Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. G. Stanley Hall is considered the father of ______.

a. sex characteristics

b. adulthood

c. adolescence

d. emotional cognition

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate the storm and stress perspective on adolescence in light of research evidence.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Is Adolescence a Period of Storm and Stress?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which view of adolescence views it as a time of universal, inevitable, and extreme upheaval triggered by puberty?

a. transitory development

b. generation gap

c. anger and continuity

d. storm and stress

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate the storm and stress perspective on adolescence in light of research evidence.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Is Adolescence a Period of Storm and Stress?

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The period of storm and stress can be described as ______.

a. being triggered by childhood

b. based on genetic memories

c. a sign of abnormal development

d. specific to Western cultures

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate the storm and stress perspective on adolescence in light of research evidence.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Is Adolescence a Period of Storm and Stress?

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. A contemporary perspective of adolescence is that it ______.

a. can be stressful for some, but is typically without developmental problems

b. is a time of storm and stress that is universally experienced

c. is the easiest time for youth and reported to be the best time in a child’s life

d. may be the time in the lifecycle where the majority of mental health issues originate

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate the storm and stress perspective on adolescence in light of research evidence.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Is Adolescence a Period of Storm and Stress?

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Findings from a classic study of adolescent experience that supports the contemporary perspective of adolescence is that most adolescents reported ______.

a. they were usually happy, got along with their parents, and felt good about their progress toward adulthood

b. they experienced negative emotion on a daily basis, fought with their parents often, and were stressed about the future

c. a balance of stress and calmness, difficult times with parents but also feelings of support, and high pressure to achieve

d. clinical levels of anxiety but received support from their parents and other adults that mediated the anxiousness

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate the storm and stress perspective on adolescence in light of research evidence.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Is Adolescence a Period of Storm and Stress

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Which factor plays little role in determining adolescent behavior?

a. physical effects of puberty

b. temperament and emotional regulation skills

c. duration and intensity of changes

d. availability of peer mentoring groups in schools

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate the storm and stress perspective on adolescence in light of research evidence.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Is Adolescence a Period of Storm and Stress?

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. At which point in puberty do hormones impact an adolescent’s feelings of depression, irritability, and aggression?

a. early in puberty

b. at the midpoint of puberty

c. late in pubertal development

d. all the way through puberty

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate the storm and stress perspective on adolescence in light of research evidence.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adolescent Moodiness

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Nick is an adolescent boy who has been very difficult for his parents. He experiences extreme moodiness fluctuating between depression and intense feeling of anger. He is irritable and gets in fights with his parents and siblings on a daily basis. Based on information about adolescent moodiness, how old is Nick?

a. 12

b. 15

c. 18

d. 23

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate the storm and stress perspective on adolescence in light of research evidence.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adolescent Moodiness

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Lauren is a 14-year-old who is participating in a research study. She is being asked to carry a special phone and is texted randomly throughout the day. When she receives the text, she is asked to report what she is doing at that moment, who she is with, and how she is feeling. What method is the researcher using?

a. running record

b. experience sampling

c. preferential timing

d. direct analysis

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate the storm and stress perspective on adolescence in light of research evidence.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adolescent Moodiness

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Which factor influences whether an adolescent will report positive affect and greater enjoyment of activities?

a. number of friends that participate

b. whether their parents are supportive

c. degree of control or choice they feel

d. their physical health

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate the storm and stress perspective on adolescence in light of research evidence.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adolescent Moodiness

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The biological transition to adulthood is called ______.

a. puberty

b. adolescence

c. menarche

d. spermarche

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical Development in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. How many years does the entire process of puberty take on average to complete?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Puberty

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. At about 10 years of age children begin feeling a sense of sexual attraction due to increases in ______.

a. estrogen

b. testosterone

c. progesterone

d. oxytocin

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Puberty

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. What is the first outward sign of puberty?

a. maturation of the ovaries and testes

b. adolescent growth spurt

c. skin problems

d. strength increases

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changes in Body Size and Shape

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Boys end up taller than girls on average because boys ______.

a. are genetically programmed to have more height than girls

b. eat more food during puberty so they tend to achieve greater height

c. start their growth spurt 2 years later than girls giving them additional time for their height to build on

d. get more exercise than girls, which helps aid in their height and weight growth during puberty

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Changes in Body Size and Shape

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. Joaquin’s mother just bought him new shoes for his 13th birthday. Three weeks later they are too small. She bought him another pair and 2 months later those shoes were too small. Joaquin is experiencing ______.

a. an atypical growth spurt

b. the end of his growth spurt

c. too many growth spurts

d. typical adolescent growth spurt

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Changes in Body Size and Shape

