Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Russell is 24 years old. Which age category is he in?

a. progressive

b. senescence

c. emerging adult

d. young adult

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Developmental scientists pose that recent social changes mean that traditional markers of adulthood are ______.

a. delayed

b. speeded up

c. nonexistent

d. irrelevant

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood: Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Which event is considered a traditional marker of adulthood?

a. choosing a major in college

b. entering a career

c. deciding whether to continue living with parents

d. beginning to explore romantic relationships

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood: Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. By which age have most people started living independently and identified a career path?

a. early 20s

b. mid-20s

c. early 30s

d. mid-30s

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood: Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Evan has just graduated college and is trying to decide what her next step is. Which status would she most likely say she is in?

a. end of emerging adulthood

b. end of adolescence

c. adulthood

d. in-between adolescence and adulthood

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood: Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Which characteristic is typical of emerging adulthood?

a. stability

b. identity confirmation

c. feeling like an adult

d. sense of optimism

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood: Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. William has had three different jobs in the last year, and two different girlfriends. Which marker of emerging adulthood does this describe?

a. instability

b. identity exploration

c. feeling between adolescent and adult

d. sense of optimism

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood: Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Lila is in emerging adulthood. That means she is most likely to ______.

a. be financially stable

b. get married and have children

c. be on a chosen career path

d. have optimism about life

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood: Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. What amount of 18- to 20-year-olds consider themselves to be adults?

a. one fourth

b. two fifths

c. one third

d. two thirds

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood: Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Emerging adulthood may be interwoven with socioeconomic status is shown by the fact that most research is conducted on ______.

a. college students

b. high school dropouts

c. young parents

d. workers right out of high school

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Nature of Emerging Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Who is most likely to have experienced the most emerging adulthood?

a. Madison, who is deciding whether she wants to attend medical school

b. Jun, who started working right out of high school to help her family

c. Chaz, who became a father at a young age

d. Ollie, who lives in an impoverished neighborhood

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Contextual Nature of Emerging Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. What is the most important criterion for adulthood across most cultures?

a. making independent decisions and being financially independent

b. accepting responsibility for consequences of actions

c. capacity to care for young children

d. having good control over emotions

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Nature of Emerging Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. What is the most important criterion for adulthood in North America?

a. being financially independent

b. accepting responsibility for consequences of actions

c. capacity to care for young children

d. having good control over emotions

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Nature of Emerging Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The majority of research on emerging adulthood is based on samples from which culture?

a. Middle Eastern

b. Asian

c. Latin American

d. Western

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Emerging Adulthood and Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Cultural aspects of emerging adulthood is illustrated by which example?

a. Japan changing from a collectivistic society to one of individualistic collectivism

b. as countries become developed the transition to adulthood begins to shorten

c. non-Western societies marking entry to adulthood by rituals that are the same for everyone

d. college students and nonstudents from a rural village in India still viewing themselves as children

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Emerging Adulthood and Culture

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. Senescence is defined as ______.

a. rapid, abnormal age-related declines in physical functioning

b. gradual age-related declines in physical functioning

c. cognitive deficits resulting from substance use

d. physical deficits resulting from substance use

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical Development in Emerging and Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Which factor is responsible for 80% of skin changes in adulthood?

a. use of moisturizers

b. birth control pills

c. cigarette smoking

d. exposure to the sun

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical Changes

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Which physiological function peaks around age 30?

a. muscle development

b. reproductive health

c. skin elasticity

d. cardiovascular health

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Physical Changes

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which factor plays the largest role in maintaining endurance throughout adulthood?

a. getting enough sleep

b. having good nutrition

c. avoiding smoking cigarettes

d. performing physical activity

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Physical Changes

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. Karen is 28 and concerned about losing muscle strength. She speaks to a sports medicine physician to find out what she should do. The doctor recommend will most likely recommend that Karen ______.

a. realize lack of fitness is normal as a person gets older

b. start a training program and exercise the way an athlete does

c. find protein building supplements to take

d. drink more milk and eat healthier

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Physical Changes

Difficulty Level: Hard

21. Which percentage of individuals with a history of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury showed chronic traumatic encephalopathy symptoms?

