Test Questions & Answers Chapter 13 Sexual Disorders

Abnormal Psychology, 8e (Nolen-Hoeksema)

Chapter 13 Sexual Disorders

1) ________ desire disorder is characterized by males having little desire for sex.

A) Hyposexual

B) Hyperactive sexual

C) Male hypersexual

D) Male hypoactive sexual

2) A diagnosis of male hypoactive sexual desire would be made when a male:

A) does not initiate sex because of the inability to have an orgasm.

B) experiences a lack of sexual desire specifically due to overexertion and exhaustion.

C) is obsessed with thoughts about sex, thereby letting it interfere with daily functioning, for a consistent period of six months.

D) has little desire for sex, does not fantasize about sex, and may be unresponsive when a partner initiates sex.

3) Some men report never having had much interest in sex, either with other people or privately, as in the viewing of erotic films, masturbation, or fantasy. According to the DSM-5, these men are most likely diagnosed with ________ disorder.

A) lifelong male hypoactive sexual desire

B) situational sexual desire

C) acquired male hypoactive sexual desire

D) generalized sexual desire

4) Women with low sexual desire are:

A) less likely than men to report anxiety, depression, and life stress.

B) more likely than men to report anxiety, depression, and life stress.

C) as likely as men to report anxiety, depression, and life stress.

D) not likely to report anxiety, depression, or other psychopathologies on account of this symptom.

5) What is the prevalence rate ror diagnosable levels of low desire in women between 18 and 44 years of age?

A) 2 percent

B) 8.2 percent

C) 11.2 percent

D) 14.9 percent

6) Researchers estimate a prevalence rate of women between 45 and 64 years of age to be ________ percent.

A) 12.3

B) 15.9

C) 18.1

D) 19.9

7) The ________ phase of the sexual response cycle combines a psychological experience of pleasure and the physiological changes known as vasocongestion and myotonia.

A) plateau

B) orgasm

C) desire

D) arousal

8) During the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, excitement remains at a high but stable level.

A) plateau

B) orgasm

C) desire

D) resolution

9) ________ is the discharge of the neuromuscular tension built up during the excitement and plateau phases.

A) Arousal

B) Desire

C) Orgasm

D) Plateau

10) Women with ________ disorder report absent or significantly reduced interest in sexual activity, in initiation of sex, and in sexual responsiveness to erotic cues.

A) female sexual desire/interest

B) female sexual interest/arousal

C) genito-pelvic pain/penetration

D) female orgasmic

11) Sarah no longer has desire for sex and has barely had any sexual relations with her husband since her daughter, Amy, was born. Before her daughter's birth, Sarah had a healthy sexual appetite. Sarah is most likely experiencing ________ disorder.

A) generalized sexual desire

B) female orgasmic

C) acquired female sexual interest/arousal

D) lifetime female sexual interest/arousal

12) A female who does not experience the normal physiological changes that make up the excitement or arousal phase of the sexual response cycle is most likely exhibiting symptoms of ________ disorder.

A) sexual aversion

B) female sexual interest/arousal

C) female orgasmic

D) generalized sexual desire

13) The recurrent inability of a man to attain or maintain an erection until the completion of sexual activity is referred to as

A) male dysfunction disorder.

B) delayed ejaculation.

C) male sexual arousal disorder.

D) erectile disorder.

14) Erectile disorder is sometimes referred to as

A) incapacity.

B) impotence.

C) sexual stress.

D) anorgasmia.

15) Men with the ________ form of erectile disorder have never been able to sustain an erection for a desired period of time.

A) recurrent

B) situational

C) lifelong

D) acquired

16) Ethan has been having trouble attaining an erection lately. In the past, he had no such difficulty, and he can't seem to figure out the cause for his sudden impotence. Ethan will most likely receive a diagnosis of

A) lifelong erectile disorder.

B) temporary delayed ejaculation.

C) acquired erectile disorder.

D) chronic delayed ejaculation.

17) Which of the following is not a cognition typical of men with sexual dysfunction?

A) all-or-nothing beliefs about erection quality

B) the sense of despair over not having orgasm

C) rigid views about satisfying one's partner

D) viewing foreplay as a waste of time

18) "I either satisfy my partner or I don't," is an example of ________ in relation to male sexual dysfunction.