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. Adolescents gain a total of about how many inches in height?

a. 6

b. 8

c. 10

d. 12

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Changes in Body Size and Shape

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. The typical weight gain in adolescents involves ______.

a. boys gaining more muscle overall than girls

b. girls gaining muscle in their upper bodies

c. boys gaining more fat overall than girls

d. girls gaining more fat in their upper bodies

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Changes in Body Size and Shape

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Breast development, deepening of the voice, growth of body hair, and changes in the skin are considered secondary sex characteristics because they ______.

a. happen after the maturation of the ovaries and testes

b. indicate physical maturation but are indirectly related to fertility

c. are unimportant changes

d. happen at the end of puberty

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which statement describes secondary sex characteristics experienced in puberty?

a. Many boys experience temporary breast enlargement.

b. Testosterone causes both boys’ and girls’ voices to deepen.

c. Oil and sweat glands become active in boys only.

d. Breast development is the last clear sign in girls.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which example is of a primary sex characteristic?

a. thickened uterine lining

b. development of pubic hair

c. deepening voice

d. increased oil gland activity

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Maturation

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Allison’s body has experienced a growth of her uterus and ovaries. What will she experience to show that this primary sex characteristic has occurred?

a. menarche

b. spermarche

c. breast development

d. growth spurt

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sexual Maturation

Difficulty Level: Hard

23. A boy’s first ejaculation is called ______.

a. menarche

b. spermatogenesis

c. spermarche

d. oogenesis

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Maturation

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Girls who are excluded from interaction with others, including attending school, while menstruating are experiencing which type of influence on puberty?

a. geographical

b. biological

c. emotional

d. cultural

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sexual Maturation

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. Parents sometimes report discomfort talking with their sons about reproductive development, particularly ejaculation, because of the close link with ______.

a. feelings of love

b. sexual desire

c. emotional development

d. expression of physicality

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Maturation

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Genes play a role in pubertal timing as is demonstrated by ______.

a. puberty triggers being able to be tracked

b. identical twins experiencing menarche in puberty at the same time

c. few consistent reasons for why puberty occurs

d. siblings of all ages experience puberty at about the same age

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Individual Differences in the Timing of Pubertal Maturation

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Who will most likely experience menarche first?

a. Kaylie, a 10-year-old girl that weighs 90 pounds and plays basketball

b. Nina, a 13-year-old girl that has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa

c. Adriana, a 12-year-old girl that is 20 pounds overweight for her height and sedentary

c. Jennifer, a 14-year-old girl that is a gymnast with much muscle and little body fat

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Individual Differences in the Timing of Pubertal Maturation

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. Which factor has little influence pubertal timing?

a. physical stress

b. body mass index

c. absence of a biological father

d. number of siblings

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Individual Differences in the Timing of Pubertal Maturation

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Abena is an adolescent girl who lives in an impoverished area of Africa. She has led a life of malnutrition and contracted several infectious diseases in her childhood. She has very little fat stores in her body as a result of her experiences. Based on pubertal timing, when will Abena experience menarche?

a. very early, about age 9

b. early, about age 11

c. average, about age 13

d. late, about age 15

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Individual Differences in the Timing of Pubertal Maturation

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. Who is most likely to experience menarche first?

a. Tasha, who has been sexually abused by her stepfather

b. Deirdre, whose parents argue occasionally

c. Maisie, whose parents are amicably divorcing

d. Sadie, who has a loving, large extended family

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Individual Differences in the Timing of Pubertal Maturation

Difficulty Level: Hard

31. Which factor is thought to delay the onset of puberty?

a. low socioeconomic status

b. being raised by a single mother

c. exposure to small doses of stress

d. exposure to severe stress

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Individual Differences in the Timing of Pubertal Maturation

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Josie is an adolescent girl who lives in Chicago, IL. Her parents divorced when she was very young. Josie lives with her mother and her mother’s boyfriend. Based on pubertal timing, when will Jennifer experience menarche?

a. early compared to other girls

b. about the same time as the average girl in the United States

c. late compared to other girls.

d. at any point because factors in her life have little effect

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Individual Differences in the Timing of Pubertal Maturation

Difficulty Level: Hard

33. The lowering of the average age of puberty with each generation is known as a ______.

a. generational shift

b. pubertal shift

c. secular trend

d. adolescent adjustment

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Individual Differences in the Timing of Pubertal Maturation

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. The experience an early maturing girl goes through during puberty is that she ______.

a. tends to feel less positive about her body

b. is less likely to experience depression and anxiety

c. is less likely to be a victim of a bully

d. tends to feel more comfortable in her body

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychosocial Effects of Pubertal Timing