a. 20%

b. 40%

c. 60%

d. 80%

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Which symptom is associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

a. lethargy

b. suicidality

c. hypertension

d. vomiting

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Athletes who are at risk for chronic traumatic encephalopathy are ones who experience ______.

a. migraine headaches

b. hypertension

c. head injuries

d. shock

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. People in their 30s can make better parents because of ______.

a. identity exploration

b. financial stability

c. greater reproductive capacity

d. having optimism about life

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fertility and Reproductive Capacity

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Conception is more difficult as women age because ______.

a. the body requires a minimum level of ova reserves

b. the uterus becomes less hospitable to implantation with age

c. extra ova will most likely be released every month

d. prior pregnancies interfere with ovulation

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fertility and Reproductive Capacity

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Beverly was diagnosed with ovarian cancer when she was 35. At age 38, Beverly and her partner want to start a family. Beverly should know her chances of getting pregnant involve ______.

a. little difficulty because many women wait until they are older to have a child

b. her previous illness increasing the chance of having multiple births

c. getting pregnant fairly easily, but having difficulty carrying a baby to full term

d. very low odds since her previous illness can cause infertility

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Fertility and Reproductive Capacity

Difficulty Level: Hard

27. The number and quality of sperm produced by a man declines beginning at about age ______.

a. 35

b. 40

c. 50

d. 65

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fertility and Reproductive Capacity

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. The most common fatal injuries among young adults under age 25 involve ______.

a. drug overdoses

b. motor vehicle accidents

c. sports trauma

d. firearms

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Health, Fitness, and Wellness in Emerging and Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. The most common fatal injuries among young adults over age 25 involve ______.

a. drug overdoses

b. motor vehicle accidents

c. sports trauma

d. firearms

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Health, Fitness, and Wellness in Emerging and Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which reason is why young adults find it difficult to eat healthily?

a. presence of parental controls

b. limited access to food

c. inadequate nutritional knowledge

d. busy, stressful lives

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Overweight and Obesity

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Dax is concerned that his weight gain during college and in the 2 years since he graduated has made him obese. What would his body mass index be at or above for him to be considered obese?

a. 25

b. 30

c. 35

d. 40

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Overweight and Obesity

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. What percentage of American adults over the age of 20 are considered overweight?

a. 10%

b. 25%

c. 33%

d. 45%

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overweight and Obesity

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. What percentage of American adults over the age of 20 are considered obese?

a. 10%

b. 25%

c. 33%

d. 45%

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overweight and Obesity

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. It is difficult to avoid overeating as people age because ______.

a. they spend more time socializing around meals and eating higher caloric foods

b. caloric needs increase and metabolic rate gradually increases as fat cells increase in number and size

c. they get busier and have less time for and interest in healthy meals

d. caloric needs drop and metabolic rate gradually falls as muscle cells decline in number and size

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Overweight and Obesity

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Which factor contributes to obesity?

a. Screen time tends to stimulate physical activity which feels tiresome.

b. Fast-food restaurants tend to be more prevalent in low income areas.

c. Healthier diets are cheaper than fast food but people dislike them.

d. Desk jobs are more coveted than jobs involving physical activity.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Overweight and Obesity

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. Weight gain throughout early adulthood predicts illnesses such as ______.

a. cardiovascular disease

b. autoimmune disease

c. allergic reactions

d. migraine headaches

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overweight and Obesity

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Effective weight loss interventions are the ones that emphasize ______.

a. writing about feelings

b. eating low amounts of carbohydrates

c. behavioral changes

d. drinking a lot of water

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Overweight and Obesity

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which individual is most likely to recover the fastest after an illness?

a. Deborah, a young adult that engages in moderate exercise regularly

b. Andrew, a middle-aged adult who is overweight but has high good cholesterol

c. Trisha, a young adult that avoids exercise but eats healthy

d. David, a middle-aged adult that works in a sedentary job and eats moderately well

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Physical Activity

Difficulty Level: Hard

39. Dasha has quite a bit of stress from her job as an assistant to a local politician. Lately, she has noticed she has been having some mood swings at work, and sometimes delays going in because she thinks she is handling the stress poorly. Which recommendation may be the most helpful for Dasha?

