic induction procedures. Also, comment on how meditation differs from hypnosis.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 6, Question 74

74) Scientific and societal understanding of drugs and expectations about drug use vary. Use cigarette smoking, drinking, and marijuana smoking as examples to describe some of the myths of drug use as well as some of the evidence for harmful effects.