Test Bank Gram-Positive Bacteria Chapter 23

Prescott's Microbiology, 11e (Willey)

Chapter 23 Gram-Positive Bacteria

1) Recent studies have shown that some Clostridia species have peptidoglycan between an inner and outer membrane, and were therefore properly reclassed as Gram-negative because of their unrelatedness.

2) A new species, ________, was recently shown to have two membranes, like a Gram-negative bacterium, but be phylogenetically related to the Gram-positive family Veillonellaceae.

3) Which of the following genera is photosynthetic using bacteriochlorophyll g?

A) Heliobacterium

B) Veillonella

C) Clostridium

D) Caryophanon

4) The photosynthetic pigments of Heliobacterium and Heliophilum ________.

A) are in separate membrane structures attached to the plasma membrane

B) are in separate membrane structures that are not attached to the plasma membrane

C) are in the plasma membrane and not in separate structures

D) are in separate structures and also in the plasma membrane

5) Members of the genus Veillonella are part of the normal microflora of the ________.

A) sweat glands and hair follicles

B) stomach

C) upper and lower respiratory tract

D) mouth

6) ATP can be produced via the Stickland reaction by ________.

A) Bacillus

B) Clostridium

C) Epulopiscium

D) Desulfotomaculum

7) Which of the following is responsible for causing gas gangrene?

A) Clostridium perfringens

B) Clostridium botulinum

C) Clostridium acetobutylicum

D) Clostridium tetani

8) Which of the following is not normally considered a pathogenic species of Clostridium?

A) C. acetobutylicum

B) C. botulinum

C) C. perfringens

D) C. tetani

9) Clostridium perfringens causes which of the following?

A) Gas gangrene

B) Pneumonia

C) Fire blight disease of pears

D) Tuberculosis

10) Although lacking a TCA cycle and a respiratory chain, ________ can divide with a generation time of eight to ten minutes when growing in a human host.

A) Streptococcus pyogenes

B) Staphylococcus aureus

C) Clostridium perfringens

D) Helicobacter pylori

11) The genus Veillonella is unusual because it grows well on organic acids such as lactate and pyruvate, but is normally unable to ferment glucose and other carbohydrates.

12) Members of the genus Clostridium are spore-forming and aerobic.

13) Desulfotomaculum are Gram-positive but stain Gram-negative because their cell walls have a lower than normal concentration of peptidoglycan.

14) Clostridium tetani in deep puncture wounds can cause the disease ________ in humans.

15) Members of the genus Staphylococcus are normally associated with ________.

A) skin

B) skin glands

C) mucous membranes

D) All of the choices are correct. 

16) Abscesses and boils are often associated with ________.

A) Streptococcus mutans

B) Staphylococcus aureus

C) Lactococcus lactis

D) Streptococcus pneumoniae

17) Gene duplications in Bacillus subtilis have resulted in a large gene family that encodes ________ transporters.

18) Pyogenic streptococci usually produce ________-hemolysis when cultured on blood agar.

19) Staphylococcus aureus produces the enzyme ________, which causes blood plasma to clot.

20) Thermoactinomyces vulgaris is the causative agent for ________.

A) cystic fibrosis

B) farmer's lung disease

C) primary atypical pneumonia

D) vaginitis

21) Many bacteria that were originally classified in the genus Streptococcus are now placed into two new genera, Enterococcus and Lactococcus.

22) Members of the genus Bacillus are spore-forming, aerobic, and catalase positive.

23) Lactobacilli are alkalophilic, preferring conditions that are slightly alkaline for optimal growth.

24) Leuconostoc species have the ability to grow in high concentrations of sugar, making them a major problem in sugar refineries during the production of heavy syrup.

25) When they ferment glucose, members of the genus Streptococcus produce lactic acid, but no gas.

26) The Lancefield grouping system ________.

A) depends on serological detection of polysaccharide and teichoic acid antigens

B) is used to identify β-hemolytic streptococci

C) is based on a DNA fingerprinting assay specific for streptococci

D) depends on serological detection of polysaccharide and teichoic acid antigens and is used to identify β -hemolytic streptococci

27) Members of the genus Thermoactinomyces ________.

A) produce spores on its hyphae

B) are commonly found in damp haystacks and compost piles

C) are thermophiles

D) All of the choices are correct.

28) Which of the following antibiotics are produced by members of the genus Bacillus?

A) Bacitracin

B) Gramicidin

C) Polymyxin

D) All of the choices are correct.

