Health, Population, And The Environment Test Bank Docx Ch.15

Sociology: Brief, 13e (Schaefer)

Chapter 15 Health, Population, and the Environment

1) The World Health Organization refers to "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity" as

A) euphoria.

B) health.

C) happiness.

D) well-being.

2) An individual determines whether or not he or she is healthy based on

A) objective and agreed-upon criteria established by the medical community.

B) criteria established by themselves; their relatives, friends, and co-workers; and medical practitioners.

C) criteria established by the World Health Organization.

D) body temperature.

3) The concept of the sick role is associated with which perspective?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

4) Which of the following statements regarding the medicalization of society is true?

A) Medicine has slightly expanded its domain of expertise in recent decades.

B) As an agent of social control, medicine has incorporated chiropractors and nurse-midwives into the realm of acceptable medicine.

C) Nurse-midwives do not need special licensing to achieve professional respectability.

D) Physicians continue to exert power to ensure midwifery remains a subordinate occupation.

5) Talcott Parsons believed physicians function as ________ for the sick role by verifying a patient's condition as illness or designating the patient as recovered.

A) functionalists

B) gatekeepers

C) negotiators

D) ambassadors

6) Sociologist Talcott Parsons suggests that the doctor-patient relationship is somewhat like that between

A) parent and child.

B) peers.

C) teacher and students.

D) nurse and patient.

7) Which of the following sociological perspectives observes that the nature of provider-patient can reduce the quality of care?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Interactionist perspective

C) Global perspective

D) Conflict perspective

8) Which sociological perspective suggests that the term medicalization of society refers to the growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Labeling perspective

9) The medicalization of society refers to the

A) growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control.

B) dominance of hospitals by boards of directors with medical backgrounds.

C) election of medical specialists to high offices in government.

D) approach in which medical experts define all of the illnesses or diseases in our society.

10) Which of the following is a way in which medicine manifests as social control?

A) Through a greatly expanded domain of expertise

B) By retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures

C) By spending more, comparably, on advertising

D) Both through a greatly expanded domain of expertise and by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures

11) Which theoretical perspective views medicine as a form of social control?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

12) What term refers to the process of medical experts becoming influential in proposing and assessing relevant public policies?

A) Medical matrix

B) Medical model

C) Medical maze

D) Medical monolith

13) Which of the following perspectives suggests that behaviors viewed today as mental illnesses may not really be illnesses?

A) Labeling perspective

B) Feminist perspective

C) Global perspective

D) Conflict perspective

14) The immigration to the U.S. of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed in their home countries is referred to as

A) medicalization.

B) techno-flow.

C) brain drain.

D) golden opportunity.

15) The controlling factor for the functionalist perspective is

A) the medical profession.

B) the physician as a gatekeeper.

C) social inequities.

D) medicalization.

16) The infant mortality rate reflects which of the following?

A) Infant screening measures

B) Dental visits

C) Immunizations

D) Postnatal procedures

17) Just as police and judges can define certain people as criminal, so can health care professionals define who is "sick." This power is described by

A) the sick role.

B) medicalization.

C) the labeling theory.

D) the brain drain.

18) Which of the following sociological perspectives emphasizes the doctor-patient relationship and the interaction of medical staff?

A) Interactionist perspective

B) Global perspective

C) Functionalist perspective

D) Conflict perspective

19) Which sociological perspective would emphasize how inequalities in health care have clear life-and-death consequences for some due to the unequal distribution of resources?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

20) In examining health, illness, and medicine as a social institution, which sociological perspective generally focuses on micro-level study of the roles played by health care professionals and patients?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

21) Social epidemiology is defined as the

A) total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time.

B) total number of communicable diseases that exist at a given time.

C) study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population.

D) total number of cases of infant deaths for a given population during a specific period of time.

22) Which of the following statements regarding social epidemiology is true?

A) Epidemiologists only concentrate on the scientific study of epidemics.