A) depression

B) anxiety

C) negative cognition

D) self-loathing

19) Claudia finds that she reaches the sexual excitement phase of the sexual response cycle but has difficulty moving past that stage. She is most likely experiencing

A) aversion disorder.

B) anorgasmia.

C) arousal disorder.

D) impotence.

20) A criterion for female orgasmic disorder is that a woman must have difficulty reaching orgasm in at least ________ percent of sexual encounters.

A) 25

B) 50

C) 75

D) 90

21) The most common form of orgasmic disorder in men is

A) premature ejaculation.

B) anorgasmia.

C) erectile dysfunction.

D) sexual aversion disorder.

22) Clay persistently ejaculates with minimal sexual stimulation, before he wishes to ejaculate. He is probably experiencing

A) premature (early) ejaculation.

B) anorgasmia.

C) erectile dysfunction.

D) male sexual aversion disorder.

23) Ricardo's wife has been complaining about their sex life. She feels he is experiencing difficulty controlling his orgasms and ejaculates with minimal sexual stimulation. Ricardo is likely experiencing ________.

A) sexual aversion disorder

B) impotence

C) premature ejaculation

D) hypersexual arousal

24) The DSM-5 states the criteria for the diagnosis of premature (early) ejaculation by specifying that a man must ejaculate within ________ of beginning sexual activity and before the man wishes it on ________ of occasions over a period of at least ________.

A) 3 minutes; 75 percent; 6 months

B) 3 minutes; 50 percent; 1 year

C) 1 minute; 50 percent; 1 year

D) 1 minute; 75 percent; 6 months

25) Most men diagnosed with delayed ejaculation:

A) can ejaculate during intercourse.

B) can ejaculate with manual or oral stimulation.

C) can't ejaculate with oral or manual stimulation.

D) can't ejaculate at all.

26) Approximately ________ percent of women experience report frequent pain during intercourse.

A) 1 to 3

B) 5 to 17

C) 8 to 15

D) 12 to 39

27) Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder may involve:

A) suppressed arousal.

B) muscle tightening.

C) the inability to reach orgasm.

D) the deformation of the sex organ.

28) Approximately ________ percent of women experience muscle tightening with the anticipation of vaginal insertion.

A) 1 to 3

B) 5 to 17

C) 20 to 25

D) 28 to 39

29) One the most common biological contributors to sexual dysfunction is

A) gastroenteritis.

B) diabetes.

C) hypertension.

D) multiple sclerosis.

30) As many as ________ percent of cases of erectile disorder are caused by medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, kidney failure, and spinal cord injury.

A) 10

B) 20

C) 30

D) 40

31) Robert has been experiencing a sexual dysfunction and is seeking medical treatment. Which of the following would be the least likely explanation for his problems?

A) High levels of testosterone

B) Diabetes

C) Cardiovascular disease

D) Low levels of estrogen and prolactin

32) Which of the following is true of hormones and sexual dysfunction?

A) High levels of testosterone and low levels of estrogen and prolactin cause sexual dysfunction in men.

B) High levels of testosterone and high levels of estrogen and prolactin can cause sexual dysfunction in women.

C) Low levels of testosterone and high levels of estrogen and prolactin can cause sexual dysfunction in men.

D) Low levels of testosterone and high levels of estrogen and prolactin can cause sexual dysfunction in women.

33) Which of the following statements is true of female hormones and sexual dysfunction?

A) Estrogen problems in women may result in low arousal due to reduced vaginal lubrication.

B) Postmenopausal women often complain of lowered sexual desire and arousal on account of an increase in estrogen levels.

C) A radical hysterectomy can help reduce vaginal dryness, which is associated with high levels of estrogen.

D) Androgens play a role in the functioning of vaginal tissue, but are not associated with sexual desire and mood.

34) Which of the following is NOT typically regarded as a cause of vaginal dryness or irritation in women who experience sexual pain?

A) Indigestion

B) Contraceptive use

C) Vaginal infections

D) Antihistamines

35) Which of the following prescription drugs would most likely NOT diminish sexual drive and arousal and interfere with orgasm?

A) An antidepressant

B) An antipsychotic

C) A statin

D) An antihypertensive

36) Albert has a history of alcohol dependence and abuse. He now has difficulties experiencing pleasure during sex and sustaining an erection. Albert's psychiatrist would most likely diagnose him with ________ dysfunction.