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Around the world, early-maturing boys and girls show higher rates of ______.

a. cognitive maturity

b. risky activity

c. emotional balance

d. forward thinking

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychosocial Effects of Pubertal Timing

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Early-maturing adolescents are more likely to engage in early and risky sexual activity if they spend time with ______.

a. older peers

b. younger peers

c. extended family

d. new friends

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychosocial Effects of Pubertal Timing

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. The change in adolescents’ sleep patterns and preferred sleep schedule is called a ______.

a. sleep modification schedule

b. delayed phase preference

c. melatonin induced preference

d. delayed sleep schedule

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Puberty and Sleep Patterns

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. What triggers the delayed phase preference in adolescents?

a. the increase in stress that adolescents experience resulting in excess cortisol

b. melatonin, which is released about 2 hours later each night in adolescents

c. anxiety that adolescents experience because of social pressures

d. testosterone in adolescent males and estrogen in adolescent females

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Puberty and Sleep Patterns

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which approach would increase sleep for adolescents?

a. have them avoid eating in the middle of the day

b. make them wake up earlier in the morning

c. increase electronic device use before bedtime

d. decrease electronic device use before bedtime

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Puberty and Sleep Patterns

Difficulty Level: Hard

40. Lack of sleep is associated with which state?

a. passivity

b. thoughtfulness

c. anxiety

d. happiness

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Puberty and Sleep Patterns

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. In the research on sleep in puberty, it was discovered that adolescents ______.

a. who attend schools that start at a later time experience improvements in alertness, mood, and health

b. who attend schools that start earlier in the morning will automatically adjust their sleep schedule to get the necessary sleep

c. tend to get more sleep as they move through puberty to accommodate for the growth spurt

d. tend to prefer getting less sleep since amount of sleep had little effect on their bodies

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Puberty and Sleep Patterns

Difficulty Level: Hard

42. Approximately how much of the U.S. recommendations for vegetables, whole grains, and fruits do adolescents typically consume?

a. 25%

b. 50%

c. 75%

d. 100%

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nutrition and Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. Karlie’s high school is located right across the street from a popular fast-food restaurant. The effect this location of the restaurant will likely have on Karlie’s eating behavior is that she will be ______.

a. less likely to eat fruits and vegetables, will drink more soda, and will overeat more

b. so used to its proximity that she will avoid eating there and instead consume healthier foods from home

c. more aware of the negative impact fast food has on an individual so she will try and eat healthier

d. more likely to experience an eating disorder in response to the unhealthy food

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nutrition and Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

44. Which factor contributes most significantly to obesity in adolescence?

a. availability of extracurricular sports programs at schools

b. prevalence of fast food restaurants near schools

c. having a low socioeconomic status

d. spending many hours a day in front of a screen viewing media

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Nutrition and Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

45. Which risk factor is associated with higher rates of obesity in adolescence?

a. diets too low in iron

b. decreased participation in family meals

c. decrease in screen time.

d. high socioeconomic status

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nutrition and Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. Which factor speeds communication between the right and left hemispheres in the adolescent brain?

a. corpus callosum increases in size

b. corpus callosum decreases in size

c. gray matter increases in size

d. gray matter decreases in size

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain Development in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. The impact myelination has on an adolescent’s brain is to ______.

a. cause the burst in synaptogenesis

b. cause the synaptic pruning that makes brain functioning more efficient

c. trigger the end of puberty and beginning of adulthood

d. increase the brain’s white matter

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain Development in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. The limbic system undergoing a burst of development before the prefrontal cortex is part of ______.

a. the cognitive developmental perspective

b. the dual process model

c. socioemotional perception

d. neurocognition

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain Development in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. Full development that integrates emotion and reasoning occurs when the prefrontal cortex catches up with the ______.

a. corpus callosum

b. cerebellum

c. limbic system

d. amygdala

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Brain Development in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. Jack is an adolescent that has been known to make some poor choices in his behavior. Most recently, he was caught stealing the answers to an upcoming chemistry exam. When he was caught, the teacher asked why he did it, and he said, “I don’t know. I am worried about my grade.” Unfortunately, he failed to consider the outcome of cheating which is an automatic failure for the semester. Jack most likely made the poor choice to cheat because ______.

a. his prefrontal cortex developed before the limbic system, producing the hormone melatonin which causes poor impulse control

b. stress from low grades causes a surge of cortisol, which caused him to act impulsively

c. a burst of testosterone interferes with his ability to think clearly when faced with a decision

d. his limbic system developed before his prefrontal cortex, resulting in an emotional response over a reasoned response