B) Epidemiology is very narrow.

C) Epidemiologists draw on the work of a wide variety of scientists and researchers.

D) Epidemiology is the study of the rate of mortality.

23) Morbidity rates are the

A) incidence of diseases in a given population.

B) number of new cases of a specific disorder occurring within a given population during a stated period of time.

C) incidence of death in a given population.

D) total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time.

24) Mortality rates are the

A) incidence of diseases in a given population.

B) number of new cases of a specific disorder occurring within a given population during a stated period of time.

C) incidence of death in a given population.

D) total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time.

25) Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that policymakers have been slow to respond to the AIDS crisis because those in high-risk groups, such as gay men and intravenous drug users, are comparatively powerless?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

26) In the United States, the fear of contracting AIDS has likely led to changes in sexual behavior among both homosexuals and heterosexuals. Which sociological perspective would focus on these changes in sexual relationships?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Feminist perspective

27) Research in the United States and other countries has consistently shown that people in the lower classes have

A) lower mortality rates.

B) higher rates of mortality and disability.

C) lower rates of cancer and heart disease.

D) both higher rates of mortality and disability and lower rates of cancer and heart disease.

28) Mexican Americans may interpret their illnesses according to traditional practices and seek treatment in the form of curanderismo, which refers to

A) satanic worship.

B) euthanasia.

C) holistic health care.

D) traditional medicine.

29) Sociologist Howard Waitzkin suggested that racial tensions helped explain which of the following?

A) Breast cancer

B) Diabetes

C) Hypertension

D) Lung disease

30) Which of the following has been a barrier for research on women's health?

A) Women do not want to be researched.

B) Women have often been excluded from clinical studies.

C) Medical research is difficult to do on women.

D) Women are not compensated for their time in health research.

31) According to Mexican American curanderismo, susto refers to

A) fright sickness.

B) fighting attack.

C) mental illness.

D) fake illness.

32) Which of the following is true about the health care Latinos receive?

A) Health care is poor due to cultural differences.

B) Latinos receive more preventive care from primary physicians.

C) Latinos are more likely to seek treatment in clinics and emergency rooms.

D) It is a myth that Latinos' cultural beliefs affect their use of the health care system.

33) Which of the following perspectives points out that historically LGBT people and their families have encountered intolerance similar to that faced by racial and ethnic minorities?

A) Interactionist perspective

B) Global perspective

C) Conflict perspective

D) Functionalist perspective

34) Which of the following statements regarding gender identity is true?

A) Today, the number of studies dealing with wellness issues is vast.

B) Many medical professionals and service providers have received training on gender identities.

C) Same sex couples have always had access to their partners' health insurance benefits.

D) Research in mental health illness is limited and should be addressed.

35) Which sociological perspective supports the notion that established physicians and medical school professors serve as mentors or role models who transmit knowledge, skills, and values to the passive learner—the medical student?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Feminist perspective

36) Which of the following factors has contributed to the rise in the cost of health care in the United States?

A) The system is highly efficient.

B) Health care is profit-driven.

C) The young population is consuming less health care that previously thought.

D) Pharmaceutical companies are developing generic, low-cost prescription drugs.

37) Which of the following perspectives suggests that established physicians and medical school professors serve as mentors or role models who transmit knowledge to the passive learner?

A) Conflict perspective

B) Functionalist perspective

C) Global perspective

D) Feminist perspective

38) Which type of medicine refers to therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics?

A) Traditional

B) Ayurveda

C) Holistic

D) Homeopathy

39) If a nonmainstream practice is used in place of conventional medicine, it's considered

A) complementary.

B) alternative.

C) holistic.

D) traditional.

40) If a nonmainstream practice is used together with conventional medicine, it's considered

A) alternative.

B) holistic.

C) complementary.

D) traditional.

41) Massages, respiratory experiences, and the use of herbs as remedies are considered

A) traditional medicine practices.

B) holistic medicine practices.

C) useless medicine practices.

