Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. About how many feet tall is the average 10-year-old?

a. 3

b. 3.5

c. 4

d. 4.5

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Body Growth

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. At which age do boys enter a period of rapid growth that will continue through adolescence?

a. 12

b. 11

c. 10

d. 9

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Body Growth

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Children in which ethnic group grow faster and are taller and heavier than white children of the same age?

a. Asian American

b. Hispanic

c. East Indian

d. African American

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Body Growth

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Abel lives in an area of poverty and often has too little to eat. He is small for his age, even at 8 years old. What will Abel’s growth pattern likely to be if he continues to stay in his current environment?

a. He will outgrow the stunting once he reaches middle childhood.

b. His growth will continue to be stunted through adolescence.

c. He should experience a large growth spurt around age 14.

d. His growth will increase at small rate until age 12 then increase greatly.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Body Growth

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Lily is 6 years old. Which skill is she likely to be able to do now that was unlikely for her to do at 4 years of age?

a. run fast

b. throw a ball

c. perform a dance

d. jump

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Which part of the brain is responsible for balance, coordination, and some aspects of emotion and reasoning?

a. cerebellum

b. prefrontal cortex

c. corpus callosum

d. amygdala

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which statement describes motor development in middle childhood?

a. Motor skills in infancy fail to predict motor abilities of school-age children.

b. Gross motor skills in middle childhood remain unchanged while fine motor skills do change.

c. Girls tend to outperform boys in fine motor skills.

d. Boys tend to outperform girls in fine motor skills.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Which factor enables children to carry out sophisticated motor activities that require the use of one hand?

a. ability to contract large muscles

b. inhibition of actions

c. ability to maintain balance while running

d. initiation of actions

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. A fine motor skill advancement that school age children make is the ability to ______.

a. dodge a ball

b. perform a somersault

c. throw a ball with one hand

d. write letters and numbers

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. All of Annabelle’s teachers comment on what nice penmanship she has. She also loves to braid friendship bracelets and play the flute. Annabelle is demonstrating skill in which area of motor development?

a. kinesthetic

b. spatial

c. gross motor skills

d. fine motor skills

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. What is the most frequent cause of fatal injuries in children ages 5–19?

a. motor vehicle accidents

b. accidental poisoning

c. suicide

d. homicide

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Childhood Injuries

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which child is most at risk for injury?

a. Charlotte, 6, who is attending a pool party her friend’s aunt is supervising

b. Maia, 5, whose father is on the phone the entire weekend she spends at his house

c. Kobe, 8, whose mother insists he take the same route home from school every day

d. Leo, 7, who has ADHD and gets angry when his dad tells him the right way to ride a bike

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Childhood Injuries

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. Which action most directly reduces the risk of injury to children?

a. video programs about safety

b. public service announcements by celebrities

c. parental supervision and monitoring

d. printed safety instructions

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Childhood Injuries

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Which condition is a serious health problem facing many children today?

a. obesity

b. asthma

c. high blood pressure

d. spinal meningitis

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obesity

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. How do health care professionals determine whether an individual is in the healthy range?

a. weight measured by a scale

b. visual appearance

c. measuring body mass index

d. size of clothing

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obesity

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Obesity is defined as having BMI at or above which percentile for height and age?

a. 80th

b. 85th

c. 90th

d. 95th

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Obesity

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Greater rates of obesity are occurring in developing nations like India, Pakistan, and China due to ______.

a. having diets that are lower in saturated fats

b. genetic predisposition to weight gain

c. transitions to Western-style diets

d. having little access to healthy foods

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obesity

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. A type of program that is often overlooked as an effective strategy to reduce childhood obesity is one that ______.

a. targets reducing children’s screen time

b. teaches children about nutrition

c. increases children’s physical activity

d. increases children’s self-esteem

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Obesity

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. Michelle has three children who all have been identified by their pediatrician as at risk for obesity. Based on the research on childhood obesity, a suggestions the pediatrician most likely gave to Michelle is that the children ______.

a. watch certain television shows targeted at messages of health and nutrition

b. see a therapist to boost their self-esteem

c. play video games targeted at teaching about health

d. have a home-cooked evening meal with her each night

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Obesity

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. Body image dissatisfaction is linked to ______.