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Brain Development in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Hard

51. What is occurring in adolescents’ brains when they are misinterpreting facial expressions?

a. Myelination is interfering with executive function.

b. The limbic system is active, but the prefrontal cortex is inactive.

c. Areas tied in with attention are having difficulty.

d. The occipital lobes are miscommunicating with the prefrontal cortex.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Socioemotional Perception

Difficulty Level: Medium

52. Abigail was asked to look at pictures of different facial expressions in a study of facial recognition among adolescents. She saw a photograph of people’s faces depicting fear. If Abigail is like most adolescents, what did she think the emotion depicted in the photograph was showing?

a. fear

b. surprise

c. anger

d. sadness

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Socioemotional Perception

Difficulty Level: Hard

53. When does facial processing activity in parts of the frontal cortex decrease?

a. childhood

b. early adolescence

c. late adolescence

d. adulthood

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Socioemotional Perception

Difficulty Level: Medium

54. When faced with emotionally arousing contexts and stimuli, adolescents tend to show exaggerated activity in which part of the brain?

a. prefrontal cortex

b. cerebellum

c. corpus callosum

d. amygdala

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Socioemotional Perception

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. At which age do the prefrontal cortex and limbic system experience a shift in neurotransmitter associated with impulsivity, novelty seeking, and reward salience?

a. 7–8

b. 8–9

c. 9–10

d. 10–11

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Risk Taking

Difficulty Level: Easy

56. The frontal cortex is associated with ______.

a. risky behavior and reward gratification

b. weighing risks and rewards

c. emotional arousal

d. response stimulation

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Substance Use and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. Like alcohol use, regular marijuana use is associated with brain alterations such as ______.

a. reduced brain and gray matter in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

b. increased brain and gray matter in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

c. reduced myelination in the executive functioning areas of the brain

d. increased myelination in the executive functioning areas of the brain

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Substance Use and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Medium

58. Risky activity thought to decline in late adolescence because adolescents ______.

a. have experienced punishment for these behaviors

b. receive societal pressure to do so

c. deal with time constraints of school and community obligations

d. are better at self-control, long-term planning, and inhibition of impulsive behavior

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Risk Taking

Difficulty Level: Medium

59. Kenzie is a 17-year-old girl who has a well thought out plan for what she wants to major in during college. She has used her time well to gain experience in the community and excel in her schoolwork. She is in advanced classes at school and is in leadership roles in the clubs she belongs to. What area of Kenzie’s brain has made advances in development?

a. limbic system

b. frontal cortex

c. occipital lobe

d. brain stem

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Risk Taking

Difficulty Level: Hard

60. The effects of family and neighborhood disadvantage on risky behavior is reduced by ______.

a. positive parenting

b. negative parenting

c. teacher involvement

d. law enforcement

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risk Taking

Difficulty Level: Hard

61. Formal operational reasoning involves the ability to think ______.

a. scientifically and without emotion

b. in terms of moral equivalencies

c. abstractly, logically, and systematically

d. about concepts that exist in reality

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective: Formal Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

62. Which reasoning stage of Piaget’s scheme of cognitive development corresponds with adolescence?

a. concrete operational

b. formal operational

c. preoperational

d. postformal operational

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective: Formal Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

63. Formal operational reasoning allows adolescents to ______.

a. give in to risky impulses

b. plan their futures

c. solve concrete problems

d. become emotionally involved

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective: Formal Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

64. Which ability lies outside the description of formal operational reasoning?

a. abstract thought

b. logical thought

c. systematic planning

d. selective attention

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective: Formal Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

65. Children in the concrete operational stage differ from those in the formal operational stage in that they are ______.

a. more likely to use metacognition to solve problems, whereas those in the formal operational stage cannot

b. unable to engage in systematic thinking to solve problems, whereas those in the formal operational stage can think systematically

c. able to attend to multiple aspects of a problem, whereas those in the formal operational stage focus their attention more specifically

d. reason cognitively in a more advanced manner than those in the formal operational stage

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective: Formal Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

66. Which question is an adolescent capable of solving that a school-age child cannot?

a. Can a person love each person in his or her family equally?

b. Can you put all the balls in three bins or just two bins?

c. Can you divide a container of ice cream into seven equal bowls?

d. How long will it take to clean out the garage?

