Chapter 5: The Context of Women and Girls’ Offending for Specific Crimes

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Who is the fastest-growing segment of substance users in the United States?

A. men

B. adolescents

C. women

D. elderly

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drugs and Alcohol: Substance Use, Abuse, and Selling (SUAS)

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Criminalizing the use of drugs/alcohol while pregnant is an example of which of the following?

A. net-widening

B. gender-specific law

C. moral panic

D. decriminalization

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Drugs and Alcohol: Substance Use, Abuse, and Selling (SUAS)

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Which of the following gender difference in substance use, abuse, and selling has been documented by scholars?

A. Men/boys are more likely to report using drugs to lose weight.

B. Women/girls are more likely to be in a position to exchange sex/companionships for drugs.

C. Men/boys are more likely to self-medicate in order to cope with trauma.

D. Women/girls use a larger variety of drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Drugs and Alcohol: Substance Use, Abuse, and Selling (SUAS)

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Women and girls are more likely to be introduced to drugs by whom?

A. parents

B. peers

C. husbands/boyfriends

D. siblings

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Acquiring and Reasons for Trying and Using Substances

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Men and boys are more likely to be introduced to drugs by ______.

A. parents

B. siblings

C. wives/girlfriends

D. male friends

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Acquiring and Reasons for Trying and Using Substances

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Girls/women are more likely to both begin and continue to use drugs for which reason?

A. self-medication

B. recreation

C. pleasure

D. thrill-seeking

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Acquiring and Reasons for Trying and Using Substances

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The process by which girls prematurely assume adult responsibilities in families is referred to as ______.

A. transformation

B. adultification

C. adjudication

D. disqualification

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Acquiring and Reasons for Trying and Using Substances

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Research has shown a strong relationship between risky drinking during pregnancy and ______.

A. economic marginalization

B. career decisions

C. minor family dysfunction

D. marital separation

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Alcohol

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Which is considered to be the most widely used illicit substance worldwide?

A. alcohol

B. cannabis

C. methamphetamine

D. steroids

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Marijuana/Cannabis

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Women methamphetamine users are predominantly ______.

A. African American

B. Indigenous

C. Latinx

D. White

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Methamphetamine

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Which statement pertaining to women methamphetamine users is true?

A. They are predominantly African American.

B. They are married.

C. They typically started using marijuana and alcohol prior to methamphetamine use.

D. They started using in their early adulthood years.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Methamphetamine

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. The most common reason girls/women give for using meth is ______.

A. to party

B. to get high

C. because close friends or partners did

D. to lose weight

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Methamphetamine

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which type of substance abuse was identified as being a predominantly female-crime related?

A. alcohol

B. marijuana/cannabis

C. crack

D. nonmedical prescription drugs

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nonmedical Prescription Drugs (NMPDs)

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Which nonmedical prescription drug use gender difference is associated with men?

A. They are less likely to indicate guilt or remorse.

B. They believe it’s okay because doctors prescribe it to some people.

C. They cite its legitimacy because others do it.

D. They engaged in less risky behaviors.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Nonmedical Prescription Drugs (NMPDs)

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. The advent of ______ intensified the sexual degradation of women.

A. methamphetamine

B. crack

C. marijuana/cannabis

D. nonmedical prescription drugs

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crack

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Which of the following categories of crack-using women had the highest status and the most control over their lives due to their ability to cook powder cocaine to form crack?

A. hookers

B. older struggling rookies

C. queens of the scene

D. hustlers

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Crack

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. How would you categorize women who “work” as criminals but not sex workers to support their habits?

A. hookers

B. older struggling rookies

C. queens of the scene

D. hustlers

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Crack

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Women crack cocaine users who use sex work (prostitution) to support their habits are categorized as ______.

A. hookers

B. older struggling rookies

C. queens of the scene

D. hustlers

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Crack

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. A woman crack cocaine user who had no histories of drug using or other illegal activities until their 30s and is unemployed, concerned with social approval would be categorized as which of the following?

A. hookers

B. older struggling rookies

C. queens of the scene

D. hustlers

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Crack

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Women who gain access to drug selling do so through whom?