a. being a picky eater

b. screen time and media consumption

c. low socioeconomic status

d. having adequate nutrition and caloric intake

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obesity

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Approximately how many 8- to 10-year-old children report dieting at least some of the time?

a. one half

b. one third

c. one fourth

d. one eighth

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Body Image Dissatisfaction

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Luna and Anna are 8 years old. They have made a pact to help each other diet because they think they are fat. Luna cries every time her mother tries to take her shopping because she says she is ugly and nothing will fit her. Anna compares herself to teen pop stars and believes she will never be that pretty. What common health issue are Luna and Anna facing?

a. obesity

b. attention deficit disorder

c. body image dissatisfaction

d. social anxiety

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Body Image Dissatisfaction

Difficulty Level: Hard

23. What is the focus of many school-based programs that aim to educate students about body image?

a. dressing in age-appropriate clothing

b. improving media literacy

c. learning how to exercise properly

d. eating foods that help with weight loss

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Body Image Dissatisfaction

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which stage does Piaget say children become able to use logic to solve problems but are still unable to apply logic to abstract and hypothetical situations?

a. preoperational stage of reasoning

b. information processing

c. executive function

d. concrete operational stage of reasoning

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Perspective: Concrete Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which concept is part of classification skills in middle childhood?

a. elaboration

b. conservation

c. transitive inference

d. multiple intelligences

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classification

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Which ability emerges earlier than other concrete operational skills?

a. elaboration

b. transitive influence

c. seriation

d. class inclusion

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classification

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. The gym teacher told her fourth grade students to line up from shortest to tallest. She had told her four-year-old kindergarten class to do the same thing, but they were unable to do it. What cognitive concept do the fourth grade students have that the kindergarten students are incapable of yet?

a. egocentrism

b. elaboration

c. seriation

d. conservation

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Classification

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. Which concept involves understanding hierarchical relationships among items?

a. class inclusion

b. transitive inference

c. seriation

d. conservation

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Classification

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. If Priscilla is organizing her baseball cards by team, then by batting average of members within the team, which ability is she using?

a. class inclusion

b. transitive inference

c. seriation

d. conservation

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Classification

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. Which skill occurs separately from the concrete operational stage?

a. centration

b. seriation

c. class inclusion

d. transitive inference

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classification

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. A child’s capacity to solve conservation problems is related to development of information processing capacities such as ______.

a. being able to sense tactile differences in objects

b. working memory and the ability to control impulses

c. long-term memory and the ability to recognize emotions

d. being able to use gross motor skills

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conservation

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Maria, who is 9 years of age observes two identical balls of clay and watches as her teacher rolls one ball of clay into a long hot-dog shape and leaves the other ball of clay in the original round ball. Maria is then asked which piece has more clay. She says that both shapes have the same mount. Maria understands object ______.

a. typing

b. constancy

c. identity

d. reversibility

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Conservation

Difficulty Level: Hard

33. The cultural differences in children’s performance on tasks that measure concrete operational reasoning are a result of ______.

a. methodology and how questions are asked

b. genetic differences among different ethnicities

c. differences in the educational curriculum in different cultures

d. different parenting practices among different cultures

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Culture and Concrete Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

34. Considering cultural differences in concrete operational reasoning, children more likely to display logical reasoning when ______.

a. experiencing a model who displays the concept

b. the researcher is white and male

c. considering substances with which they are familiar

d. working on a task with another person

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture and Concrete Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. As cognitive abilities become more advanced, children will attribute contagious illnesses to ______.

a. fate

b. misdeeds

c. emotional explanations

d. biological explanations

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Children’s Understanding of Illness

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Which child is most likely to incorporate the concepts of Yin and Yang into health and disease?

a. Chase, who lives in the United States

b. Iolu, who lives in Vanuatu

c. Daiyu, who lives in China

d. Lubanzi, who lives in South Africa

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Children’s Understanding of Illness

Difficulty Level: Hard

37. Information processing describes development as entailing changes in the ______.

a. qualitative changes in reasoning

b. ability to imitate a more skilled person

c. connection between cognition and emotion

d. efficiency of cognition

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Information Processing

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which function falls outside of the central executive arena?

a. storing information in long-term memory

b. interpreting facial expressions and attributing emotions to the expression

c. encoding and retrieving information

d. selectively attending to specific information and ignoring irrelevant information

