Chapter 4: Accounting for Gender–Crime Patterns

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which term is used to describe the frequency with which various offenses or combinations of offenses are committed?

A. conclusions

B. assumption

C. nature

D. extent

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which of the following crimes is an example of a female-gender-related crime?

A. rape

B. homicide

C. robbery

D. sex work

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Which of the following crimes is an example of a male-gender-related crime?

A. sex work

B. petty theft

C. homicide

D. identity theft

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. The type and seriousness of various offenses are addressed via the ______.

A. extent of offending

B. nature of offending

C. assumptions about offending

D. stereotypes about offending

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) measures crime by looking at ______.

A. arrests

B. victim injuries

C. witness statements

D. court convictions

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Measuring Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The most popular data set used to assess crime rates in the United States is ______.

A. NIBRS

B. UCR

C. NCVS

D. UNODOC

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Measuring Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The biggest shortcoming of the UCR and NIBRS is that ______.

A. they do not include crimes unknown and unreported to the police

B. they only focus on street crimes and exclude other offenses

C. they derive their data from a sample

D. they do not follow respondents who move

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Measuring Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The ______ is survey of representative households from across the country collected by the federal government?

A. UCR

B. NIBRS

C. NCVS

D. UNODOC

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Measuring Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. How frequently does the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compile their data?

A. weekly

B. monthly

C. quarterly

D. yearly

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Measuring Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Which of the following statements pertaining to the NIBRS data is true?

A. It is considered inferior to the UCR.

B. It includes domestic violence.

C. It is nationally representative data.

D. It does not include data on victim injuries.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Measuring Crime

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. In looking at UCR data from 2009 to 2018, which crime was gender-neutral among all ages, but male-gender-related among youth?

A. larceny-theft

B. prostitution

C. commercialized vice

D. embezzlement

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: 2009–2018 Arrest Rates From the UCR

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. According to the author, which crimes have always been female-gender-related?

A. prostitution and commercialized vice

B. commercialized vice and embezzlement

C. embezzlement and larceny-theft

D. larceny-theft and prostitution

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: 2009–2018 Arrest Rates From the UCR

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Harsher policies targeting women and girls in the last third of the 20th century were a result of ______.

A. women’s liberation

B. emancipation

C. civil rights movement

D. moral panic

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Four Options to Describe Gender–Crime Patterns Over Time

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. In patterns of ______, the gender gap widens over time.

A. gender divergence

B. gender stability

C. gender convergence

D. no trend

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Four Options to Describe Gender–Crime Patterns Over Time

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Where gender–crime rates approach each other, it is referred to as ______.

A. no trend

B. gender stability

C. gender convergence

D. gender divergence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Four Options to Describe Gender–Crime Patterns Over Time

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. When gender rates covary; they rise, fall, and stay flat together, it is considered to be a pattern of ______.

A. no trend

B. gender stability

C. gender convergence

D. gender divergence

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Four Options to Describe Gender–Crime Patterns Over Time

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. In times of economic depression, which pattern would be expected?

A. gender stability

B. gender convergence

C. gender divergence

D. no trend

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Four Options to Describe Gender–Crime Patterns Over Time

Difficulty Level: Hard

18. In a tough-on-crime era, what gender pattern is expected?

A. gender divergence

B. gender convergence

C. gender stability

D. no trend

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Four Options to Describe Gender–Crime Patterns Over Time

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. Which pattern is associated with an increase in differences/gaps in crime rates?

A. gender stability

B. gender convergence

C. gender divergence

D. no trend

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Four Options to Describe Gender–Crime Patterns Over Time

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which pattern is consistent with Adler’s (1975) and Simon’s (1975) women’s “liberation” emancipation hypothesis?

A. gender stability

B. gender convergence

C. gender divergence

D. no trend

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Four Options to Describe Gender–Crime Patterns Over Time

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which of the following patterns is examined by Step 1?

A. gender stability

B. gender convergence

C. gender divergence

D. gender instability

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. If a researcher is examining gender-convergence patterns using official UCR data, they are partaking in which of the following steps?