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective: Formal Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

67. The ability to consider problems, generate and systematically test them, and draw conclusions is called ______.

a. scientific process

b. metacognition

c. hypothetical-deductive reasoning

d. logical-derivative reasoning

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective: Formal Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

68. Amanda is given the assignment to create a world on the planet Jupiter in her astronomy class in high school. She needs to study the characteristics of the planet and prepare a plan for how humans could live on the planet. The cognitive advancement that allows Amanda to accomplish this assignment is her ability to ______.

a. think in relativistic terms

b. engage in metacognition

c. use hypothetical-deductive reasoning

d. engage in multidimensional thinking

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective: Formal Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

69. The ability to remain focused on important stimuli while tuning out other stimuli describes ______.

a. attention control

b. response inhibition

c. working memory

d. deductive reasoning

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Attention, Response Inhibition, and Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

70. Stopping well-learned reactions when they are inappropriate to a situation describes ______.

a. attention control

b. response inhibition

c. working memory

d. deductive reasoning

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Attention, Response Inhibition, and Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

71. The ability to control and inhibit responses emerges in ______.

a. infancy

b. childhood

c. adolescence

d. adulthood

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Attention, Response Inhibition, and Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

72. Natalie is a good student and likes to participate in class. When she was in third grade, she had a hard times stooping herself from blurting out answers. She wanted to answer every question. Now that she is in 10th grade, she is better at controlling her behavior and only raises her hand once or twice each class. The cognitive advance Natalie has experienced is in ______.

a. metacognition

b. selective attention

c. response inhibition

d. memory

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Attention, Response Inhibition, and Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

73. Working memory reaches adult-like levels by about age ______.

a. 16

b. 17

c. 18

d. 19

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Attention, Response Inhibition, and Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

74. Taking in, manipulating, and storing information describes a teenager’s ______.

a. cognitive system

b. selective attention

c. response inhibition

d. working memory

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Metacognition and Scientific Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

75. Drake knows that he needs to read his biology text to learn the material, but he has to see the chapter diagrams to understand the material. He uses acronyms to remember information, and makes up stories about the material. Drake know this is how he learns best because he ______.

a. is capable of hypothetical-deductive reasoning

b. is taught to study in this manner by his teachers

c. has developed the ability for metacognition

d. has seen his brother study this way so he is modeling him

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Metacognition and Scientific Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

76. By experimenting with and reflecting on cognitive strategies adolescents begin to appreciate ______.

a. risks

b. logic

c. emotions

d. structure

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Metacognition and Scientific Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

77. Although adolescents can demonstrate scientific thinking, many tend to consistently prefer which type of solutions to complex real-life problems?

a. single-factor

b. multi-factor

c. linear

d. circular

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Metacognition and Scientific Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

78. When adolescents misdirect their own preoccupation about themselves on to others and assume that they are the focus of others’ attention, they are engaging in ______.

a. social referencing

b. operational reasoning

c. personal fable

d. imaginary audience

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adolescent Egocentrism

Difficulty Level: Easy

79. Adolescents express the personal fable by ______.

a. thinking everyone is looking at them and concerned about what they are doing

b. believing that they are special, unique, and invulnerable

c. experiencing heightened self-consciousness

d. telling lies to others in order to make themselves feel important

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adolescent Egocentrism

Difficulty Level: Medium

80. The invulnerability aspect of the personal fable can lead adolescents to believe they are ______.

a. smarter than everyone else

b. connecting with others on an emotional level

c. immune to consequences of risky behavior

d. part of the world’s collective consciousness

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adolescent Egocentrism

Difficulty Level: Medium

81. Danica woke up and had a pimple on her cheek. She pretended to be sick to avoid to going to school because she was sure everyone was going to see it and talk about her. What aspect of adolescent thinking is Danica experiencing?

a. imaginary audience

b. personal fable

c. metacognition

d. hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adolescent Egocentrism

Difficulty Level: Hard

82. David is very stressed over college applications. He thinks that if he fails to get into the University of Wisconsin his life is over. When his parents try to talk to him about other options, he yells at them and tells them that they just cannot understand. What aspect of adolescent thinking is David experiencing?

a. imaginary audience

b. personal fable

c. metacognition

d. hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adolescent Egocentrism

Difficulty Level: Hard

83. Which adolescent is likely to reason more poorly than an adult?

a. Jackson, who is researching various colleges he is considering attending

b. Zanaida, who is planning how to earn enough money to buy a bicycle she wants

c. Raul, who is debating whether he wants to join the military or not

d. Gina, who is thinking of shoplifting headphones to fit in with her friends

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Decision Making

Difficulty Level: Hard

84. Adolescents can make decisions that are more reflective, confident, and successful if they ______.

a. develop self-control and emotional regulation

b. learn better ways of doing things undetected

c. do more things on spur of the moment

d. rely on satisfying emotionally charged situations

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Decision Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

85. In the case of Roper v. Simmons, the Supreme Court ruling regarding capital punishment for minors is that minors ______.