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Working Memory and Executive Function in Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which brain development is responsible for improvements in memory, attention, and processing speed?

a. synaptogenesis

b. neurogenesis

c. lateralization and neurogenesis

d. myelination and pruning

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Working Memory and Executive Function in Children

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Information processing during middle childhood is characterized by ______.

a. having difficulty paying attention to new information

b. determining what information is important

c. reducing need to use strategies to retain information

d. retaining information less effectively than when younger

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Working Memory and Executive Function in Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Which age can children start accurately evaluating their knowledge and applying it to learn more effectively?

a. 6–7

b. 7–8

c. 8–9

d. 9–10

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Metacognition and Metamemory

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Which term means systematically repeating information in order to retain it in working memory?

a. rehearsal

b. elaboration

c. organization

d. centration

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Memory Strategies

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. Carter is studying for his biology exam. He is trying to remember the process of photosynthesis so he creates a story about a flower growing in a field that includes the flower taking in sunlight. What memory strategy is he using?

a. elaboration

b. organization

c. rehearsal

d. centration

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Memory Strategies

Difficulty Level: Hard

44. People in nonwestern cultures without formal schooling tend to rely on which type of memory skills?

a. elaboration

b. organization

c. rehearsal

d. spatial cues

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Context and Cognition

Difficulty Level: Hard

45. Which measurement determines an individual’s capacity to learn?

a. intelligence test

b. achievement test

c. Flynn effect

d. Gardner intelligences

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. What is the most widely used individually administered intelligence test for children?

a. Bayley Scales of Development (Bayley-III)

b. Stanford-Binet

c. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)

d. Denver Developmental Test

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intelligence Tests

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Which part of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children enables children with speech disorders and those who have a language other than English to be fairly assessed?

a. verbal comprehension

b. nonverbal subtests

c. Flynn effect

d. Gardner tests

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intelligence Tests

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Which portion of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is thought to be less influenced by culture?

a. vocabulary

b. visual spatial reasoning

c. knowledge

d. factual information

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Group-Administered and Individually Administered Intelligence Tests

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Deni, a child with a speech disorder, is taking a test that measures verbal comprehension, such as vocabulary, and nonverbal measures including perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. When her scores come back, what area is going to be emphasized as a potential strength in her assessment?

a. verbal measures because of the importance of determining language ability

b. nonverbal measures because they are more culture-fair

c. nonverbal measures because they require little language proficiency

d. verbal measures because deficits predict how easily adaptation will occur

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Intelligence Tests

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. A correlation between IQ and schooling is that IQ ______.

a. cannot be used as a predictor of children’s academic achievement

b. reflects exposure to information that has little value in the majority culture

c. is lower in same-age children who have more years of schooling than peers

d. is an indicator of potential grades and likelihood of staying in school

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Intelligence Tests

Difficulty Level: Hard

51. A consistent and controversial finding is that children in which group tends to score 10–15 below White American children?

a. Hispanic

b. African American

c. Asian American

d. European

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Individual and Group Differences in IQ

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. Impoverished children’s IQ scores tend to be most influenced by their ______.

a. disadvantaged contexts

b. genes

c. screen time

d. siblings

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Influences on IQ Difficulty Level: Medium

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. Latino and Native American children tending to do better on nonverbal tasks demonstrates that which factor plays a role in group IQ test findings?

a. language of minority culture

b. language of majority culture

c. genetic predisposition

d. screen time

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Influences on IQ

Difficulty Level: Medium

54. Over the past 60 years, intelligence scores have increased by about 9 points for measures of general knowledge and 15 points for nonverbal measures of fluid reasoning. This is known as the ______.

a. Flynn effect

b. generational shift

c. Gardner measures

d. aptitude advancement

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Influences on IQ

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. The Flynn effect occurs because of ______.

a. maturation

b. higher rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

c. genetics

d. changes in education and environmental stimulation

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Influences on IQ

Difficulty Level: Medium

56. Howard Gardner views intelligence as ______.

a. what can be learned in formal schooling and through common sense

b. only to be measured through standardized IQ tests

c. biologically based and primarily influenced by genetics

d. the ability to solve problems or create culturally valued products

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Multiple Intelligences

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. Bodily-kinesthetic, verbal-linguistic, and musical intellects are all part of ______.