a. increase her caloric intake for energy

b. drink more caffeinated beverages to get through the day

c. spend more time relaxing by watching television

d. engage in regular physical activity

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Physical Activity

Difficulty Level: Hard

40. Which statement accurately reflects the recommended exercise necessary for improved health?

a. It is best to perform the majority of weekly exercises in a single block of time for optimal benefits.

b. National guidelines recommend engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate activity each week.

c. It is better to engage in vigorous activity than it is to engage in moderate activity.

d. Adults should reduce their weekly exercise each decade after the age of 30.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Physical Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Sexual activity outside of romantic relationships is referred to as what type of sex?

a. casual

b. consensual

c. premarital

d. extramarital

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Of the roughly 12,000 hookup encounters reported by students, what percentage included sexual intercourse?

a. 29%

b. 40%

c. 50%

d. 69%

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. A description of hookups is that they ______.

a. often occur within the context of office parties

b. rarely cause distress

c. most frequently involve alcohol use

d. give women higher social status

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. A description of sexual activity throughout the lifespan is that it ______.

a. is only slightly higher in young adulthood than middle age

b. declines rapidly for people in their fifties

c. is lowest in young adulthood and gradually increases into middle age

d. stagnates for people in their thirties

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. How many women experience sexual assault over their lifetime?

a. 1 in 2

b. 1 in 3

c. 1 in 4

d. 1 in 5

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Coercion

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. The key to identifying sexual assault is that it ______.

a. happens only to women

b. is usually perpetrated by an acquaintance

c. involves alcohol intake

d. is nonconsensual

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Coercion

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. Perpetrators of sexual assault are most often ______.

a. acquaintances of their victims

b. strangers to their victims

c. misunderstood by their victims

d. lured into their actions by their victims

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Coercion

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Effective sexual assault prevention involves ______.

a. educating women on how to dress in a nonsexual manner

b. debunking rape myths such as sexuality provoking an attack

c. telling women they need to report a sexual attack to the police

d. educating men on being clear about their sexual intentions

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sexual Coercion

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Substance use tends to decline in young adulthood because young adults ______.

a. are maturing and transitioning into new family roles

b. experience more peer pressure to avoid using substances

c. have less interest in engaging in it

d. have less time to engage in it

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Substance Abuse

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. If Rafael is consuming five drinks in one sitting, he is engaging in what type of drinking?

a. social

b. solitary

c. binge

d. alcoholic

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Alcohol Use and Abuse

Difficulty Level: Hard

51. Each year alcohol is implicated in how many traffic fatalities?

a. one eighth

b. one fourth

c. one third

d. one half

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Alcohol Use and Abuse

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. Research with college students suggests that binge and heavy drinking occur because young adults ______.

a. are reacting in defiance of previous parental control

b. are more driven to engage in risk-taking behavior

c. have anxiety related to academic pressure in college

d. have increased risk from the transition out of high school

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Alcohol Use and Abuse

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. Tolerance, cravings, and withdrawal are symptoms of ______.

a. alcohol dependence

b. social drinking

c. binge drinking

d. alcohol poisoning

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Alcohol Use and Abuse

Difficulty Level: Medium

54. Which reason for marijuana use is least likely to be associated with marijuana-related problems?

a. social enhancement

b. enjoyment

c. general relaxation

d. experimentation

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Marijuana

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. Which young adult is least likely to have marijuana-related problems?

a. Lauren, who uses marijuana because all her friends do

b. Roger, who uses marijuana because it is enjoyable

c. Martina, who uses marijuana to deal with the stress of her job

d. Devin, who uses marijuana as a form of experimentation

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Marijuana

Difficulty Level: Hard

56. Heavy marijuana use impairs the ability to ______.

a. shift attention from one item to another

b. recognize emotional expression in others

c. engage in self-reflection

d. read and write

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Marijuana

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. What percentage more carcinogens does marijuana smoke have than tobacco smoke?