a. should be able to receive the death penalty from the age of 16 because of the advances in brain development in late adolescence

b. should be able to receive the death penalty because they are emotionally stable after the age of 16

c. cannot receive the death penalty because they are not adults yet, and to receive the death penalty one must be legally an adult

d. cannot receive the death penalty because they lack maturity and are susceptible to peer influence

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

Legal Implications of Adolescent Decision Making

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Legal Implications of Adolescent Decision Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

86. Postconventional moral reasoning is described as ______.

a. involving the fear of punishment and public shaming

b. entailing autonomous decision making from moral principles that value individual rights above all else

c. entailing individuals making decisions based on what others may think of them

d. involving looking to authority figures in order to understand how to act

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Postconventional Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

87. At which point in development does a person become capable of demonstrating postconventional moral reasoning?

a. adulthood

b. late childhood

c. emerging adulthood

d. adolescence

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Postconventional Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

88. Postconventional moral reasoning involved individuals choosing behavior based on ______.

a. social relationships

b. respect for individual rights above all else

c. decision-making focused on respect for authority

d. Personal rewards

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Postconventional Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

89. Postconventional moral thinkers recognize that their self-chosen principles of fairness and justice may sometimes conflict with ______.

a. social relationships

b. popular opinion

c. the law

d. personal rewards

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Postconventional Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

90. Amanda finds out that her city is planning on building a road through land that is rumored to have Native American burials on it. She organizes a protest and the group takes turns camping out on the land to prevent the trucks from building the road. Amanda is in which stage of Kohlberg’s theory?

a. stage 6: universal ethical principles

b. stage 5: social contract orientation

c. stage 4: post conventional reasoning

d. stage 3: conventional reasoning

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Postconventional Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

91. Raj learns that they are going to raise tuition 25% at his university. He realizes that the decision was because the state was cutting funds to the school. Raj decides to contact his legislators to try and get them to understand the importance of continuing to fund higher education. He organizes a campaign to spread awareness of the issue. Raj is in which stage of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

a. stage 6: universal ethical principles

b. stage 5: social contract orientation

c. stage 4: post conventional reasoning

d. stage 3: conventional reasoning

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Postconventional Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

92. Which example illustrates stage 5: social contract orientation?

a. Rich has a goal of becoming an Eagle Scout because he wants people to think he is a good person.

b. Terry chains herself to a tree that is about to be torn down because she thinks it is on sacred Native American ground.

c. Michael avoids smoking cigarettes because he is afraid his parents will smell the smoke and punish him.

d. Jessica writes letters to her local senators about changing underage drinking laws because she thinks that being old enough to fight for the country is old enough to drink alcohol.

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Postconventional Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

93. Reasoning advances when adolescents are able to engage in discussions that are characterized by ______.

a. knowledge of laws that need to be followed

b. mutual perspective taking

c. understanding where they fit in social hierarchy

d. everyone having the same viewpoint

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Interaction and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

94. Which question is most likely to help an adolescent advance reasoning skills?

a. Why did you do that?

b. What is wrong with you?

c. Is that really a good idea?

d. No one else does that, do they?

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Social Interaction and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

95. The person most likely to help Manuela’s moral reasoning develop is her ______.

a. father, who tells her what it was like when he was growing up and asks few questions about her life

b. mother, who is busy with her younger siblings and tells her to stay out of trouble

c. friend, who challenges her with a different perspective about experiences she has

d. sister, who tells her she should avoid doing the things she has done

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Interaction and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

96. Which term means a perspective characterized by empathy, a desire to maintain relationships, and a responsibility to avoid causing harm?

a. care orientation

b. justice orientation

c. social responsibility

d. civic behavior

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

97. Which term means a perspective based on the abstract principles of fairness and individualism?

a. care orientation

b. justice orientation

c. social responsibility

d. civic behavior

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

98. Jenna earned a spot as the captain for her tennis team, but she knew that her teammate really wanted to be captain so she asked her coach to give it to the other player. Jenna’s brother said she should NOT have done that because she earned it. What moral orientation is Jenna’s behavior motivated by?

a. postconventional

b. preconventional

c. justice

d. care

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

99. Social responsibility values predict a variety of prosocial civic behaviors such as ______.

a. writing poetry

b. environmental conservation

c. getting a job

d. hobby enjoyment

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Volunteer Work and Social Responsibility

Difficulty Level: Easy

100. Parents who often model social responsibility values, influencing children and adolescents, are those with which parenting style?

a. permissive

b. authoritarian

c. authoritative

d. uninvolved

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Volunteer Work and Social Responsibility