a. traditional IQ tests

b. Gardner multiple intelligences

c. the Flynn effect

d. the triarchic theory of intelligence

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Multiple Intelligences

Difficulty Level: Easy

58. Which example illustrates Gardner’s bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?

a. Michael is a gifted dancer and enjoys designing choreography.

b. Clarissa is very social, empathetic, and works well with others on group projects.

c. Jennifer excels at physical activities and is really good at sculpture.

d. Andrea loves to read and write stories. She is fluent in English, Spanish, and French.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Multiple Intelligences

Difficulty Level: Hard

59. Assessing multiple intelligences requires ______.

a. carefully written tests

b. physical measurements

c. extended observations

d. detailed genetic tests

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Multiple Intelligences

Difficulty Level: Medium

60. The view that intellect is a set of mental abilities that permit individuals to adapt to any context and to select and modify the contexts in which they live and behave is ______.

a. cognitive development

b. multiple intelligences

c. triarchic theory of intelligence

d. behaviorism

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Medium

61. A characteristic of individuals with analytical intelligence is that they ______.

a. find it difficult to generate strategies to solve problems

b. avoid engaging in metacognition

c. process information in a random manner

d. learn easily and organize information well

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Hard

62. An example of contextual influences on intelligence is that American parents think intelligence in children is shown by ______.

a. self-management

b. cognitive capacities

c. social skills

d. respectful obedience

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Medium

63. Which stage of Piaget’s perspective involves children viewing rules rigidly?

a. autonomous morality

b. heteronomous morality

c. preconventional moral reasoning

d. conventional moral reasoning

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning: Piaget’s Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

64. Which stage of Piaget’s perspective involves children seeing a need for agreement on rules and consequences for violations?

a. autonomous morality

b. heteronomous morality

c. preconventional moral reasoning

d. conventional moral reasoning

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning: Piaget’s Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

65. In Miss Cathy’s kindergarten class, each child has made paper valentines for Valentine’s Day for everyone else in the class. These are to be placed in decorative bags, one for each child, that have been affixed to the wall in two rows, one above the other. After a short class discussion, the class has agreed that in order to avoid a big crowd at the bags where someone might get hurt, the shorter students should place their valentines in the bags first, then the taller students can place theirs. Which stage of Piaget’s perspective does this describe?

a. autonomous morality

b. heteronomous morality

c. preconventional moral reasoning

d. conventional moral reasoning

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Moral Reasoning: Piaget’s Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

66. Which stage in Kohlberg’s theory involves children’s moral behavior being a response to external pressure?

a. autonomous morality

b. heteronomous morality

c. preconventional moral reasoning

d. conventional moral reasoning

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Children’s Conceptions of Justice: Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

67. Sebastian, who is 6, walks into the kitchen and sees that his mother has left cookies out on the table as a snack for him and his brother, Benjamin. They are chocolate chip, Sebastian’s favorite kind. He briefly thinks that if he took all four cookies, Benjamin would never know. Then he remembers that the last time he did that, he had to sit in time out for an hour while Benjamin got to play in the pool with their dad. Sebastian decides to take only two of the cookies. Which stage in Kohlberg’s theory is Sebastian in?

a. autonomous morality

b. heteronomous morality

c. preconventional moral reasoning

d. conventional moral reasoning

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Children’s Conceptions of Justice: Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

68. Which stage in Kohlberg’s theory involves children’s moral behavior being motivated by reciprocity, seeking to be accepted and avoid disapproval?

a. autonomous morality

b. heteronomous morality

c. preconventional moral reasoning

d. conventional moral reasoning

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Children’s Conceptions of Justice: Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

69. Elisabeth is 9 years old. Teryn is a girl that sits in front of Elisabeth at school, and Elisabeth does NOT like her. One day, Elisabeth notices that Teryn’s backpack is open, and in it she sees an expensive pair of headphones. Elisabeth’s parents could never afford to buy her those, and she briefly thinks about taking them, especially since it would really upset Teryn. However, she knows it would be wrong, and if she was found out, her parents and friends would be really angry and disappointed she did something like that. Which stage in Kohlberg’s theory is Elisabeth in?