a. 50%

b. 60%

c. 80%

d. 90%

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Marijuana

Difficulty Level: Easy

58. What is the leading cause of disease in the United States?

a. pollution

b. smoking

c. obesity

d. alcohol

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Tobacco

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. Jeannie only smokes cigarettes when she goes out to a bar with friends. According to the data on smokers, when asked if she is a smoker, what would be her most likely response?

a. Yes, because a smoker smokes cigarettes at any time

b. No, because I only smoke occasionally

c. Yes, but only a semi-smoker because it isn’t every day

d. No, because I could quit anytime I want

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Tobacco

Difficulty Level: Hard

60. Which factor is most likely to change an individual’s smoking behavior?

a. satisfaction with intimate relationships

b. recognition of job performance

c. failing out of college

d. stable living arrangement with roommates

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Tobacco

Difficulty Level: Medium

61. Which characteristic is a sign of nicotine withdrawal?

a. irritability

b. hyperfocused attention

c. decreased appetite

d. excessive sleep

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Tobacco

Difficulty Level: Easy

62. A statement that describes e-cigarettes is that they ______.

a. are a healthy alternative

b. decrease the risk for transitioning to conventional smoking

c. have fewer harmful chemicals

d. produce a vapor that emulates conventional smoking

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Tobacco

Difficulty Level: Medium

63. As Keisha progresses toward adulthood, her thinking most likely becomes increasingly ______.

a. abstract

b. concrete

c. emotional

d. practical

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cognitive Development in Emerging and Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

64. Ways in which individuals understand the nature of knowledge and how they arrive at ideas, beliefs, and conclusions is called ______.

a. metacognition

b. dualism

c. epistemic cognition

d. relativistic thinking

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Development in Emerging and Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

65. What is epistemic cognition?

a. the ways in which individuals understand the nature of knowledge and how they arrive at ideas, beliefs, and conclusions

b. polar reasoning in which knowledge and accounts of phenomena are viewed as either right or wrong with no in-between

c. knowledge is viewed as relative, dependent on the situation and thinker

d. reasoning that synthesizes contradictions among perspectives

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Development in Emerging and Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

66. A concept that is part of post-formal reasoning is the recognition that ______.

a. most problems have multiple causes and solutions

b. all solutions or attempts at solutions should be tried

c. most solutions tend to be equal in choices

d. all problems involve certainty

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Postformal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

67. Those who are more likely to engage in post-formal reasoning are students:

a. from cultures such as China, who are guided by elders in terms of decision making

b. in graduate school who are challenged to think both philosophically and practically

c. with older siblings that model different forms of thought processes

d. in a high school with a focus on reading, writing, science, and math

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Postformal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

68. Thinking in which knowledge and accounts of phenomena are viewed as either right or wrong without any in-between is called ______.

a. autonomous

b. reflective

c. dualistic

d. relativistic

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Postformal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

69. The most likely to display dualistic thinking are people who are ______.

a. 18 and beginning college

b. 28 and starting a career

c. 35 and moving to a new location

d. 39 and going back to graduate school

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Postformal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

70. Who is most likely to display dualistic thinking?

a. Cho, who is 18 and has just started college

b. Yesenia, who is 26 and in graduate school

c. Isaiah, who is 32 and transitioning into his second job

d. Alberto, who is 44 and thinking about moving to a new city

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Postformal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

71. Thinking that is dependent on the situation and thinker is called ______.

a. autonomous

b. reflective

c. dualistic

d. relativistic

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Postformal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

72. If a person says, “I really can’t choose a point of view on this issue. It depends on your beliefs since there is no way of proving either one . . . I believe they’re both the same as far as accuracy,” he or she is demonstrating which type of thinking?

a. autonomous

b. reflective

c. dualistic

d. relativistic

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Postformal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

73. Reasoning that synthesizes contradictions among perspectives is called ______.

a. reflective judgment

b. dualism

c. relativistic thinking

d. metacognition

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Postformal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

74. Which type of reasoning is illustrated by these questions: “When approaching a problem, there are probably several ways to do it. What are they? Which one’s most efficient? Which one will give us the most accurate results?”

a. autonomous judgment

b. reflective judgment

c. dualistic thinking

d. relativistic thinking

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Postformal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

75. Which statement describes post-formal thought?

a. It is universal across cultures.

b. Ultimately, few adults demonstrate reflective judgment.

c. Social interaction is unrelated to it.

d. Beginning college students are more likely to use reflective judgment.