Difficulty Level: Medium

101. In collectivist cultures, which stage of reasoning is considered to be an advanced form of reasoning?

a. stage 3 because it embodies concepts such as interdependence and relationships

b. stage 4 because it is important to be seen as a good person

c. stage 5 because it shows that a person needs to work with others to change laws

d. stage 6 because a person is only responsible for his or her own moral code

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

102. The fact that people of different cultures are able to reason using both care and justice orientations shows that the development of moral reasoning progresses in which manner across cultures?

a. linearly

b. similarly

c. randomly

d. rigidly

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

103. When adolescents coordinate moral, conventional, and personal concepts, they are more likely to act in ways ______.

a. that are close to delinquency

b. similar to peer pressure

c. similar to what society wants

d. that are in line with their beliefs

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning and Behavior

Difficulty Level: Hard

104. Which area has mixed reviews as being related to outcomes of adolescents who show low levels of moral reasoning?

a. cognition

b. depression

c. anxiety

d. delinquency

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning and Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

105. Adolescents’ ethical development influences behaviors they label as ______.

a. moral decisions

b. social conventions

c. personal issues

d. unchangeable issues

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning and Behavior

Difficulty Level: Hard

106. Which statement describes school transitions?

a. In smaller schools, students experience an easier transition.

b. Academic motivation and achievement often suffer during school transitions.

c. The adjustment difficulties associated with school transitions tend to be permanent.

d. Most important in school transitions is the support students receive from teachers.

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: School Transitions

Difficulty Level: Medium

107. Middle-school classrooms are characterized by ______.

a. a greater emphasis on student control

b. a greater emphasis on teacher control

c. more opportunities for student decision making

d. infrequent evaluation of academic performance

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: School Transitions

Difficulty Level: Medium

108. If the organization and characteristics of middle school fail to fit young adolescents’ needs, there is little ______.

a. stage-environment fit

b. student-driven focus

c. student-teacher balance

d. academic-social match

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Transitions

Difficulty Level: Easy

109. The students most vulnerable to a mismatch between developmental needs and school resources are ones who are ______.

a. high academic achievers

b. socially oriented

c. from low-income families

d. artistically oriented

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: School Transitions

Difficulty Level: Medium

110. Who is most likely to experience the most difficulty with a school transition?

a. Jamal, an African American boy who is moving from an ethnically diverse middle school to a predominantly white non-Hispanic high school

b. Olivia, an African American girl who is moving from a predominantly white non-Hispanic middle school to a high school with the same demographic

c. Mason, a white non-Hispanic boy who is moving from a small predominantly white non-Hispanic middle school to a large high school with the same demographic

d. Xenia, an Hispanic girl who is moving from a small predominantly white non-Hispanic middle school to a large ethnically diverse high school

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: School Transitions

Difficulty Level: Hard

111. Better academic achievement and better emotional health are shown in adolescents who report ______.

a. autonomy over class work

b. high levels of teacher support

c. teachers who focus on classroom control

d. parents with permissive parenting styles

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: School Transitions

Difficulty Level: Medium

112. What percentage of students drop out of high school each year?

a. 6%

b. 8%

c. 10%

d. 12%

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Dropout

Difficulty Level: Easy

113. Which student is most at risk for school dropout?

a. Shelly, who has few friends and who is bullied

b. Omar, who has parents who punish him for bad grades

c. Tanis, who likes to skip classes

d. Jeremy, who uses marijuana every day

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: School Dropout

Difficulty Level: Hard

114. In terms of school attendance, severe peer victimization, health problems, and family instability are examples of ______.

a. issues students tend to be able to deal with

b. reasons students may spend more time in class

c. severe stressors that can cause students to drop out

d. behavioral issues that students may be dealing with

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Dropout

Difficulty Level: Easy

115. The GED exam is a ______.

a. high school equivalency test

b. college entrance test

c. test for vocational aptitude

d. test for cognitive development

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Dropout

Difficulty Level: Easy

116. Which factor is an important mediator to academic motivation and performance?

a. peer relationships

b. more school freedom

c. schools smaller than a thousand students

d. close parent-adolescent relationships

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: School Dropout

Difficulty Level: Medium

117. Which parenting style is most supportive of a child’s academic performance and motivation?

a. authoritative

b. authoritarian

c. permissive

d. uninvolved

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: School Dropout

Difficulty Level: Medium

118. Mike’s father is very harsh and punishes him when he gets poor grades, then tells Mike he has to figure out on his own how to improve. Mike is continuing to struggle in school. What parenting style does his father exhibit?