A) medical sexual

B) dependence-related sexual

C) sexual arousal

D) substance-induced sexual

37) ________ can be used to study sexual arousal in men, while a(n) ________ is used to study sexual arousal in women.

A) Strain gauges; photoplethysmograph

B) Oximeters; strain gauge

C) Photoplethysmographs; strain gauge

D) Photoplethysmographs; oximeter

38) A loss of sexual desire and functioning is:

A) not related to psychological disorders.

B) common in people with high levels of the androgen hormones.

C) rarely observed among people with anxiety disorders.

D) common in people with schizophrenia.

39) Fred and Jennifer are having marital difficulties. He says that her negative attitude toward sex is frustrating. Jennifer admits that she thinks of sex as dirty and sinful but can't seem to change the way she thinks. All of the following psychological factors may contribute to Jennifer's negative perception of sexual intercourse EXCEPT

A) socioeconomic status.

B) distrust of others.

C) poor body image.

D) a sense of shame about sex.

40) The statements, "What if I can't get an erection? I'll die of embarrassment!" and "I've got to have an orgasm, or he'll think I don't love him!" are both indicative of

A) sexual aversion.

B) performance anxiety.

C) spectatoring.

D) hypoactive sexual desire.

41) Tobias has been having trouble performing adequately during sexual encounters. He finds himself worrying before and during sex, which seems to exacerbate his problems with performance. Which of the following psychological factors best explains Tobias's symptoms?

A) Premature ejaculation

B) Spectatorship

C) Letting go

D) Performance anxiety

42) Spectatoring involves:

A) voyeurs watching people engage in sex without the other party's consent or awareness.

B) exhibitionists revealing themselves to large groups of people at the same time.

C) individuals anxiously attending to reactions and performance during sex as if they were spectators.

D) individuals replicating sexual behaviors based on what they see as spectators of mass media.

43) Rose anxiously attends to her reactions and performance during sex by checking her position, rhythm, and breathing. Rose's behavior is referred to as

A) anorgasmia.

B) spectatoring.

C) voyeurism.

D) displacement.

44) One type of personal trauma often associated with sexual desire disorders in women is

A) anxiety disorders.

B) the loss of a loved one.

C) medical illness.

D) sexual assault.

45) Which of the following statements is true of relationship problems and sexual dysfunction?

A) Women are more likely than men to decide when to initiate sex, how long to engage in foreplay, and what position to use during intercourse.

B) Conflicts between partners that are not directly related to their sexual activity usually do not affect their sexual relationship.

C) Anorgasmia in women may be tied to lack of communication between a woman and her male partner.

D) Among people seeking treatment for sexual problems, men are more likely to report higher levels of psychological distress than women.

46) Most women:

A) dislike oral-clitoral stimulation.

B) achieve orgasm by coitus alone.

C) need oral or manual stimulation of the clitoris to achieve orgasm.

D) never achieve orgasm through clitoral or manual stimulation.

47) The idea that the loss of semen can be detrimental to health is not accepted in Western cultures but is relevant to traditional:

A) Chinese and Japanese cultures.

B) Japanese and Iranian cultures.

C) Iranian and Indian cultures.

D) Indian and Chinese cultures.

48) A depersonalization syndrome known as ________, thought to result from semen loss, has been reported by several Asian cultures. This syndrome involves acute anxiety, a feeling of panic and impending death, and a delusion that the penis is shrinking into the body and disappearing.

A) koro

B) amok

C) ataque de nervios

D) mal de ojo

49) Whereas Western women often seek treatment for sexual desire problems, women from non-Western and more male-centric cultures seek treatment for

A) arousal difficulties.

B) hormonal imbalances.

C) substance abuse.

D) genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder.

50) Which of the following statements is true regarding cultural aspects of sexual dysfunction?

A) Non-Western men tend to complain more about premature ejaculation than men from Western cultures.

B) Western men tend to complain more about premature ejaculation more than men from non-Western cultures.

C) Premature ejaculation is a primary concern among men across cultures.

D) With the advent of pharmacological treatment, men no longer worry about erectile dysfunction in any part of the world.