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Postformal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

76. Post-formal cognitive development depends on ______.

a. choosing the right and wrong answers

b. making sure everyone understands reasoning

c. the ability to reflect on self-thought processes

d. the ability to ensure self-determination

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Postformal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

77. Which type of thinking is most likely to involve the acceptance of inconsistencies and use reasoning to determine the best alternatives?

a. pragmatic

b. dualistic

c. relativistic

d. reflective

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive-Affective Complexity

Difficulty Level: Medium

78. Coordinating dynamic roles as a spouse, parent, friend, employee, and manager effectively requires which type of reasoning skills?

a. pragmatic

b. dualistic

c. relativistic

d. autonomous

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive-Affective Complexity

Difficulty Level: Hard

79. Which individual is demonstrating pragmatic thought?

a. Hannah gives several different perspectives every time she is asked a question about a situation involving ethics.

b. Julio comes up with several ways to solve a problem in his job as an outreach coordinator for youth.

c. Dalia feels lost in her philosophy class because it is difficult for her to identify a correct answer.

d. Luc understands that at his new job the senior engineer makes decisions and assigns him projects.

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive-Affective Complexity

Difficulty Level: Hard

80. Pragmatic thought entails acceptance of inconsistency and ambiguity; therefore, it is most like which type of thinking?

a. autonomous

b. reflective

c. dualistic

d. relativistic

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive-Affective Complexity

Difficulty Level: Hard

81. The capacity to be aware of emotions, integrate positive and negative feelings about an issue, and regulate intense emotions to make logical decisions about complicated issues is called ______.

a. dualism

b. reflective judgment

c. cognitive affective complexity

d. relativistic thinking

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive-Affective Complexity

Difficulty Level: Easy

82. Which type of thought is necessary for an adult to better understand others, including their perspectives, feelings, and motivations?

a. cognitive-affective complexity

b. relativistic thinking

c. dualism

d. reflective judgment

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive-Affective Complexity

Difficulty Level: Medium

83. Cultural variation in reasoning about causal events is demonstrated by ______.

a. Westerners who emphasize complex interactions across many entities

b. East Asian people who use a single direct explanation

c. Westerners who use a few direct explanations

d. Native Americans who emphasize the ripple effect of an action

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive-Affective Complexity

Difficulty Level: Medium

84. Which developmental outcome is influenced by college attendance?

a. experimenting with alternative behavior is discouraged

b. learning confirms predetermined knowledge

c. being held to the values of the majority

d. being able to construct arguments

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developmental Impact of Attending College

Difficulty Level: Medium

85. What is the most important aspect of attending college for developmental outcomes?

a. size of the institution

b. rigorousness of the curriculum

c. activity in campus life

d. diversity of the students

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Developmental Impact of Attending College

Difficulty Level: Hard

86. Who is most at risk of dropping out of college?

a. Juanita, a wealthy Hispanic student attending her father’s college

b. Derrick, a first generation college student who is African American

c. Anne, a college student attending a 2-year institution

d. Mauricio, a college student attending a 4-year institution

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: First Generation College Students

Difficulty Level: Hard

87. First-generation students find it difficult to succeed in college because they ______.

a. receive little positive support from their family and peers

b. are criticized for “selling out” and attending college

c. have too much pressure to work and help support the family

d. have few family and peer models of how to thrive in college

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: First Generation College Students

Difficulty Level: Medium

88. Which approach would be least beneficial for an institution to retain first generation college students?

a. assigning each student a faculty mentor

b. creating a support network to help develop study skills

c. encouraging participation in campus events

d. treating them exactly the same as other students

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: First Generation College Students

Difficulty Level: Hard

89. Which approach can the institution use to help first generation college students be successful?

a. recommend they stop working and enroll full-time

b. ask them to fill out questionnaires about their experiences if they drop out

c. assign them a mentor to help them with their college experiences

d. give them a brochure on how to adjust to campus life

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: First Generation College Students

