Chapter 7: Incarcerating, Punishing, and “Treating” Offending Women and Girls

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The systematic gender inequality in power and resources that operates under macro, meso, and micro levels is referred to as ______.

A. hostile sexism

B. structural sexism

C. benevolent sexism

D. societal sexism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Structural sexism that operates at the state level is considered to be ______.

A. macro

B. meso

C. micro

D. mega

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Structural sexism that operates at the individual level is considered to be ______.

A. mega

B. macro

C. meso

D. micro

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Which of the following is an example of a penalty that offending women and men were subjected to in preindustrial societies?

A. incarceration

B. community service

C. probation

D. public ridicule

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Punishment
Difficulty Level: Hard

5. In most countries, Magdalene Houses were run by the state and which church?

A. Protestant

B. Evangelical

C. Catholic

D. Lutheran

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punishment
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The goal of the women reformers during the first wave of reform was to ______.

A. help offending women

B. discipline offending women

C. ridicule offending women

D. punish offending women

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Offending women were often labeled as ______.

A. dishonored women

B. condemned women

C. fallen women

D. disgraced women

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Who was the first penal reformer to focus exclusively on women?

A. Alice Stebbins Wells

B. Freda Alder

D. Jane Addams

D. Elizabeth Fry

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which of the following was identified as one of Elizabeth Fry’s request that was passed by Parliament in 1818?

A. segregating prisons by sex

B. additional training by male wardens

C. improve medical and mental health care

D. provide access to religious material and services

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Women, during the first wave of reform, were typically imprisoned for which crimes?

A. arson

B. petty thefts

C. burglary

D. vandalism

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Which U.S. event in the 1800s resulted in a new class of poor women who filled the jails as prostitutes, vagrants, and thieves?

A. Civil Rights

B. Reconstruction

C. Panic of 1873

D. Civil War

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Women prisoner reformers from the 1870s and 1880s were ______.

A. Quakers

B. nuns

C. prostitutes

D. puritans

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Which of the following is a characteristic of custodial institutions?

A. They are considered traditional prisons.

B. They were designed for women.

C. They rehabilitated inmates.

D. They had a cottage-style architecture.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Which of the following goals is consistent with custodial institutions?

A. rehabilitate inmates

B. confine at the lowest cost, profit if possible

C. provide restoration for the victims of the inmates

D. deter inmates from committing more crime

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Which of the following statements pertaining to reformatories is true?

A. They were structured to support gender stereotypes.

B. They eradicated the custodial institutions.

C. They were designed to house nonviolent male offenders.

D. They focused on making a profit, instead of rehabilitating inmates.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Hard

16. The first women’s reformatory was constructed in ______.

A. England

B. United States

C. Canada

D. Mexico

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Easy

17. In the United States, reformatories largely incarcerated ______ women.

A. White

B. African American

C. Indigenous

D. Latinx

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Reformatories in the United States were established because women activists were concerned with ______ following World War I.

A. vagrancy

B. adultery

C. promiscuity

D. theft

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Reformatories are linked to which type of indeterminate sentencing?

A. suspended sentencing

B. indeterminate sentencing

C. mandatory sentencing

D. determinate sentencing

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Parole during the first wave of reform frequently involved ______.

A. community service

B. charity work

C. indentured servitude

D. farm labor

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The First Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The progressive era is associated with which wave of reform?

A. first wave

B. second wave

C. third wave

D. fourth wave

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Second Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Which of the following statements pertaining to the second wave reformers is true?

A. They based all of their beliefs on biological underpinnings.

B. They were very concerned with moral uplifting.

C. They targeted low wages and limited opportunities for women in work and education.

D. They removed all support for sex-segregated prison systems.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Second Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Hard

23. Many of the women who were sent to reformatories were women convicted of ______ offenses.

A. violent

B. sex

C. property

D. drug

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Second Wave of Reform
Difficulty Level: Medium

24. The reformatory model was seen as the goal for young ______ women.

A. African American

B. Indigenous

C. Latinx

D. White

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex-Segregated Custodial Prisons
Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which country has the highest incarceration rate in the world?

A. Russia

B. China

C. Rwanda

D. United States

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Comparison in Incarceration Rates Over Time
Difficulty Level: Easy

26. The unprecedented increase in incarceration rates is most commonly referred to as the ______.

A. incarceration boom

B. mass incarceration

C. hyper incarceration

D. prison epidemic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Comparison in Incarceration Rates Over Time
Difficulty Level: Easy

27. The most obvious characteristic distinguishing women and girls who have been incarcerated from those who have not is ______.