51) Surveys in the United States have indicated that:

A) less educated and poorer men and women tend to experience fewer sexual dysfunctions.

B) less educated and poorer men and women tend to experience more sexual dysfunctions.

C) educated, middle-class men experience more sexual dysfunctions than educated, middle-class women.

D) educated, middle-class women experience more sexual dysfunctions than educated, middle-class men.

52) Which of the following statements regarding testosterone replacement therapy for sexual dysfunction is true?

A) A Testosterone replacement therapy can be very effective for men whose low level of sexual desire or arousal are linked to low levels of testosterone.

B) In randomized control trials, testosterone replacement therapy has been shown to be ineffective in treating men with low levels of arousal or sexual desire.

C) In randomized control trials, testosterone appears to be effective in women with low levels of desire or arousal, particularly in post-menopausal women.

D) Hair loss is a common side effect in testosterone replacement therapy.

53) ________, a pharmacological treatment for women with sexual dysfunction, has been dubbed the "female Viagra."

A) Flibanserin

B) Sildenafil

C) Bupropion

D) Testosterone

54) Which of the following is NOT a likely reason why men and women of a lower socioeconomic status experience more sexual dysfunctions?

A) Greater psychological stress

B) Worse physical health

C) Less education about their bodies

D) Less imbalance of power in relationships

55) Which of the following statements is true of sexual activity among older adults?

A) Sexual activity usually comes to a halt after an individual reaches 65 years of age.

B) Although men need testosterone to maintain sexual desire, women do not.

C) In almost all cases of sexual dysfunction in older adults, the cause is age itself.

D) Among older adults, discomfort with one's own aging can contribute to sexual problems.

56) Which of the following is a popular biological treatment for erectile disorder?

A) Serax

B) Viagra

C) Luvox

D) Turnial

57) Gideon has erectile disorder. His doctor has recommended ________, which is a popular treatment for this problem.

A) Zoloft

B) Anafranil

C) Prozac

D) Viagra

58) Mario has a history of dysthymic disorder. He has been taking medication for several years and he has been experiencing low sexual arousal and erectile problems. His friends have suggested that his sexual dysfunction is probably a side effect of his medication. If this is true, which type of medication is Mario most likely taking for his dysthymic disorder?

A) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

B) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

C) Levitra

D) Bupropion

59) Certain drugs can be used in conjunction with antidepressants to reduce their sexual side effects. One drug that has proven helpful in this regard is

A) Viagra.

B) Bupropion.

C) Clozapine.

D) Levitra.

60) Mechanical interventions are available for men with erectile dysfunction. One such device is a hydraulic inflatable device, which allows a man to create an erection by pumping ________ into rods inserted in the penis.

A) water

B) testosterone

C) blood

D) saline

61) Rodney is experiencing premature (early) ejaculation and his primary care physician has suggested several antidepressants that may be helpful. Which of the following antidepressants is most likely to be effective?

A) Anafranil

B) Mellaril

C) Clozapine

D) Chlorpromazine

62) Women who consider hormone replacement therapy to increase sexual desire should be warned that the therapy could:

A) produce erratic moods.

B) have masculinizing effects.

C) result in binge-eating behaviors.

D) prevent pregnancies.

63) Which of the following is true about the treatment for sexual dysfunctions?

A) Patients who are troubled by sexual dysfunction are generally referred to mental health services for treatment.

B) Patients who are troubled by sexual dysfunction are offered psychotherapy as well as medical treatment.

C) Most people who are troubled by sexual dysfunction receive no treatment, and the problem only exacerbates.

D) Most people who are troubled by sexual dysfunction receive only medication, and no psychological services.

64) Luke and Tracy are attending counseling for their marital difficulties. Luke is reluctant to discuss their sex life with a "total stranger." Tracy insists that the therapist will be able to help them. The therapist probably began their session by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

A) helping the couple discover experiences, thoughts, and feelings that are contributing to their sexual problem.

B) encouraging the couple to avoid sensitive areas concerning their sexual behavior, especially during intimate moments.

C) assessing Luke and Tracy's attitudes and beliefs.

D) gathering a personal history of Luke and Tracy.

65) When one member of a couple has a sexual dysfunction, it may be the result of problems in the couple's relationship, or it may be contributing to problems in the relationship. For this reason, many therapists prefer to treat sexual dysfunctions:

A) in the context of the couple's relationship.