Difficulty Level: Hard

90. Nontraditional students have strengths that may be lacking in traditional students such as ______.

a. having more social support

b. showing a readiness to learn

c. having financial stability

d. being more driven to graduate early

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nontraditional College Students

Difficulty Level: Medium

91. An atypical characteristic of a nontraditional college student is ______.

a. being financially independent

b. having children

c. working a job

d. attending classes full time

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nontraditional College Students

Difficulty Level: Medium

92. How many nontraditional students are people of color?

a. one fourth

b. two fifths

c. one third

d. two thirds

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nontraditional College Students

Difficulty Level: Easy

93. Nontraditional college students often return to college because they ______.

a. want to be eligible for higher paying careers

b. are looking for a life partner

c. gave children that are grown so they have the time

d. are interested in becoming teachers

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nontraditional College Students

Difficulty Level: Medium

94. A characteristic nontraditional students have that may be lacking in traditional students is they ______.

a. have more social and emotional support

b. show a problem-centered orientation toward learning

c. are more likely to access resources on campus

d. have more flexibility in their lives to take a variety of courses

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nontraditional College Students

Difficulty Level: Medium

95. Nontraditional students are better at making meaning of theoretical concepts because they have ______.

a. brains that have developed more fully

b. learned the information previously

c. life experience and knowledge of multiple roles

d. an academic focus in general

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nontraditional College Students

Difficulty Level: Medium

96. Which factor would be appealing to a nontraditional student when deciding whether to enroll in college?

a. high faculty to student ratio

b. set course schedules

c. extended student services hours

d. extraneous courses needed for a degree

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nontraditional College Students

Difficulty Level: Medium

97. Which student is considered nontraditional?

a. Jace, who took a year off after high school before attending a four year college

b. Courtney, who is enrolled in a two year college

c. Sheila, who is enrolled part-time in college while her children are young

d. Jackson, who has a double major plus a minor in college

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Nontraditional College Students

Difficulty Level: Hard

98. Educators, scholars, and policy makers call the population of non-college-bound youth “forgotten” because ______.

a. employers avoid using them to fill open jobs

b. they have little value in Western culture

c. relatively few resources are directed toward assisting them

d. politicians typically focus little energy on them

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Forgotten Third

Difficulty Level: Medium

99. What is the rate of unemployment for high school graduates compared to bachelor’s degree holders?

a. two times

b. three times

c. four times

d. five times

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Forgotten Third

Difficulty Level: Easy

100. The typical job of a person with only a high school degree is one that ______.

a. is unskilled

b. pays well

c. has great flexibility

d. has much security

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Forgotten Third

Difficulty Level: Easy

101. Which statement describes non-college-bound students?

a. They represent about one third of high school graduates each year.

b. All students in secondary school receive the same support for life after high school.

c. Most failed to be accepted into higher learning schools.

d. They have an equal number of job opportunities compared to prior generations.

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Forgotten Third

Difficulty Level: Medium

102. Which approach by high schools would help young people who are uninterested in college?

a. vocational training

b. scholarships

c. following an academic track

d. brochures on the benefits of a degree

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Forgotten Third

Difficulty Level: Hard

103. Brent is a high school graduate who cannot afford to go to college so he got a job right after graduation. Brent most likely experienced ______.

a. a job that pays decent wages

b. lack of preparation for entering the workforce

c. many scholarship opportunities during high school

d. opportunities for vocational training while in high school

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Forgotten Third

Difficulty Level: Hard

104. Donna has little interest in attending college after high school. What are schools doing that will result in Donna being unprepared for the job market?

a. focusing more energy on college-bound students and little on vocational training

b. pressuring students to go to college which gives them little time to learn a skill because of homework demands

c. isolating non-college-bound students from peers who are going on to college

d. sending the message that non-college-bound students are unworthy of education, increasing the dropout rate

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Forgotten Third

Difficulty Level: Hard

105. According to Super’s model of vocational development, what does vocational maturity reflect?

a. a vocational choice that reflects an understanding of work-life balance

b. the degree to which an individual’s occupation can support the person and his or her family

c. the degree to which an individual’s occupational behaviors and status match the age-appropriate occupational stage

d. a vocational choice that has potential for promotion and advancement in order to gain higher status in the career field