D) leisure practices.

42) Which of the following is true of public perceptions about mental illness in the U.S. since 1950?

A) People have become much more likely to associate "violence" with "mental illness."

B) The general public has become less sophisticated about mental illness.

C) People have turned more often to holistic remedies for mental illnesses.

D) The general public has become less open to disclosure, recognition, and response to mental health problems.

43) The labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups are known as

A) biases.

B) slurs.

C) stereotypes.

D) stigmas.

44) The scientific study of population is known as

A) geology.

B) geography.

C) demography.

D) anthropology.

45) The level of reproduction in a society is referred to as

A) the birth rate.

B) fertility.

C) mortality.

D) morbidity.

46) Once a decade, the U.S. Constitution requires that all residents in the nation be counted. To that end, each household completes a survey with the number of individuals who live there. This enumeration is more commonly known as a

A) poll.

B) sampling.

C) census.

D) canvass.

47) The measure that consists of the number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year is known as the

A) fertility rate.

B) total fertility rate.

C) growth rate.

D) birthrate.

48) Which of the following is a component of the pretransition stage of demographic transition?

A) High birth rates and death rates with little population growth.

B) Declining death rates, along with low to medium fertility, resulting in significant population growth.

C) Low birth rates and death rates with little population growth.

D) High death rates, with low fertility.

49) The state of a population in which the number of births plus immigrants equals the number of deaths plus emigrants is known as the

A) zero population growth.

B) growth rate.

C) birth rate.

D) mortality rate.

50) The movement of 1.6 million African Americans from the rural South to northern cities between 1916 and 1930 is a historic American example of

A) diaspora.

B) immigration.

C) emigration.

D) migration.

51) The term ________ refers to the relatively permanent movement of people, with the purpose of changing their place of residence, usually over a distance greater than from one side of a city to another.

A) migration

B) immigration

C) emigration

D) deindustrialization

52) Which area of study is concerned with the interrelationships between people and their physical environment?

A) human relations approach

B) human ecology

C) activity theory

D) humanism

53) Which perspective would place a priority on the fact that many major environmental organizations accept funding from oil companies and chemical giants and as a result emphasize limited reform rather than profound structural change?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Feminist perspective

54) A legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards is referred to as

A) environmental prejudice.

B) treadmill production.

C) principled injustice.

D) environmental justice.

55) Erin Brockovich, a movie that features Julia Roberts, examines a true-life event that revolved around environmental pollution in a working-class community by a major utility corporation that was apparently unconcerned about the long-term effects of the pollution on community residents. This movie illustrates which sociological concept?

A) Environmental racism

B) Environmental justice

C) Demographic transition

D) Demographic intransigence

56) What reason do skeptics of conflict-based explanations give for why 43 percent of the people who live within 1 mile of hazardous waste treatment facilities in the U.S. do so?

A) Racial and ethnic minorities possess less power than others.

B) Economics and discriminatory forces push them to live in these places.

C) They like to live there due to the low housing prices.

D) They choose to live in these ecological oases.

57) Which of the following perspectives sees the despoliation of the environment through the lens of world systems analysis?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

58) Which of the following sociological perspectives stresses efforts by informed individuals and groups to reduce their carbon footprint?

A) Functionalists

B) Feminists

C) Interactionists

D) Globalists

59) The Exxon Valdez incident in 1989 illustrates the nature of

A) air pollution.

B) water pollution.

C) nuclear contamination.

D) land pollution.

60) Urban air pollution is causes primarily by emissions from

A) electric power plants.

B) automobiles.

C) nuclear plants.

D) heavy industries.

61) As part of which international agreement did representatives of 195 nations meet outside Paris in late 2015 to discuss lowering planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions?

A) NAFTA

B) IMF Relief Fund

C) Kyoto Protocol

D) Warsaw Pact

62) The observable alteration of the global atmosphere that affects natural weather patterns over several decades or longer is referred to as

A) climate change.