A. parents

B. siblings

C. peers

D. husbands/boyfriends

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Selling/Dealing Drugs

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which crime is considered to be more serious than the rest?

A. pickpocketing

B. robbery

C. larceny-theft

D. burglary

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theft, Burglary, and Robbery

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Stereotypes link women/girls with which of the following types of property crimes?

A. arson

B. burglary

C. robbery

D. shoplifting

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Theft

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Which method do men typically use to commit robbery, according to Miller (1998)?

A. physical violence and/or a gun

B. target female victims

C. work with friends, relatives, or others

D. promise sexual favors but do not deliver

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Robbery

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. The primary strategy that women used to commit a robbery was identified ______.

A. using physical violence and/or a gun

B. targeting female victims

C. working with friends, relatives, or others

D. promising sexual favors but do not deliver

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Robbery

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. The term viccing, which is specific to sex workers, is associated with which crime?

A. arson

B. robbery

C. theft

D. burglary

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Robbery

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. The least studied topic in the field of criminology, according to Dodge (2013), is the gendered structure of ______.

A. violent crime

B. property crime

C. white-collar crime

D. victimless crime

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: White-Collar Crimes (WCCs)

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Theft or misuse of an organization’s assets is referred to as ______.

A. asset misappropriation

B. corruption

C. false statements

D. forgery

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: White-Collar Crimes (WCCs)

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. If an employee misuses an organization’s assets, they are committing what type of occupation fraud offense?

A. fraudulent statements

B. asset misappropriation

C. consumer fraud

D. corruption

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: White-Collar Crimes (WCCs)

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. If an employee were to wrongfully use their influence in business transactions to obtain benefits for themselves that were contrary to duties to their employer, they would be committing what type of occupational fraud offense?

A. fraudulent statements

B. asset misappropriation

C. consumer fraud

D. corruption

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: White-Collar Crimes (WCCs)

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. If someone were to falsify their organization’s records or documents, they would be committing which type of occupational fraud offense?

A. asset misappropriation

B. consumer fraud

C. fraudulent statements

D. corruption

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: White-Collar Crimes (WCCs)

Difficulty Level: Hard

31. Which of the following occupational fraud offenses is distinctly linked to being male, educated, and holding a higher level position in the organization?

A. fraudulent statement

B. asset misappropriation

C. consumer fraud

D. corruption

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: White-Collar Crimes (WCCs)

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. Women have “flourished” in which type of white-collar crime?

A. forgery

B. consumer fraud

C. embezzlement

D. falsification of records

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: White-Collar Crimes (WCCs)

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. A sex worker/prostitute who performs the sexual act for a fee is considered to be a ______.

A. seller

B. buyer

C. facilitator

D. organizer

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex Work and Prostitution

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. According to research on sex work and prostitution, men and boys were more likely to be which of the following?

A. sellers

B. facilitators

C. buyers

D. organizers

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sex Work and Prostitution

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. Individuals who do sex work do it primarily for which reason?

A. money

B. thrill

C. pleasure

D. drugs

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Work and Prostitution

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Which of the following is considered to be a correlate of sex trading status?

A. higher education

B. race

C. child sexual abuse

D. familial support

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sex Work and Prostitution

Difficulty Level: Hard

37. Child abductions in the media are often sensationalized when the child are ______.

A. Indigenous

B. Latinx

C. African American

D. White

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Child Abductions/Kidnappings

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. The killing of one’s infant in the first 24 hr of life is referred to as ______.

A. eldercide

B. neonaticide

C. filicide

D. infanticide

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Filicides

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. ______ refers to the killing of one’s baby who is less than a year, but more than 1 day old.

A. Filicide

B. Eldercide

C. Neonaticide

D. Infanticide

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Filicides

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. The killing of one’s own child who is up to 18 years old is referred to as ______.

A. eldercide

B. neonaticide

C. filicide

D. infanticide

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Filicides

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. Large national U.S. studies have consistently identified ______ as a gender-neutral offense.

A. filicide

B. eldercide

C. neonaticide

D. infanticide

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Filicides

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Which of the following statements pertaining to paternal filicides is true?

A. The children are younger.

B. The filicide was planned.

C. The parent is younger than the other parent.

D. The parent was previously violent to the child.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Filicides

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. In maternal filicides, studies show that ______.