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Occupational Stages

Difficulty Level: Hard

106. Which stage of occupational development involves identifying specific occupational goals and pursuing the education needed to achieve them?

a. implementation

b. crystallization

c. specification

d. stabilization

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupational Stages

Difficulty Level: Easy

107. Which stage of occupational development involves completing training, entering the job market, and making the transition to employee?

a. implementation

b. crystallization

c. specification

d. stabilization

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupational Stages

Difficulty Level: Easy

108. Which stage of occupational development involves settling into specific jobs, gaining experience, and adapting to changes in the workplace and in field of work?

a. implementation

b. crystallization

c. specification

d. stabilization

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupational Stages

Difficulty Level: Easy

109. What is the focus of the consolidation stage of occupational development?

a. accumulating experience, advancing up the career ladder, and becoming supervisors

b. seeking information about careers by talking with family, friends, and teachers, and online searches

c. completing training, entering the job market, and making the transition to employee

d. identifying specific occupational goals and pursuing the education needed to achieve them

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupational Stages

Difficulty Level: Medium

110. Carter decided that he wanted to go to medical school, so he enrolled in the pre-med program at the four-year university he attends. What stage of occupational development is he in?

a. implementation

b. crystallization

c. specification

d. stabilization

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Occupational Stages

Difficulty Level: Hard

111. Brian was promoted to the manager in the department he has worked in for 6 years. He is a mentor for other new managers and enjoys attending training to advance his administrative skills. What stage of occupational development is he in?

a. implementation

b. consolidation

c. specification

d. stabilization

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Occupational Stages

Difficulty Level: Hard

112. The most important factor in selecting a career is a match between occupational interests and ______.

a. personality traits

b. family concerns

c. financial stability

d. societal trends

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Influences on Vocational Choice

Difficulty Level: Medium

113. MacKenzie’s mother is a surgeon and her father is a microbiologist. The influence her parents have on MacKenzie’s choice of occupation that she will most likely ______.

a. pursue vocational training

b. decide to become an artist

c. choose a high-profile college and career

d. go to work right out of high school

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Influences on Vocational Choice

Difficulty Level: Hard

114. Shawnell is African American and lives in a low socioeconomic status community. His mother graduated from a night program in medical records administration at a local two year college. The influence his mother has on Shawnell’s occupation is that he will most likely ______.

a. pursue vocational training in high school

b. decide to become an artist

c. pursue a career that requires attending college

d. go to work right out of high school

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Influences on Vocational Choice

Difficulty Level: Hard

115. Which statement regarding occupational expectations and reality is accurate?

a. The majority of emerging adults by age 30 have accomplished goals set in their early 20s.

b. Most emerging adults have a clear understanding of what they want to do in life and how to get there.

c. Western culture is shifting in that more women are advancing in careers than men are by the time they reach age 30.

d. Young people frequently have jobs that fail to match their interests and education.

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Influences on Vocational Choice

Difficulty Level: Medium

116. Managing expectations in light of reality often leads young adults to ______.

a. seek alternative jobs and careers

b. drink alcohol and use marijuana excessively

c. seek counseling to deal with the stress

d. learn how to stay in an unsatisfying job

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transition to Work

Difficulty Level: Medium

117. Who is most likely to hold senior executive jobs?

a. Latino men

b. White men

c. African American women

d. White women

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Diversity in the Workplace

Difficulty Level: Easy

118. Which factor do African American women who become leaders in their professions report helped them achieve their goals?

a. choosing to avoid having a family

b. reading self-help books

c. receiving guidance from mentors and colleagues

d. being able to do it by themselves

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Diversity in the Workplace

Difficulty Level: Medium

119. Which factor predicts satisfaction with work-life balance and lower levels of work–life conflict?

a. choosing to avoid having a family

b. shifting parental responsibilities to one parent

c. being constantly available to work

d. having control over work time

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Diversity in the Workplace

Difficulty Level: Medium

120. Which STEM field tends to be male-dominated?

a. computer science

b. biological sciences

c. chemistry

d. mathematics

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Gender and STEM Careers

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Recent social changes have prolonged the transition to adulthood, creating the new period of emerging adulthood