a. autonomous morality

b. heteronomous morality

c. preconventional moral reasoning

d. conventional moral reasoning

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Children’s Conceptions of Justice: Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

70. Nick decides to join Boy Scouts. He likes the structure scouts provide of being told how to act and the way that people give him positive reinforcement for being a Boy Scout. He wants others to see him as a good person, especially his parents and teachers. Which stage in Kohlberg’s theory is Nick in?

a. conventional moral reasoning

b. preconventional moral reasoning

c. autonomous morality

d. heteronomous morality

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Children’s Conceptions of Justice: Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

71. Discussions that involve mutual perspective taking and opportunities to discuss different points of view help children to ______.

a. solidify fixed ideas

b. advance in reasoning

c. avoid changing behaviors

d. realize others have authority over them

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Children’s Conceptions of Justice: Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

72. How to divide goods fairly is known as ______.

a. conventional moral reasoning

b. autonomous morality

c. distributive justice

d. morality of cooperation

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Distributive Justice Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

73. At which age do children begin acting on the basis of benevolence?

a. 5

b. 8

c. 10

d. 12

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Distributive Justice Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Easy

74. Jennifer believes that her friend Allison should get the credit for the poster they worked on together for art class because Allison did more of the work. Jennifer is demonstrating ______.

a. autonomous morality

b. conventional moral reasoning

c. morality of constraint

d. distributive justice

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Distributive Justice Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

75. U.S. children preferring distribution of resources be based on merit and Filipino children preferring the distribution be based on interpersonal relationships reflects which concept?

a. immature moral reasoning

b. universal moral reasoning

c. cultural influences on morality

d. genetic influences on morality

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Distributive Justice Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

76. Which type of rules do school-age children see as less violable, contingent on authority or rules, or alterable than social conventions?

a. moral

b. preoperational

c. distributive

d. limited

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Distinguishing Moral and Conventional Rules

Difficulty Level: Medium

77. Which moral issue are school-age children likely to judge as being the most serious transgression?

a. lying about a grade

b. bullying

c. forgetting to say thank you

d. skipping school

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Distinguishing Moral and Conventional Rules

Difficulty Level: Hard

78. Which area of the brain is central to making moral decisions?

a. amygdala

b. prefrontal cortex

c. cerebellum

d. corpus callosum

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

79. Which area of the brain is triggers automatic emotional responses to stimuli?

a. amygdala

b. prefrontal cortex

c. cerebellum

d. corpus callosum

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

80. How language is used in everyday contexts describes ______.

a. irony

b. pragmatics

c. vocabulary

d. syntax

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Language Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

81. The understanding that words can be used in more than one way leads 8- to 10-year-old to understand ______.

a. similes and metaphors

b. complex sentence structure

c. sarcasm and syntax

d. foreign languages

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Vocabulary

Difficulty Level: Hard

82. Which example is a statement a child around the age of 8 would make?

a. I was so tired after I runned home.

b. I would have picked up my clothes if I wanted to.

c. I already did that.

d. I feed dog.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Grammar

Difficulty Level: Hard

83. Most English-speaking children find passive-voice sentences difficult to understand and therefore master them when in relation to other structures?

a. before

b. never

c. concurrently

d. later

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grammar

Difficulty Level: Medium

84. The language of the Inuit children of Arctic Canada emphasizes full passives so they produce passive voice sentences in their language sooner than other children. Which influence on language development does this illustrate?

a. economic

b. genetic

c. cultural

d. creativity

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Grammar

Difficulty Level: Hard

85. Which statement describes language development in middle childhood?

a. Experience with language and exposure to complex constructions influence grammatical development.

b. Most complex words require acquisition of conceptual knowledge in a single exposure.

c. Children in this age are cognitively incapable of understanding similes and metaphors.

d. Pragmatics is the term used to teach grammar in a formal setting such as elementary schools.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Vocabulary and Grammar

Difficulty Level: Hard

86. Vocabulary usage in middle childhood includes that children ______.

a. become less selective in their use of words

b. learn that many words with slightly different meaning can describe an action

c. have difficulty in choosing which words to use in the right context

d. Fail to appreciate that some words have both psychological and physical meanings

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Vocabulary and Grammar

Difficulty Level: Medium

87. Children in middle childhood are better able to change their speech in response to the needs of listeners because they are more ______.