A. the parent was violent with other children in the home

B. the child is generally healthy

C. the killing is altruistic

D. the killing is motivated by revenge

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Filicides

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Which of the following characteristics is associated with women/girls who commit neonaticide?

A. They are very young.

B. They are married.

C. They are violent.

D. They are affluent.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Filicides

Difficulty Level: Hard

45. If a mother is distracted or inattentive, and killed their child unintentionally, she would be an offender who committed ______.

A. fatal child neglect

B. assisted or coerced

C. abuse related

D. neonaticide

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Filicides

Difficulty Level: Hard

46. Fighting other members of the gang for a designated period of time is an example of being ______.

A. born in

B. blessed in

C. jumped in

D. walked in

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Brief History of Feminist Gang Scholarship

Difficulty Level: Hard

47. Which is considered to be the strongest predictor of gang membership?

A. familial ties

B. alcohol and drug use

C. race/ethnicity

D. involvement in delinquent behaviors

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gangs and Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Hagedorn and Devitt (1999) found that African American women gang members’ fights were more likely over ______ issues.

A. respect and jealousy

B. representation

C. status

D. gang solidarity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gangs and Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. The biggest risk factor for gang involvement is ______.

A. prior delinquency

B. living in a neighborhood where gangs are prevalent

C. alcohol and drug use

D. poor parental supervision

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Girls Join Gangs

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. What is the primary reason why girls join gangs?

A. sense of belonging

B. respite from the harsh environments

C. safety and protection

D. status

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Girls Join Gangs

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Research on substance use, abuse, and selling (SUAS) has historically been conducted on men.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drugs and Alcohol: Substance Use, Abuse, and Selling (SUAS)

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Substance use, abuse, and selling (SUAS) is largely female-gender-related behavior for alcohol and most drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Drugs and Alcohol: Substance Use, Abuse, and Selling (SUAS)

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Gender-specific laws criminalize one gender/sex.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Drugs and Alcohol: Substance Use, Abuse, and Selling (SUAS)

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Among adolescents and adults, alcohol use is considered to be a female-gender-related behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Type of Substance Abused

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Nonmedical prescription drug use (NMPDU) is a crime with little or no gender gap.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nonmedical Prescription Drugs (NMPDs)

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Gender differences in selling drugs indicate that it is much tougher for women than men to break into the drug market.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Selling/Dealing Drugs

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Women’s drug selling may be a better indication of the feminization of poverty than of women’s increased drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Selling/Dealing Drugs

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. White-collar crime is considered to be a gender-neutral-related crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: White-Collar Crimes (WCCs)

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Sex workers typically agree with the classification of as a vice or victimless offense.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Work and Prostitution

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Sex work offenses appear to be highly correlated with the feminization of poverty.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Work and Prostitution

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Eldercide, the homicide of an elderly person, is considered to be a male-gender-related homicide.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Homicide

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Women are more likely than men to kill current or former intimate partners.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intimate Partner Homicides (IPHs)

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Women who commit neonaticide are disproportionately younger, poor, have no partner, attempt to conceal the pregnancy and the baby, and kill nonviolently, usually through abandonment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Filicides

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. For both girls and boys, peer influence/pressure is the motivation for committing offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gangs and Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. There are no gender differences in gang members’ fighting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gangs and Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Research consistently reports delinquency and criminal behavior are more prevalent in young men’s than young women’s gangs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gangs and Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The strongest predictor of gang membership is gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gangs and Criminal Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. The only reason that girls join gangs is for safety and protection.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Girls Join Gangs

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Research on boys/men in gangs as fathers is nonexistent.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bargaining With Patriarchy

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Girls’ length of membership in gangs is shorter than boys, which is evidence of their independence and agency.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bargaining With Patriarchy

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Outline the eight gender differences in substance use, abuse, and selling (SUAS).

2. Identify and discuss the four categories of crack-using woman as identified by Sterk (1999).

3. Explain the reason why white-collar crime is still a male-related crime. Do you agree with the reason? Why or why not?

4. Discuss the reasons why girls join gangs.

5. What does the concept of bargaining with patriarchy explain?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bargaining With Patriarchy

Difficulty Level: Medium