29) Lactobacillus grows optimally at ________ pH.

A) slightly acidic

B) neutral

C) slightly alkaline

D) very acidic

30) Which of the following genera produce numerous useful antibiotics?

A) Bacillus

B) Clostridium

C) Leuconostoc

D) Helicobacterium

31) Members of the genus Leuconostoc are important in the production of ________.

A) pickles

B) sauerkraut

C) cheese

D) All of the choices are correct.

32) Which of the following is pyogenic (pus forming)?

A) Streptococcus pyogenes

B) Streptococcus mutans

C) Streptococcus fecaelis

D) Lactococcus lactis

33) The largest genus in the order Lactobacillales is ________ with around 100 species.

A) Lactobacillus

B) Leuconostoc

C) Streptococcus

D) Listeria

34) Listeria monocytogenes causes listeriosis, an important ________.

A) water-borne infection

B) insect-borne infection

C) air-borne infection

D) food-borne infection

35) Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly called "strep throat," is caused by ________.

A) Streptococcus pyogenes

B) Streptococcus mutans

C) Streptococcus trachius

D) Streptococcus pneumoniae

36) Enterococcus faecalis has been associated with ________.

A) endocarditis

B) abscesses

C) diarrhea

D) sinus infection

37) Which of the following is not one of the groups of streptococci?

A) Pyogenic streptococci

B) Oral streptococci

C) Dermal streptococci

D) None of the choices are correct. 

38) Which of the following is not true of the genus Lactobacillus?

A) They are used in the production of fermented vegetable foods, beverages, sour dough, hard cheeses, yogurt, and sausages.

B) They are responsible for spoilage of beer, milk, and meat.

C) Many species are pathogenic in humans and animals.

D) They do not produce endospores.

39) Members of the genus Lactobacillus ________.

A) grow optimally under slightly alkaline conditions

B) are normal flora of the human body in the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina

C) are strict aerobes

D) produce large amounts of H2 as a byproduct of metabolism when growing on glucose

40) Which of the following members of the genus Bacillus is currently used as a biological insecticide?

A) B. cereus

B) B. subtilis

C) B. anthracis

D) B. thuringiensis

41) Endospore-forming Gram-positive bacteria are found primarily in ________ habitats.

A) soil

B) freshwater

C) marine

D) All of the choices are correct.

42) Which of the following is used in the production of buttermilk and cheese?

A) Streptococcus pneumoniae

B) Streptococcus mutans

C) Enterococcus faecalis

D) Lactococcus lactis

43) Which of the following will grow in broth with 6.5% salt?

A) Streptococcus mutans

B) Enterococcus faecalis

C) Lactococcus lactis

D) All of the choices are correct.

44) Which of the following is associated with dental caries?

A) Streptococcus pneumoniae

B) Streptococcus mutans

C) Enterococcus faecalis

D) Lactococcus lactis

45) Some species of Streptococcus, when grown on blood agar, produce a complete hemolysis with the formation of a clear zone around the colony; this is referred to as ________.

A) alpha-hemolysis

B) beta-hemolysis

C) gamma-hemolysis

D) None of the choices are correct.

46) Some species of Streptococcus, when grown on blood agar, produce an incomplete hemolysis with the formation of a greenish zone around the colony; this is referred to as ________.

A) alpha-hemolysis

B) beta-hemolysis

C) gamma-hemolysis

D) None of the choices are correct.

47) Members of the genus Streptococcus carry out ________ fermentation.

A) butanediol

B) heterolactic

C) homolactic

D) mixed acid

48) Which of the following is a normal skin resident?

A) Staphylococcus epidermidis

B) Staphylococcus aureus

C) Streptococcus mutans

D) Clostridium perfringens

49) The organisms that causes toxic shock syndrome is ________.

A) Staphylococcus epidermidis

B) Staphylococcus aureus

C) Lactococcus lactis

D) Streptococcus pneumoniae

50) Which of the following characteristics are representative of the bacterium Listeria? (Check all that apply.)

A) Listeria is a Gram-positive rod.

B) Listeria is a facultative anaerobe.

C) Listeria has a catalase enzyme.

D) Listeria is nonmotile. 

51) Species of Veillonella are always parasites of warm-blooded animals and are never found as part of the normal biota. 

52) Terminal electron acceptors used by Desulfotomaculum include sulfate and sulfite, converted to hydrogen sulfide.

53) Bacteria in the genus ________ are sulfate and sulfite reducers.