a. likely to be reinforced for speaking correctly

b. attuned to modeling adult speech

c. cognitively developed in perspective-taking skills

d. exposed to language differences in reading

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pragmatics

Difficulty Level: Medium

88. Will uses curse words when he is hanging out with his friends, but he would never use a curse word in front of his grandma or his teacher. Will understands ______.

a. distributive justice

b. pragmatics

c. grammar

d. selective attention

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Pragmatics

Difficulty Level: Hard

89. Kendra is very polite to her teacher and her mother. When she speaks to her younger brother, she tends to be rude and condescending. She is much nicer to him when her mother and father are present than when they are alone. Kendra understands ______.

a. distributive justice

b. syntax

c. pragmatics

d. selective attention

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Pragmatics

Difficulty Level: Hard

90. How old are children when they become capable of recognizing irony?

a. 5–6

b. 3–4

c. 7–8

d. 9–10

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pragmatics

Difficulty Level: Medium

91. Which factor is unnecessary to process and comprehend irony in middle childhood?

a. prior experience conversing with the person

b. understanding intonation

c. evaluating facial expression

d. ability to determine if the statement matches the situation

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pragmatics

Difficulty Level: Medium

92. While schoolchildren’s cognitive abilities enable them to learn in more sophisticated way, their understanding of logic is ______.

a. concrete

b. abstract

c. undiscernible

d. immeasurable

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Learning and Schooling

Difficulty Level: Medium

93. Lessons and drills that emphasize learning the patterns of sound combinations in words is called ______.

a. whole-language approach

b. phonics instruction

c. metalinguistic awareness

d. multiple intelligences theory

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reading and Mathematics

Difficulty Level: Easy

94. In which approach do children learn to read and write through trial-and-error discovery that is similar to how they learn to speak?

a. inclusive method

b. immersion method

c. whole-language approach

d. phonics instruction

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reading and Mathematics

Difficulty Level: Easy

95. Bridget was expected to memorize rules the sounds of each letter to sound out words. Her teachers drilled her on words and sound patterns. What type of reading method did her school use?

a. inclusive method

b. immersion method

c. whole-language approach

d. phonics instruction

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Reading and Mathematics

Difficulty Level: Hard

96. Which approach to teaching reading and writing has research found to be the most effective?

a. inclusive method

b. immersion method

c. whole-language approach

d. phonics instruction

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reading and Mathematics

Difficulty Level: Medium

97. Lindsay has poor reading skills, which means her social development will involve ______.

a. her poor vocabulary making it more difficult for her to communicate with her peers

b. her peer relationships remaining unaffected since she will still understand pragmatics

c. being held back in grade level and therefore making it difficult for her to maintain friendships

d. being placed in a special language class which fosters positive peer relationships

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Reading and Mathematics

Difficulty Level: Hard

98. The current view of mathematics curriculum involves ______.

a. rote learning, such as drills, memorization of number facts, and completion of workbooks

b. students working on their own to solve problems in a project-based learning approach

c. the involvement of parents into education to provide students role models and a practical approach

d. an emphasis on concepts, problem solving, estimating, and probability, as well as social involvement