A. gender

B. class

C. race/ethnicity

D. age

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Significance Yet Invisibility in U.S. Incarceration Data on the Intersections of Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Class
Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Which of the following is identified as an example of a gender stereotype that has been reinforced by the regime of women’s prisons?

A. Women are violent.

B. Women are dirty.

C. Women are childlike.

D. Women are feminine.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Women’s Prison Regime
Difficulty Level: Hard

29. In an ethnography, McCorkel (2013) found that incarcerated women called the female deputy warden ______.

A. madam

B. mom

C. sir

D. dad

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Women’s Prison Regime
Difficulty Level: Easy

30. The set of social technologies that mobilize surveillance, confrontation, humiliation, and discipline for the purposes of breaking down a self that is thought to be diseased is referred to as ______.

A. habilitation

B. degradation

C. reintegration

D. incapacitation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Women’s Prison Regime
Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Most incarcerated parents have, on average, how many minor children?

A. one

B. two

C. three

D. four

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parenthood: A Gender Difference Among Prisoners
Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Which of the following operates by distinguishing mothers’ versus fathers’ responsibilities in caring for their children and the general sexism in employment, housing, education, and access to resources?

A. hostile sexism

B. structural sexism

C. societal sexism

D. benevolent sexism

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Parenthood: A Gender Difference Among Prisoners
Difficulty Level: Hard

33. The idea that mothers are worse parents than fathers from committing crimes that result in their incarceration is an example of ______ sexism.

A. structural

B. benevolent

C. hostile

D. societal

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Parenthood: A Gender Difference Among Prisoners
Difficulty Level: Hard

34. Prison reformatories during the ______ wave of reform allowed babies and children.

A. first

B. second

C. third

D. fourth

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prison Nurseries
Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Historically, women’s prisons vocational training focused on ______.

A. electronics

B. computers

C. tailoring

D. typing

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Educational, Vocational, and Recreational Programs
Difficulty Level: Easy

36. According to the text, much of the current programming in women’s prisoners has a strong ______ theme.

A. Catholic

B. Christian

C. Evangelical

D. Protestant

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Educational, Vocational, and Recreational Programs
Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which physical health problem is more prevalent among incarcerated women than incarcerated men?

A. diabetes

B. hypertension

C. tuberculosis

D. renal disease

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Health Needs and Access to Services
Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which of the following was identified as risk marker for fatal breast cancer?

A. being Latinx

B. being African American

C. being White

D. being Indigenous

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Breast, Gynecology, Prenatal, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Health Care
Difficulty Level: Hard

39. The Hidalgo v. New Mexico Department of Corrections was a pivotal case that highlighted ______ rights.

A. religious

B. medical care

C. breastfeeding

D. humane treatment

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Breast, Gynecology, Prenatal, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Health Care
Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which body part is referred to as the “window on the body?”

A. nose

B. ears

C. mouth

D. eyes

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The “Window on the Body” and Dental Health
Difficulty Level: Easy

41. Which of the following is among the most frequently reported health issues of drug users?

A. dental problems

B. vision problems

C. digestive problems

D. heart condition problems

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The “Window on the Body” and Dental Health
Difficulty Level: Hard

42. Which drug is considered to be particularly impactful on dental health?

A. methamphetamine

B. opioids

C. marijuana

D. cocaine

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The “Window on the Body” and Dental Health
Difficulty Level: Medium

43. In her research, Butler (1997) noted that guards and women had little concern for inmates that were ______.

A. pregnant

B. blind and deaf

C. quadriplegic

D. mentally ill

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Incarcerated Women and Girls With Disabilities
Difficulty Level: Easy

44. Which age-group, according to research, seemed comfortable with the prison life and code?

A. women under 30

B. women in their 30s

C. women in their 40s

D. the older “lifers”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Prison Subculture
Difficulty Level: Easy

45. An analysis of women prisoners in the 1960s and 1970s pointed out that women tend to prioritize ______.

A. work strikes

B. riots

C. widespread litigation

D. family matters

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Prison Subculture
Difficulty Level: Medium

46. According to Hensley and his colleagues, the most predictive characteristic of same-sex sexual activity was sentence length and ______.