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood: Transition to Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Emerging adulthood is usually the most stable period in life.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Markers of Emerging Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Emerging adults often report feeling a sense of being in-between neither adolescents nor adults.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Markers of Emerging Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Emerging adulthood has been observed among young people in only Western culture.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Contextual Nature of Emerging Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Lung efficiency declines 5% faster per decade for smokers as compared with nonsmokers.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical Development in Emerging and Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Age-related changes in the skin are avoidable.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical Changes

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Many young adults wait to have children until they have completed their education and established their careers.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fertility and Reproductive Capacity

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Obesity is more related to environmental pressures than genetic factors.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Overweight and Obesity

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Perpetrators of sexual assault are most often unknown to their victims

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Coercion

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Sustained marijuana use is associated with self-reported cognitive difficulties.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Marijuana

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The majority of smokers have their first cigarette after age 18.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Tobacco

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Post-formal cognitive development is dependent on metacognition and experience.

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Post-Formal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Postformal reasoning is universal across cultures.

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Post-Formal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Young adults tend to make the same emotion-fused thinking that adolescents engage in.

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Post Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive-Affective Complexity

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Student attrition is higher in colleges with open enrollment and low admission requirements.

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developmental Impact of Attending College

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Many nontraditional students find the practical details of college difficult to navigate.

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nontraditional College Students

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Young adults who enter the workforce immediately after high school have more work opportunities than those of prior generations.

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Forgotten Third

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Young adults often find they must tailor and adapt their expectations and goals in light of their career setting.

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupational Stages

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Contextual influence such as family and educational opportunities play little role in determining career choice.

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Influences on Vocational Choice

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Women and ethnic minorities face many obstacles to career success, often collectively known as the glass ceiling.

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Diversity in the Workplace

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Give three examples of how culture may play a role in the experience of emerging adulthood.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Contextual Nature of Emerging Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. What is the major cause of chronic traumatic encephalopathy? What are symptoms of this disorder?

Learning Objective: 13.2: Summarize the physical developments of emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What are the benefits of regular moderate exercise?

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Physical Activity

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. What is the “stage of life phenomenon” in early adulthood?

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Alcohol Use and Abuse

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. What is the relationship between cognitive-affective complexity and social development?

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive-Affective Complexity

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Give two examples of cultural variation in reasoning about causal events.

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evaluating Cognitive-Developmental Approaches to Adult Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What are some important ways that colleges can support nontraditional students?

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nontraditional College Students

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Karla is a friend of yours, and she just told you that her daughter, Zoe, is uninterested in going to college. Instead, Zoe is considering one of the vocational programs that her high school offers. Karla is skeptical that this will prepare Zoe for life on her own. What information can you give Karla that she might find helpful?

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Forgotten Third

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Explain the mismatch between young people’s jobs and their interests and education. What types of jobs do these young people typically have?

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Transition to Work

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. What type of workplace policies have proven the most effective for employees who balance home and work responsibilities?

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Work and Family

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. Use Japan as an example of how economic development shifts attitudes that may contribute to emerging adulthood.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe the features and characteristics of emerging adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Emerging Adulthood and Culture

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. How do contextual influences affect the prevalence of sexual assault? What is involved in effective sexual assault prevention?

Learning Objective: 13.3: Analyze physical and sexual health issues in emerging and early adulthood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sexual Coercion

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Explain the relationship among post-formal cognitive development, experience, and metacognition.

Learning Objective: 13.4: Compare postformal reasoning, pragmatic thought, and cognitive-affective complexity.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Post-Formal Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Explain what cultural mismatch means for first generation college students. How can a college help these students?

Learning Objective: 13.5: Explain how attending college influences young adults’ development, and identify challenges faced by first generation and nontraditional students.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: First Generation College Students

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Explain three factors that contribute to the low amount of women in STEM fields.

Learning Objective: 13.6: Discuss vocational choice and the transition to work.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Gender and STEM Careers

Difficulty Level: Hard