54) It has been determined from several human disease samples that bacteria exist that are 16S rRNA sequenced to be Gram-positive, but morphologically double-membraned like Gram-negatives, therefore requiring a new class. 

55) Bacillus species are facultative anaerobes that can use nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor. 

56) The family Staphylococcaceae respire using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, although some can reduce nitrate to nitrite.

57) Although Desulfotomaculum species stain Gram-________ , these bacteria possess a cell wall more closely related to Gram-________ bacteria and are correctly placed in the low G + C Firmicutes. 

58) Actinoplanetes have extensive ________ mycelia.

59) Actinomycetes are Gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria.

60) Septa divide the actinomycete mycelia into cells, each containing a single nucleoid.

61) The sexual spores of actinomycetes are called sporangiospores.

62) Although the actinomycetes are generally nonmotile, the spores may be flagellated and, therefore, motile.

63) Although actinomycetes vary in many ways, they all share a common type of cell wall.

64) A distinguishing characteristic of actinomycetes that can be used to classify these organisms is the types of sugars found in extracts of the organisms.

65) Streptomycetes degrade a variety of organic compounds and are, therefore, important in mineralization processes in the environment.

66) Features considered taxonomically important to the actinomycetes include morphology, peptidoglycan composition and structure, and color of mycelia and sporangia.

67) Actinomycetes produce many of the antibiotics we use in medicine.

68) Septa divide the actinomycete mycelia into long cells each containing several nucleoids.

69) Although the spores of actinomycetes are not as heat resistant as endospores, the extent of heat resistance they demonstrate can be used to help classify these organisms.

70) The streptomycetes are capable of degrading a wide variety of organic compounds.

71) Actinomycete spores are usually formed on ________ mycelia.

72) A(n) ________ mycelium is a branching network of fibers on and/or beneath the surface of the agar growth medium.

73) A(n) ________ mycelium is a branching network of filaments that rises above the agar growth medium.

74) Members of the genus Actinomyces are either straight or slightly curved rods, or slender filaments with true branching.

75) Members of the genus Actinomyces are either facultative or strict anaerobes that require ________ for optimal growth.

76) Members of the genus Micrococcus are frequently pigmented and may grow in yellow, red, or orange colonies.

77) The genus Arthrobacter has a distinctive growth cycle in which branched rod-shaped bacteria are produced in the exponential phase, and cocci are found in stationary phase cultures.

78) Some of the high G + C Gram-positive bacteria such as Arthrobacter divide by means of snapping division.

79) Members of the genus Mycobacterium are said to be ________-________ because basic fuchsin dye cannot be removed even with acid-alcohol treatment.

80) None of the nocardioform actinomycetes are pathogenic to humans.

81) Actinoplanetes that dwell in the soil play an important role in plant and animal decomposition.

82) Nocardia cause biodeterioration of rubber joints in water and sewer pipes.

83) Most actinoplanetes are found in marine habitats.

84) A few species of actinomycetes have been found to be pathogenic in humans, other animals, and plants.

85) Of the nearly 150 species in the genus Streptomyces, only S. sudanensis and S. somaliensis are known to be pathogenic in humans.

86) The streptomycetes form spores on their substrate mycelia.

87) The maduromycetes differ from other high G + C Gram-positives in that they contain the sugar madurose in cell extracts.

88) Bifidobacterium bifidum is a major pathogen in breast-fed babies.

89) Which of the following is true of the actinomycetes?

A) They divide by budding

B) They closely resemble fungi in morphology

C) Some are photosynthetic

D) They are unique among prokaryotes in producing sexual spores

90) Actinomycetes form ________.

A) substrate mycelia and aerial mycelia

B) heat-resistant endospores

C) prostheca with holdfasts

D) a sheath made of polysaccharides and proteins

91) The medically useful compounds some actinomycetes produce when forming aerial mycelia are called ________.

A) antimetabolites

B) primary metabolites

C) secondary metabolites

D) inhibitory metabolites

92) Actinomycetes ________.

A) form asexual spores

B) form sexual spores that are used for sexual reproduction

C) form heat-resistant spores

D) do not form spores

93) Which of the following is true about actinomycete spores?

A) They are heat resistant.

B) They withstand desiccation well.

C) They are true bacterial endospores.

D) They are all motile due to the presence of a flagellum.

94) Actinomycete spores formed within a special structure are called ________.

A) endospores

B) conidiospores

C) sporangiospores

D) myxospores

95) The special structure in which some actinomycetes form their spores is called a ________.