A. gender

B. class

C. race

D. age

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Prison Subculture
Difficulty Level: Medium

47. Which model hypothesizes that incarcerated same-sex activities are driven more by social and cultural characteristics that predispose individuals to the subcultural values during incarceration?

A. deprivation

B. situational

C. importation

D. prisonization

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Prison Subculture
Difficulty Level: Medium

48. The ______ model explains sexual activity as due to the denial of access to boys/men combined with the pains of imprisonment.

A. deprivation

B. situational

C. importation

D. prisonization

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Prison Subculture
Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which of the following issues was addressed in the Jordan v. Gardner (1993) court case?

A. freedom of religion

B. mental health care

C. breastfeeding rights

D. cross-gender searches

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sexual Abuse of Women and Girls While Incarcerated
Difficulty Level: Hard

50. Which of the following is consistent with findings from the National Inmate Survey (NIS)?

A. Among men and women’s prisons, there is significant variation in overall risk of sexual victimization.

B. Men are at more significant risk of sexual victimization by inmates than women.

C. Incarcerated women are more at risk of being sexually victimized by staff than they are by other inmates.

D. There appears to be far more variation in sexual victimization rates among gender and race than by individual prisons.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sexual Abuse of Women and Girls While Incarcerated
Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. The first decade of U.S. federal court prisoners’ rights cases greatly benefited women prisoners.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Incarcerated women are more likely than men to file lawsuits against prisons or jails.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Historically, women have been punished more harshly than men for committing adultery.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Prison-sanctioned rape was a common theme in prisons designed for incarcerated men, but holding women.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Punishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The reformatories during the second wave of reform were distinguished by increased professionalism and the incorporation of the medical model.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Second Wave of Reform

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. After the Great Depression, most women were imprisoned in custodial institutions.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex-Segregated Custodial Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. African Americans were highly criminalized under the Black Codes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Racist Segregation and Treatment in Institutions for Girls and Women

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Data on Native American representation in U.S. prisons are readily accessible.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Significance Yet Invisibility in U.S. Incarceration Data on the Intersections of Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Class

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Incarcerated mothers’ sentences tend to be significantly shorter than incarcerated fathers’ because they commit less serious crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parenthood: A Gender Difference Among Prisoners

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Research has consistently found that children fare much worse when their mothers than when their fathers are incarcerated.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Impacts on the Children of Incarcerated Mothers

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. New York’s Bedford Hills women’s state prison nursery, established in 1901, is the longest running and one of the most comprehensive prison nurseries in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prison Nurseries

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Some scholars identify incarcerated women as the individuals in the United States with the most serious health problems in the entire population in or out of prison.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Health Needs and Access to Services

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Premature mortality is defined as dying between the ages of 24 and 47.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Health Needs and Access to Services

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Jail and prison staff are more lenient to inmates who are pregnant and/or have recently given birth.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Breast, Gynecological, Prenatal, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Health Care

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. There are highly inconsistent policies and practices across U.S. prisons and jails regarding prenatal care, access to requested abortions, and freedom from forced or coerced sterilization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Breast, Gynecological, Prenatal, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Health Care
Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Research has found that incarcerated girls and women are far less likely than incarcerated boys/men to have a traumatic brain injury due to an assault.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Incarcerated Women and Girls With Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. The prison subculture has to do with prisoners’ norms and values.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Prison Subculture

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Deprivation and importation models are used to explain incarcerated women’s and girls’ sexual behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Prison Subculture

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Dentistry in prisons is not considered a gendered issue.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The “Window on the Body” and Dental Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Research has found that women prison workers perpetrate a considerable amount of sexual coercion of incarcerated men and that some of the coercion is violent.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Abuse of Women and Girls While Incarcerated

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Distinguish between custodial institutions and reformatories

2. Discuss the second wave of reform. What characteristics distinguished the reformatories during that era? Was the approach considered to be more feminist than the previous wave of reform? How?

3. Identify the factors that coalesced to impact African American women’s incarceration, per feminist prison scholar, Jill McCorkel’s (2013) research. Do you agree with McCorkel? Why or why not?

4. What is the significance of Hidalgo v. New Mexico Department of Corrections court case?

5. Distinguish between the deprivation model and importation models that are used to explain incarcerated women’s and girls’ sexual behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Prison Subculture

Difficulty Level: Medium