B) as an individual's problem as opposed to a relationship problem.

C) by focusing on the individual suffering the sexual dysfunction.

D) by focusing on the partner of the individual with the dysfunction.

66) Some couples in long-term relationships have abandoned ________ rituals, activities that arouse sexual interest in both partners.

A) love

B) seduction

C) mating

D) courtship

67) Partners often differ in their ________ for sexual encounters—their expectations about what will take place during a sexual encounter and about what each partner's responsibilities are.

A) ideas

B) preferences

C) scripts

D) tendencies

68) ________ therapies have been researched more than other types of therapy and have been shown to be effective for several types of sexual dysfunction.

A) Family systems

B) Psychodynamic

C) Cognitive-behavioral

D) Social

69) Sex therapy often includes teaching or encouraging clients to masturbate. This technique can be especially helpful for:

A) older adults.

B) anorgasmic women.

C) men with low levels of testosterone.

D) men with substance-induced sexual dysfunction.

70) In sex therapy, the client's cognitions while engaging in new sexual exercises are:

A) rarely discussed.

B) usually not revealed to the therapist.

C) used as material for discussion in therapy sessions.

D) not evaluated as this may further inhibit the person.

71) If a woman is in ________ therapy, the therapist might explore the origins of the woman's attitudes about masturbation in her early relationships.

A) family systems

B) psychodynamic

C) cognitive-behavioral

D) social

72) Which of the following statements is true about sensate focus therapy?

A) In the early phases of this therapy, partners are instructed to focus on intercourse.

B) Intercourse between partners is forbidden only if the problem is a female arousal disorder.

C) Clients are told to focus intently on the pleasure created by the exercises, not on intercourse.

D) The client with the problem is instructed not to be selfish and to focus on satisfying his or her partner.

73) The focus of sensate focus therapy is:

A) comfort.

B) achieving orgasm.

C) better performance.

D) sustaining pleasure.

74) The stop-start technique is used primarily to help:

A) men with delayed ejaculation reach orgasm faster and more consistently.

B) men who have premature (early) ejaculations to learn to control their ejaculations.

C) women with anorgasmia gain some control over their vaginal contractions.

D) women with genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder control the pain they experience during intercourse.

75) The goal of the stop-start technique is for the:

A) man to gain control over his ejaculations and to enjoy the sensation of being in the woman's vagina.

B) woman to gain control over her vaginismus and for the man to gain control over his ejaculations.

C) woman to gain control over her dyspareunia and to enjoy the sensation of having the man's penis in her vagina.

D) man and woman to control their respective orgasms so they can climax together.

76) Which premature (early) ejaculation treatment technique is used less often because it is harder to teach clients in sex therapy?

A) Stimulation therapy

B) Stop-start technique

C) Sensate focus therapy

D) Squeeze technique

77) While implementing ________, a person applies pressure to the tip of the partner's penis when ejaculation is imminent.

A) stimulation therapy

B) the stop-start technique

C) sensate focus therapy

D) the squeeze technique

78) Deconditioning a woman's particular automatic response is an especially effective treatment for

A) female sexual interest/arousal disorder.

B) lack of lubrication.

C) pelvic muscle tightening.

D) anorgasmia.

79) Which of the following statements is true about gay, lesbian, and bisexual people?

A) Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people experience sexual dysfunctions for different reasons than those of heterosexual people.

B) Many problems in sexual functioning experienced by gay, lesbian, and bisexual people may have to do with society's attitudes toward them.

C) Most of the sex therapy treatments can't be readily adapted for gay, lesbian, or bisexual couples.

D) The American Psychiatric Association continues to view homosexuality as a psychological disorder.

80) Which of the following statements about people with minority sexual orientation is true?

A) Treatments for sexual dysfunction in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people must be customized to meet their needs.

B) Most of the sex therapy treatments used for heterosexual people can be used by gay, lesbian, or bisexual people.

C) There are no developmental influences to distinguish bisexual, gay, and lesbian people from heterosexual people.

D) Bisexual, lesbian, and gay people have entirely different experiences of sexual dysfunction from heterosexual people.

81) Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people face stressors that can affect their sexual health arising from continued

A) stigma and discrimination.