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reading and Mathematics

Difficulty Level: Medium

99. The result of the current method of mathematics instruction is that ______.

a. proficiency has decreased over the last two decades

b. proficiency has increased over the last two decades

c. teachers have more difficulty implementing the approaches

d. teachers are unhappy with the scope of the approaches

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reading and Mathematics

Difficulty Level: Medium

100. What percentage of U.S. children are retained in a grade at least once between kindergarten and 8th grade?

a. 5%

b. 10%

c. 15%

d. 20%

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Grade Retention

Difficulty Level: Easy

101. Which student is least likely to be retained a grade?

a. Tania, an African American student

b. Jackie, a student from a low-socioeconomic status home

c. Romero, a student from a high-socioeconomic status home

d. David, a Hispanic student

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Grade Retention

Difficulty Level: Hard

102. Approximately how many languages are spoken in U.S. homes?

a. 200

b. 250

c. 300

d. 350

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Simultaneous Bilingualism

Difficulty Level: Easy

103. The term for being exposed to two languages from birth is ______.

a. simultaneous bilingualism

b. serial bilingualism

c. whole-language

d. phonics instruction

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Simultaneous Bilingualism

Difficulty Level: Easy

104. A description of bilingual children is that they ______.

a. grow faster in both languages than monolingual children do in their own

b. hear more of both languages than monolingual children hear of their own

c. tend to be further ahead of monolingual children in vocabulary and language

d. have a combined vocabulary equal to that of monolingual children

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Simultaneous Bilingualism

Difficulty Level: Medium

105. The most common approach used in the United States to teach English language learners is ______.

a. dual language learning

b. bilingualism

c. immersion

d. whole-language method

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Second Language Learning

Difficulty Level: Easy

106. Which English language learning method has been found to bring a loss in native language?

a. immersion approach

b. bilingualism

c. dual language learning

d. language redirection approach

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Second Language Learning

Difficulty Level: Medium

107. Chen moved to the United States from China. She speaks a little English, but the principal of the school believes that children who have a different first language learn best by being in a classroom with English-speaking students. He thinks that Chen will learn English faster if she learns English and course content at the same time. What method is Chen’s school using?

a. language redirection approach

b. dual language learning

c. bilingualism

d. immersion approach

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Second Language Learning

Difficulty Level: Easy

108. Which English language learning method has been found to send children the message that their cultural heritage is respected, and strengthens their cultural identity and self-esteem?

a. immersion approach

b. bilingualism

c. dual language learning

d. language redirection approach

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Second Language Learning

Difficulty Level: Medium

109. The ability to speak more than one language has what effect on children?

a. lower scores on measures of memory

b. increased ability to control attention

c. average scores on measures of analytical reasoning

d. decreased ability to ignore misleading information

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Second Language Learning

Difficulty Level: Hard

110. Which level is considered to be a foundation for a child’s educational career?

a. preschool

b. kindergarten

c. first grade

d. fifth grade

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transition to First Grade

Difficulty Level: Medium

111. Which condition is outside of the scope of special education assistance in schools?

a. intellectual disability

b. learning disability

c. anxiety disorder

d. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Educating Children with Special Needs

Difficulty Level: Medium

112. Kevin is 13 years old and has an IQ of 45. He cannot care for himself and needs help showering, brushing his teeth, dressing, and other self-care skills. He cannot communicate with others and needs 24- hour care. He has temper tantrums in public and can become violent with his caregivers. What would Kevin be diagnosed with?

a. cognitive delay

b. behavioral disruption

c. psychosocial impairment

d. intellectual disability

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Intellectual Disability

Difficulty Level: Hard

113. Louisa is 10 years old and has a difficult time making friends with her peers because she misreads social cues. She tends to rock back and forth when she is upset, and sometimes repeats certain words over and over. What would Louisa be diagnosed with?

a. dyslexia

b. autism

c. psychosocial impairment

d. intellectual disability

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Autistic Spectrum Disorder

Difficulty Level: Hard

114. Carter has a very difficult time sitting in his chair at school. He is constantly chewing on his pencil or fidgeting with something on his desk or his neighbor’s desk. He gets up out of his seat at inappropriate times. He blurts out answers without waiting his turn. Carter would most likely be diagnosed with ______.

a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

b. intellectual disability

c. autism

d. dyslexia

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Difficulty Level: Hard

115. Dyslexia has been found to be associated with ______.

a. poor instruction in the early years of schooling with respect to reading

b. children who failed to be exposed to books or read to as infants

c. neurologically based difficulty in processing speech sounds

d. an increase in mathematical ability

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Learning Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

116. In the United States and Canada, legislation mandates that children with learning disabilities ______.

a. are to be placed in a separate classroom to better meet their educational needs

b. should only be taught by teachers who have special training in the particular learning disability they have

c. should receive private education paid for by the government in order to increase the probability that they will succeed

d. are to be placed in classrooms that are as similar as possible to classrooms for children without learning disabilities

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Special Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

117. Mainstreaming means children with special needs ______.

a. are educated in the general classroom with their peers for all or part of the day

b. are undiagnosed for learning disabilities until they reach fourth or fifth grade to avoid labeling

c. are taught in a separate classroom with other children who have similar special needs

d. should be treated the same in school with the exception of classroom instruction time

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Special Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