B) global warming.

C) environmental refugee.

D) environmental justice.

63) In what way has the global economic downturn that began in 2008 been a blessing for environmentalists?

A) It brought environmental issues to the forefront of the national consciousness.

B) It had the side effect of reducing consumption and, as a result, energy use.

C) It led close to 200 nations to forge the environmental agreement known as the Kyoto Protocol.

D) It pushed large numbers of low-income people out of their homes near toxic waste sites.

64) Culture contributes to differences in medical care and even how health is defined.

65) Patients' judgments regarding their own state of health may be related to their gender, age, social class, race, and ethnicity.

66) Medicine serves as an agent of social control by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures.

67) The irony of midwives is that they first brought professionalism to child delivery, yet today they are portrayed as invading the legitimate field of obstetrics.

68) Contemporary social epidemiology is narrow in scope.

69) Epidemiologists draw on the work of a wide variety of scientists and researchers.

70) Younger people are more likely to be hospitalized than elderly people, due to the lifestyles and risks they take more often.

71) A large body of research indicates that compared with men, women experience a higher occurrence of many illnesses, although they tend to live longer.

72) Women have shorter life spans due to their lifestyle choices.

73) Patients are turning to the media for health care information.

74) Having a regular physician is becoming less and less common in the United States.

75) Medicare has a huge impact on the health care system.

76) Massage therapy is an example of traditional medicine.

77) Labeling theory suggests that some behaviors that are viewed as mental illnesses may not really be illnesses.

78) Those who suffer from mental disorders will always be the responsibility of their families.

79) The medical model of mental illness suggests that some behaviors that are viewed as mental illnesses may not really be illnesses.

80) For Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, one appropriate way to control population was to postpone marriage.

81) Stable population growth is the state of a population in which the number of births plus immigrants equals the number of deaths plus emigrants.

82) China's strict one-child policy actually produced a negative growth rate in some urban areas.

83) Generally, the residents of a country are legally free to move from one locality to another. A historic exception was in the Republic of South Africa during apartheid.

84) Environmental justice is a legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards.

85) Ecological modernization can occur on both the macro and micro levels.

86) Human ecologists focus on how the physical environment shapes people's lives and on how people influence the surrounding environment.

87) Feminists stress efforts by informed individuals and groups to reduce their carbon footprint.

88) One additional degree of warmth in the globe's average surface temperature can increase the likelihood of natural disasters.

89) Contributing to our environmental problems is the fact that we as consumers want inexpensive clothes and toys; yet we as citizens condemn developing countries for depending on coal-fired power plants.

90) The ecofeminist movement focuses on the typically male-dominated decision-making processes that have endangered our environment and the need to empower women to make these decisions.

91) Viewed from a conflict perspective, the disproportionate exposure of the poor and minorities to environmental pollutants can act as a disincentive for others to take action.

92) Differentiate the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist views on the issue of health. Give examples to support your answer.

93) Explain social epidemiology.

94) Discuss the significance of gender identify for health care.

95) How has health care in the United States evolved?

96) Discuss holistic medicine and how it compares and contrasts with traditional Western medicine. Describe the future you envision for "alternative" medicine in the West.

97) Identify and discuss the theoretical models of mental disorders. Which model do you believe is the most persuasive?

98) Describe a population pyramid and explain how it illustrates the population structure of a society. How can a population pyramid aid in forecasting population trends for the future?

99) Explain why individuals or groups of people would migrate to another region of their homeland or even to another country, listing at least three motivating factors.

100) Discuss fertility patterns in the United States.

101) Explain the criticisms of the human ecological and conflict models. What do they argue and what do they support?

102) What role do you feel globalization plays in our current environmental problems? Discuss the positive and negative attributes globalization brings to the issue of pollution. Finally, construct a contemporary plan for addressing environmental pollution that includes economic, cultural, and ecological concerns.

103) Discuss the impact of economic stress on environmental issues.