B) genetic influences.

C) hormonal imbalances.

D) misunderstanding in the DSM.

82) ________ are atypical sexual preferences sometimes divided into those that involve the consent of others and those that involve nonconsenting others.

A) Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorders

B) Paraphilias

C) Necrophilias

D) Sexual dysfunctions

83) In the DSM-5, a ________ is defined as a specific pattern of urges, fantasies, or behaviors, while a ________ is a paraphilia that is currently causing distress or impairment to the individual, or that entails harm or risk of harm to others.

A) paraphilic disorder; paraphilia

B) sexual disorder; mental disorder

C) paraphilia; paraphilic disorder

D) sexual disorder; paraphilic disorder

84) Authors of the DSM-5 proposed adding the diagnosis of ________, which is characterized by excessive preoccupation with sexual fantasies, urges, and activities and lasts at least six months, but the proposal was rejected.

A) hypersexual disorder

B) coercive disorder

C) hyposexual disorder

D) generalized sexual disorder

85) ________ involves the use of nonliving objects for sexual arousal or gratification.

A) Fetishistic disorder

B) Sadistic disorder

C) Masochistic disorder

D) Voyeuristic disorder

86) Teddy gets sexual gratification from stealing his girlfriend's underwear and masturbating into them. Teddy is exhibiting

A) fetishism.

B) transvestism.

C) voyeurism.

D) exhibitionism.

87) The authors of the DSM-5 decided to reject the proposal for introducing rape as a paraphilic coercive disorder and decided to confirm it as a:

A) behavioral disorder.

B) paraphilia.

C) criminal act.

D) psychiatric disorder.

88) Fetishistic disorder:

A) is more common in women than men.

B) causes significant distress and impairment.

C) can involve both hard and soft objects.

D) involves the use of objects solely to add to the attractiveness of the person.

89) Elijah likes to dress up in women's clothing and experiences sexual arousal from it. He is especially fond of formal eveningwear. Elijah's behavior is an example of

A) gender disorder.

B) sexual masochism disorder.

C) transvestic fetishistic disorder.

D) frotteuristic disorder.

90) Most men who engage in cross-dressing as a symptom of transvestic disorder report that:

A) the behavior began secretly during late adolescence.

B) it is the women's clothes themselves that are arousing.

C) they find dressing in women's clothes arousing.

D) they participate in the activity in groups.

91) For a diagnosis of sexual sadism disorder to be made, which of the following criteria must be met in addition to sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving inflicting pain and humiliation on the person's sex partner?

A) The urges and behavior must be enjoyed by the person's partner.

B) The urges and behavior may cause the person significant distress or impairment in functioning but must only involve a consenting partner.

C) The urges must involve animals as sex partners.

D) The urges and behavior must cause the person significant distress or impairment in functioning or involve a non-consenting partner.

92) Rachel and Simon enjoy mild sadistic and masochistic sexual interaction. Which of the following statements is likely true about these behaviors?

A) They would not receive a diagnosis of sexual sadism or sexual masochism disorder.

B) The sadistic behavior would receive a diagnosis, but not the masochistic behavior.

C) The masochistic behavior would receive a diagnosis, but not the sadistic behavior

D) Rachel and Simon both qualify for a diagnosis of sexual disorder.

93) The present unwillingness to diagnose mild sexual sadism or sexual masochism is a good example of ________ and ________.

A) the impact of the media on sexuality; the politics of defining sexual abnormality

B) understanding masochism along a continuum; establishing sadism as a psychological disorder

C) understanding sadism along a continuum; establishing masochism as a psychological disorder

D) understanding sexuality along a continuum; the challenges in defining abnormality

94) Which of the following statements is true about sexual sadism disorder and sexual masochism disorder?

A) Women are much more likely than men to enjoy sadomasochistic sex, in the roles of both sadist and masochist.

B) The authors of the DSM-5 are proposing to remove sexual sadism disorder and sexual masochism disorder and make these disorders criminal acts instead.

C) The sexual rituals in these disorders involve physical restriction, the administration of pain, hypermasculinity practices, and humiliation.

D) Sadomasochistic sex between consenting adults always results in injury, especially among partners who practice hypoxyphilia.

95) ________ as a form of sexual arousal, involves watching another person undress, do things in the nude, or have sex.