A. Step 1

B. Step 2

C. Step 3

D. Step 4

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Defining the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Hard

23. Which type of data is a better indication of police disproportionately targeting and privileging individuals?

A. arrest data

B. offending rates

C. court convictions

D. self-report

Cognitive Domain: Comprehensions

Answer Location: Defining the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which type of data is considered to a far more accurate measure of the actual crime rate than the others?

A. arrest data

B. self-report data

C. court conviction data

D. recidivism data

Cognitive Domain: Comprehensions

Answer Location: Defining the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. The feminization of poverty is an example of a(n) ______ change.

A. social

B. policy

C. cultural

D. economic

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Defining the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Hard

26. Which step stresses that using police data to assess gender–crime patterns is problematic given how many crimes are unreported and unknown to the police?

A. Step 1

B. Step 2

C. Step 3

D. Step 4

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Most gender-gap crime research uses which type of data?

A. NIBRS

B. NCVS

C. UCR

D. self-reported surveys

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. According to the text, a higher percentage of female than male entanglement in the system is likely a result of ______.

A. disenfranchisement

B. prison pipeline

C. soft on crime policies

D. net-widening

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Defining the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. A key aspect of Step 3 has to do with ______.

A. gender gap

B. net-widening

C. prison pipeline

D. disenfranchisement

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Most research that addresses gender–crime patterns, until the 1990s, reported a tendency toward which of the following?

A. gender convergence

B. gender divergence

C. gender stability

D. no trend

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Defining the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. The finding that women/girls are an increasingly larger percentage of arrests is consistent with which of the following patterns?

A. gender convergence

B. gender divergence

C. gender stability

D. no trend

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Defining the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Which of the following is at least in part due to men’s/boys’ arrest rates decreasing at a steeper rate than women’s/girls’ rates are decreasing?

A. gender convergence

B. gender divergence

C. gender stability

D. no trend

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Defining the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Accounting for changes in economic, social, and political conditions takes place during which step?

A. Step 1

B. Step 2

C. Step 3

D. Step 4

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research Assessing the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Relabeling status crimes as delinquent acts is an example of ______.

A. net-widening

B. moral panic

C. charging down

D. up-criming

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Research Assessing the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. An infraction at a school that was once handled by school officials is now handled by police and the courts is an example of ______.

A. moral panic

B. net-closing

C. charging up

D. down-criming

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Research Assessing the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. DUI data since the 1980s support which of the following patterns?

A. no trend

B. gender stability

C. gender divergence

D. gender convergence

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research Assessing the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. The most recent research shows that the ______ pattern is the most common.

A. no trend

B. gender stability

C. gender convergence

D. gender divergence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Most Recent UCR Data and the Gender–Crime Gap 2009–2018

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. According to the text, most people who break the law do so between the ages of ______.

A. 5 and 14

B. 15 and 24

C. 25 and 34

D. 35 and 44

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Age and Juvenile Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Crimes for juveniles (under the age of 18) are referred to as ______.

A. infractions

B. misdemeanors

C. status offenses

D. felonies

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Age and Juvenile Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Which of the following is an example of a status offense?

A. running away

B. jaywalking

C. DUI

D. arson

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Age and Juvenile Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Hard

41. Triplet and Myers (1995) found that girls were more likely than boys to report ______.

A. being on drugs during the assault

B. beating their victims or attacking them with a weapon

C. having their victims cut or hospitalized

D. hurting their assault victims when the victims were students

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Age and Juvenile Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. According to Triplet and Myers (1995), boys were more likely than girls to report ______.

A. hurting their assault victims when the victims were students

B. running to a friend’s house when they ran away

C. being on drugs during the assault

D. using force for reasons other than to get money

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Age and Juvenile Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Which of the following variables would affect the likelihood that one will turn to crime for survival?

A. race

B. class

C. sex

D. age

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Intersections With Race/Ethnicity and Class

Difficulty Level: Hard

44. According to Diane K. Lewis (1981), ______ women epitomize the type of deviant women the criminal justice system is committed to punish.