a. authoritative

b. authoritarian

c. permissive

d. uninvolved

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: School Dropout

Difficulty Level: Hard

119. Parent-school involvement in middle school has been shown to predict ______.

a. anxiety in high school

b. 10th-grade extracurricular involvement

c. adolescent social competence in high school

d. 10th-grade students’ grade point average

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Dropout

Difficulty Level: Easy

120. Which factor is most important to a high schooler’s academic achievement?

a. ethnicity

b. parent–school involvement

c. socioeconomic status

d. previous academic achievement

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Dropout

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Researchers have found that the relationship between pubertal hormones and adolescent mood is strong.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate the storm and stress perspective on adolescence in light of research evidence.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adolescent Moodiness

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The beliefs held about adolescence and what is normal for adolescents can profoundly affect adolescents’ development.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate the storm and stress perspective on adolescence in light of research evidence.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adolescent Moodiness

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Girls with a greater body mass index mature earlier than do other girls.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Individual Differences in the Timing of Pubertal Maturation

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Boys who mature early tend to experience negative outcomes.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychosocial Effects of Pubertal Timing

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Adolescents only need about 7 hours of sleep each night to support healthy development.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Puberty and Sleep Patterns

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Adolescents require an increase in caloric intake in order to support the adolescent growth spurt.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nutrition and Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Synaptic pruning occurs at a much slower rate during adolescence as compared with childhood and adulthood.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain Development in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Serotonin and dopamine are neurotransmitters associated with impulsivity, novelty seeking, and reward salience.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Risk Taking

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Adolescents who engage in high-risk behavior more often show less activation of the parts of the frontal cortex that are associated with decision making.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Substance Use and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. According to the cognitive developmental perspective, development is a universal process.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective: Formal Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. All individuals once they reach adulthood are able to successfully complete hypothetical-deductive tasks.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective: Formal Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Adolescents’ abilities to apply metacognition in real-world settings develops until about age 17.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Metacognition and Scientific Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Under ideal conditions, adolescents are capable of demonstrating rational decision making that is in line with their goals and is comparable to that of adults.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Decision Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Few people advance beyond stage 4 moral reasoning.

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Postconventional Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Reasoning advances when adolescents have opportunities to engage in discussions that are characterized by mutual perspective taking.

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Interaction and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The most mature form of moral reasoning is a justice orientation.

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Individuals in non-Western cultures tend to score higher on stages of moral reasoning than those who live in Western cultures.

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Many students find the transition to a new school, whether middle school or high school, a challenge.

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: School Transitions

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. School dropout rates in the United States have reached historic highs.

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: School Dropout

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Permissive parenting style are associated with poor academic performance.

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parenting and Academic Competence

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Explain G. Stanley Hall’s definition of adolescence as a period of “storm and stress.”

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate the storm and stress perspective on adolescence in light of research evidence.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adolescent Moodiness

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain how contextual factors outside the home influence pubertal timing.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Individual Differences in the Timing of Pubertal Maturation

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What are early-maturing boys and girls at risk for?

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychosocial Effects of Pubertal Timing

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What role does physical activity play in obesity during adolescence?

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Nutrition and Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Why are adolescents more susceptible to risk-taking behavior?

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Risk Taking

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. What are the effects of advances in working memory in adolescents?

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Attention, Response Inhibition, and Working Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. How can adults help adolescents in their decision making?

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Decision Making

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. How does moral reasoning differ based on culture?

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Culture and Moral Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. What are the outcomes for adolescents as they advance in moral reasoning? What is the relationship between adolescents who show low levels of moral reasoning and delinquency?

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning and Behavior

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. How do experiences outside of school influence adolescents’ success in navigating school transitions?

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: School Transitions

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. How do adolescents’ social contexts influence pubertal timing?

Learning Objective: 11.2: Summarize the physical changes that occur with puberty and the correlates of pubertal timing.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Individual Differences in the Timing of Pubertal Maturation

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Explain how alcohol and marijuana use affect the developing brain.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Discuss brain development during adolescence and its effect on behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Individual Differences in the Timing of Pubertal Maturation

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. How do susceptibility to peer influence and future orientation influence adolescent decision making and behavior?

Learning Objective: 11.4: Identify ways in which thinking changes in adolescence and how these changes are reflected in adolescent decision making and behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Legal Implications of Adolescent Decision Making

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. How does social responsibility develop in adolescents? How does volunteerism predict social responsibility?

Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss moral development and influences on moral reasoning.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Volunteer Work and Social Responsibility

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Explain how some adolescents face greater risks with school transitions than others.

Learning Objective: 11.6: Describe the challenges that school transitions pose for adolescents and the role of parents in academic achievement.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: School Transitions

Difficulty Level: Hard