A) Sexual sadism

B) Voyeurism

C) Exhibitionism

D) Frotteurism

96) ________ occurs when a person obtains sexual gratification by exposing his or her genitals to involuntary observers, who are usually strangers.

A) Sexual sadism

B) Voyeurism

C) Exhibitionism

D) Frotteurism

97) Which of the following statements is true of exhibitionistic disorder?

A) Exhibitionists are not likely to be caught and rarely confront their victims in a public place, such as a park or on a bus.

B) Men and women are equally likely to be exhibitionists.

C) Exhibitionists rarely return to the places where they have already exhibited themselves.

D) Arousal comes from observing the victim's surprise, fear, or disgust or from a fantasy that the victim is becoming sexually aroused.

98) Howard gains sexual gratification by rubbing against and fondling the body parts of nonconsenting adults. In the context of paraphilias, Howard is most likely engaging in

A) exhibitionism.

B) voyeurism.

C) frotteurism.

D) transvestism.

99) Which form of pedophilic disorder is the most common?

A) Women who are attracted to young children

B) Homosexual men who are attracted to young boys

C) Heterosexual men who are attracted to young girls

D) Heterosexual men who are attracted to young boys

100) Which form of pedophilic disorder is the rarest?

A) Heterosexual women who are attracted to young children

B) Homosexual men who are attracted to young boys

C) Heterosexual men who are attracted to young girls

D) Heterosexual men who are attracted to young boys

101) ________ is when people have sexual fantasies, urges, and behaviors focused on prepubescent children.

A) Ephebophilia

B) Hemophilia

C) Pedophilic disorder

D) Frotteuristic disorder

102) ________ theories of paraphilia explain them as resulting from initial associations of intense early sexual arousal with a particular stimulus.

A) Cognitive

B) Behavioral

C) Psychodynamic

D) Biological

103) Men with pedophilic disorder are more likely to have:

A) higher intelligence.

B) good interpersonal skills.

C) a history of forgotten childhood memories.

D) a history of being sexually abused.

104) Which of the following is NOT a biological intervention that has been used to treat pedophilic disorder?

A) Surgical removal of the testes or ovaries

B) Surgery on areas of the brain thought to control sexual behavior

C) Use of antiandrogen drugs that reduce testosterone production

D) Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to reduce sexual drive and paraphilic behavior

105) ________ is used to extinguish sexual responses to objects or situations a person with a paraphilia finds arousing, by exposing them to painful but harmless electric shocks or loud bursts of noise while viewing photographs of what arouses them.

A) Transcranial magnetic stimulation

B) Aversion therapy

C) Electroconvulsive therapy

D) Vagus nerve stimulation

106) ________ may be used to reduce a paraphiliac's anxiety about engaging in normal sexual encounters with other adults.

A) Electroconvulsive therapy

B) Desensitization procedures

C) Aversion therapy

D) Psychodynamic interventions

107) Which of the following was replaced by gender dysphoria as a new diagnostic category in the DSM-5?

A) Gender identity disorder

B) Sexual identity disorder

C) Gender role disorder

D) Sex role disorientation

108) Which of the following statements is true when considering a diagnosis of gender dysphoria?

A) All people who experience a discrepancy between their gender identity (i.e., sense of themselves as male or female) and their biological sex warrant the diagnosis.

B) People who experience gender incongruence and who feel no distress and impairment may warrant the diagnosis.

C) People who experience gender incongruence and who do feel distress and impairment may warrant the diagnosis.

D) There is no place for diagnosing gender dysphoria in contemporary society.

109) Raoul identifies as a heterosexual man. One term to characterize this identification is

A) cisgender.

B) transgender.

C) sexual dysphoria.

D) transvestic.

110) Some people with gender dysphoria are so disturbed by their misassignment of gender and its social consequences that they ________, and to a lesser degree, alcohol and other substance abuse problems.

A) undergo gender reassignment surgery

B) chose heterosexual partners

C) develop mood and anxiety disorders

D) develop eating disorders

111) Which of the following is NOT a biological characteristic of people with gender dysphoria?

A) A cluster of cells in the hypothalamus called the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis has been implicated in gender dysphoria in multiple studies.

B) Gray matter volume in the brain

C) Hormonal factors

D) Fathers who are necessarily cisgendered

112) Which of the following statements about gender identity is true?