A. White

B. Indigenous

C. Black

D. Asian American

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intersections With Race/Ethnicity and Class

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. If a researcher wants to present a more valid measure of offending, they should use which of the following type of data?

A. UCR

b. NCVS

c. NIBRS

D. self-report surveys

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Intersections With Race/Ethnicity and Class

Difficulty Level: Hard

46. The sexualization of girls’ lives can be manifested in delinquency or perceptions of delinquency in which of the following ways?

A. girls who are passive and accepting about the stereotypical prescribed gender roles

B. girls who date boyfriends their age

C. girls with sexual injury in the form of abuse that results in anger, running away, and so on

D. girls who are encouraged to explore lesbian desire

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sexuality and Gender Identity

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. Which term is most often used to represent people who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, trans, queer, transsexual, intersexed, and so on in scholarly studies?

A. LGBTQI+

B. ally

C. gender nonconforming

D. sexual minority status

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexuality and Gender Identity

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. In a study that examines the impact of gender identity on offending, the author found that offending and aggression were more likely in women with ______ identities.

A. masculine

B. feminine

C. androgynous

D. undifferentiated

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexuality and Gender Identity

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which type of research always assumes a heterosexual male subject as a starting and reference point?

A. sexuality

B. gender

C. gang

D. feminist

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexuality and Gender Identity

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Research has found that women with serious mental illness are more likely to ______.

A. have experienced trauma

B. have had a later onset of substance use disorder

C. have been 1-time offenders

D. have committed violent offenses

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Serious Mental Illness (SMI)

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Offenses committed by girls and women tend to be less serious and violent than those committed by boys and men.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Gender-neutral crimes are more likely to be committed by one sex/gender than the other.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Gender comparisons in offending are evaluated by determining which offenses are gender-related and which are gender-neutral.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Historically, legal codes for some offenses were written so that only one sex/gender could be a victim or offender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Most crimes are never reported to the police.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Measuring Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Self-report data are considered to be a far more accurate measure of the actual crime rate than arrest data.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. DUI data since the 1980s support gender divergence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research Assessing the Three Steps

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The most common pattern gender–crime gap research is gender divergence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Most Recent UCR Data and the Gender–Crime Gap 2009–2018

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The main source for measuring U.S. crimes is the Uniform Crime Reports.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Roles of Gender Regarding Co-Offenders, Age, Race, Class, Sexuality and Mental Illness

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. UCR data do not report information on class or socioeconomic status.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Roles of Gender Regarding Co-Offenders, Age, Race, Class, Sexuality and Mental Illness

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Whether an offender commits crimes alone or with others (co-offending) is gendered.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Co-Offending

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Most co-offending is by boys/men.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Co-Offending

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. When women and girls co-offend with men/boys, they tend to commit a narrow range and less violent crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Co-Offending

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Gender differences depending on age do not exist.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Age and Juvenile Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Up-criming is an example of age-related criminal legal system processing.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Age and Juvenile Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. If researchers want to present a more valid measure of offending, they should focus on official CLS statistics presented in reports, such as the UCR.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intersections With Race/Ethnicity and Class

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. The danger in using CLS statistics is that they may be a better reflection of bias rather than offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intersections With Race/Ethnicity and Class

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Race/ethnicity is vital to understanding crime rates.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intersections With Race/Ethnicity and Class

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. According to sexual identify and crime research, girls are more likely to be labeled as delinquents and arrested than SMS boys or non-SMS girls.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexuality and Gender Identity

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Seriously mentally illness intersects with offending, reoffending, substance abuse, and trauma.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Serious Mental Illness (SMI)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Explain why NIBRS is preferable to the UCR?

2. Explain why victimization surveys are preferable to both the UCR and NIBRS.

3. Explain up-criming. Where is it most likely to be used? Do you agree with the practice? Why or why not?

4. Kruttschnitt (1996) points out that ignoring racial variations in gender comparisons of offending is “short-sighted.” Why? Do you agree with Kruttschnitt? Why or why not?

5. Identify the four ways that the sexualization of girls’ lives can be manifested in delinquency or perceptions of delinquency.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexuality and Gender Identity

Difficulty Level: Medium