118. The inclusion approach to special education means that children with ______.

a. special needs are taught in a separate classroom with other children who have similar special needs

b. learning disabilities are taught in the regular classroom with one main teacher

c. learning disabilities are taught in the regular classroom with a teacher or paraprofessional who is specially trained to meet their needs

d. special needs are undiagnosed for learning disabilities until they reach fourth or fifth grade to avoid labeling

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Special Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. The pruning of unused synapses contributes to increases in motor speed and reaction time.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Most 6-year-old children cannot write the alphabet, their names, and numbers in large print.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Motor Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Some parents believe that injuries are an inevitable part of child development and may therefore provide less supervision and intervention

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Childhood Injuries

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Body image dissatisfaction can be seen as early as the preschool years.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obesity

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Once a child solves a conservation task, the problem becomes routine and requires less

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conservation

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Schooling has little influence on the rate at which principles related to concrete operational reasoning are understood.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture and Concrete Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Concrete operational reasoning is considered to be universal.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture and Concrete Operational Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. IQ tests have been shown to have low validity in predicting school achievement, how long a child will stay in school, and career attainment in adulthood.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intelligence Tests

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Culture has little to do IQ test results.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Influences on IQ

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Analytic, creative, and applied intelligence are considered to be the same across cultures.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The ability to take another’s perspective allows children to enter the conventional moral reasoning level of Kohlberg’s theory.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Children’s Conceptions of Justice: Kohlberg’s Cognitive Development Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Moral development occurs due to other factors than from how parents and caregivers discuss moral issues.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Children’s Conceptions of Justice: Kohlberg’s Cognitive Development Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Children develop and hone their understanding of morality through social interaction, at home, at school, and with peers.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Distinguishing Moral and Conventional Rules

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Comprehension and use of vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics becomes more sophisticated during middle childhood.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Language Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Vocabulary double from the age of 6 to approximately the age of 11.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vocabulary

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. In middle childhood, children cannot understand the passive voice.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Grammar

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Dual language learning places foreign-speaking children into English-speaking classes, requiring them to learn English and course content at the same time.

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Second Language Learning

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. High-quality, sensitive, responsive, and positive interactions with teachers are associated with greater student motivation and academic achievement

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transition to First Grade

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Genetic causes are estimated to be responsible for only about 10% of identified cases of intellectual disability.

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intellectual Disability

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Children with learning disabilities tend to have normal intelligence and sensory function.

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Learning Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Explain the effects of stunted growth.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Body Growth

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. How does the increase in body size and strength contribute to in a child’s motor development, and what examples illustrate the advances in motor development in middle childhood?

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Body Growth

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Explain why children get better at processing information the older they get.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Working Memory and Executive Function in Children

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Explain the differences among the memory strategies rehearsal, organization, and elaboration.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Memory Strategies

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Why is it important to avoid emphasizing differences between groups regarding IQ scores?

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Individual and Group Differences in IQ

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Explain each of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence and applied intelligence in the triarchic theory of intelligence.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Summarize views of intelligence including the uses, correlates, and criticisms of intelligence tests.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Give two examples of how culture influences children’s ideas about distributive justice.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Distributive Justice Reasoning

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Explain the relationship between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the amygdala in moral development.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Brain and Biological Influences on Development: Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. What are the advances in the understanding of grammar in middle childhood?

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grammar

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Explain how first grade serves as a foundation for a child’s educational career.

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Transition to First Grade

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. What is body image dissatisfaction associated with? What factors contribute to body image dissatisfaction?

Learning Objective: 9.1: Identify patterns of physical and motor development during middle childhood and common health issues facing school-age children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Body Image Dissatisfaction

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Give examples of how children of different cultures incorporate biological concepts into their understanding.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss school-age children’s capacities for reasoning and processing information.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Children’s Understanding of Illness

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. How is Piaget’s autonomous morality different from Kohlberg’s conventional moral reasoning?

Learning Objective: 9.4: Examine patterns of moral development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Use English-speaking and Inuit children as examples to explain how experience with language and exposure to complex constructions influence grammatical development.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Summarize language development during middle childhood.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Grammar

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Explain the benefits and drawbacks of mainstreaming and inclusion.

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss children’s learning at school.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Special Education

Difficulty Level: Hard