A) Gender identity is quite fluid in all children until about the age of 12.

B) Gender identity is generally quite stable from childhood into adulthood.

C) All children with gender dysphoria enter adulthood identifying with the non-natal sex.

D) Gender identity is fixed at birth.

113) Research has demonstrated that persistence of gender dysphoria from childhood into adolescence is higher among natal girls, children who express more intense dysphoria, and

A) adolescent natal boys.

B) children with imbalances of sex hormones.

C) children with gender dysphoric siblings.

D) who have begun taking on a cross-sex social role.

114) Which of the following statements is true of the factors contributing to gender dysphoria?

A) Most biological theories of gender dysphoria have proven that the disorder is caused almost entirely by defective genes.

B) A cluster of cells in the hypothalamus, called the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, has been implicated in gender dysphoria in multiple studies.

C) Researchers have found no link between hormonal disorders related to androgens and gender dysphoria.

D) The evidence in support of psychological contributors to gender dysphoria is significant.

115) One 24-year longitudinal study found that gender dysphoria in childhood is a better predictor of ________ than of adult gender dysphoria.

A) cisgender

B) transgender

C) adult homosexual orientation

D) adult heterosexual orientation

116) Therapists who work with people with gender dysphoria typically:

A) focus on ridding the individual of any repressed childhood conflicts.

B) cure them of their identity conflicts by reinforcing sex-stereotyped behaviors.

C) try to help them clarify their gender identity and desire for treatment.

D) offer medical treatment in the form of hormone therapy but not surgery.

117) According to the text which of the following represents the most controversial topic in the area of gender dysphoria?

A) Gender reassignment surgery

B) Hormone therapy

C) The treatment of children and adolescents

D) The treatment of cisgendered people

118) Which of the following statements is true of hormone therapy for gender dysphoria?

A) Cross-sex hormone therapy stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics of the preferred sex and suppresses those of the birth sex.

B) Hormone therapy is given to only to individuals who wish to undergo sex reassignment surgery.

C) Testosterone causes fatty deposits to develop in the breasts and hips and softens the skin.

D) Estrogen causes the voice to deepen, hair to become distributed in a male pattern, fatty tissue in the breasts to recede, and muscles to enlarge.

119) Which of the following statements is true of sex reassignment surgery for individuals with gender dysphoria?

A) Sex reassignment requires a series of surgeries and hormone treatments which can usually be completed in a period of one year.

B) The construction of female genitals for a male-to-female reassignment is technically more difficult.

C) Before undergoing sex reassignment surgery, individuals spend up to a year or more living fulltime in the gender role they seek.

D) Most physicians these days recommend hormone therapy and surgery for children diagnosed with gender dysphoria.

120) Describe the different phases of the sexual response cycle identified by Masters and Johnson.

121) Describe the varieties of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder.

122) Describe the major biological treatments for sexual dysfunctions.

123) Compare national and international rates of erectile dysfunction.

124) Cognitive behavioral therapists would explore with male clients the kinds of negative cognitions they may hold regarding sexual dysfunction. What are some typical examples of male negative cognitions with respect to sexual dysfunction?

125) Describe the phases of sensate focus therapy.

126) Describe the therapeutic techniques for treating early ejaculation.

127) Explain the biological functioning of flibanserin in treating female sexual dysfunction. Describe its effectiveness, how it is taken by patients, and its benefits and liabilities.

128) Explain why all the major American mental health organizations explicitly reject the classification of minority sexual orientation as a disorder.

129) Explain fetishistic and transvestic disorders.

130) Explain why mild sadistic and masochistic sexual activity between consenting adults does not warrant a diagnosis of sexual sadism or sexual masochism disorder.

131) Briefly describe voyeuristic disorder, exhibitionistic disorder, and frotteuristic disorder.

132) Explain the causes of paraphilias outlined in behavioral and cognitive theories.

133) Summarize the major treatments for paraphilias.

134) Describe the sexual preferences of transgendered people.

135) Identify terms used to describe people whose gender identity or expression does not correspond with binary, biologically-based male/female categories

136) Some transgender groups have advocated for removing gender identity disorder altogether from the DSM, just as homosexuality was removed in 1973. Why was it retained?