A) sporangium

B) conidium

C) sporatorium

D) basidium

96) Which of the following can be used to help classify actinomycetes?

A) Cell wall composition

B) Percent G + C content

C) Phospholipid composition of the membrane

D) All of these can be used to classify actinomycetes.

97) Actinomycetes are usually found in ________ habitats.

A) soil

B) freshwater

C) marine

D) medical

98) The genus Arthrobacter ________.

A) is a significant component of the microbial flora of soil

B) plays an important role in the degradation of some herbicides and pesticides

C) forms heat-resistant endospores

D) is a significant component of the microbial flora of soil and plays an important role in the degradation of some herbicides and pesticides

99) Members of the genus Micrococcus are usually ________.

A) aerobic

B) anaerobic

C) facultatively anaerobic

D) microaerophilic

100) Members of the genus Micrococcus usually exist as ________.

A) pairs

B) tetrads

C) irregular clusters

D) All of the choices are correct.

101) Species of the genus Corynebacterium ________.

A) form helical-shaped cells

B) sometimes divide to form characteristic club-shaped cells

C) are harmless saprophytes

D) form elongated rod-shaped cells

102) Nocardia are typically found in which of the following environments?

A) Soil

B) Intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals

C) Geothermally heated springs

D) Root nodules of some higher plants

103) Members of the genus Mycobacterium cause which of the following diseases in humans?

A) Tuberculosis and Leprosy

B) Abscesses

C) Diphtheria

D) Meningitis

104) Diphtheria is caused by a member of which of the following genera?

A) Mycobacterium

B) Corynebacterium

C) Propionibacterium

D) Nocardia

105) The genus Mycobacterium ________.

A) are strict anaerobes and catalase positive

B) have cell walls similar to Gram-negative bacteria

C) stain acid-fast

D) are strict anaerobes and catalase positive and have cell walls similar to Gram-negative bacteria

106) The actinoplanetes can be found in ________ habitats.

A) soil

B) freshwater

C) marine

D) All of the choices are correct.

107) Which of the following antibiotics is/are produced by actinoplanetes?

A) Nalidixic acid

B) Gentamicin

C) Cycloserine

D) Penicillin

108) Which of the following is correct about members of the genus Propionibacterium?

A) They are used in the production of Swiss cheese.

B) They cause acne vulgaris and contribute to the development of body odor.

C) They are typically found growing on the skin and in the digestive tract of animals.

D) All of the choices are correct.

109) The spores of streptomycetes are ________.

A) motile by means of flagella

B) motile by means of cilia

C) motile by means of pseudopodia

D) nonmotile

110) The streptomycetes form spores by division of the cells of the aerial mycelia in ________.

A) a single division plane

B) two division planes simultaneously

C) two division planes consecutively

D) multiple division planes

111) Members of the genus Thermomonospora ________.

A) produce single spores on their mycelia

B) spores can form on either aerial or substrate mycelia

C) can be isolated in compost piles and hay

D) All of the choices are correct.

112) The genus Frankia ________.

A) grows in symbiotic association with the roots of some higher plants and fixes nitrogen

B) produces heat-resistant endospores

C) is strictly a marine bacterium

D) produces heat-resistant endospores and is strictly a marine bacterium

113) Species of the genus Gardnerella ________.

A) are thought to be a major cause of bacterial vaginitis

B) are motile spore-forming cocci

C) are normal flora found on the skin of humans

D) All of the choices are correct.

114) The Nocardiaceae bacterium, Rhodococcus, is of considerable interest because of its variety of enzymatic degradation pathways. Which of the following is(are) able to be broken down by Rhodococcus? (Check all that apply.)

A) Pesticides

B) Petroleum hydrocarbons

C) Detergents

D) Stainless steel

115) Which of the following is(are) correct regarding Actinoplanete spores? (Check all that apply.)

A) Actinoplanete have a rudimentary aerial mycelium.

B) Actinoplanete are often colored and pigmented.

C) Actinoplanete form spores without the use of a sporangium.

D) Actinoplanete spores can be motile via flagellation.

116) Overgrowth of the skin bacterium Proprionibacterium acnes may lead to ________.

A) body odor

B) bloodstream infection

C) warts

D) rash

117) Which of the following antibiotics is produced by bacteria in the genus Streptomycetes? 

A) Vancomycin

B) Tetracycline

C) Chloramphenicol 

D) All of the choices are correct.

118) Nitrogen fixation by Frankia bacteria is efficient enough to allow alder trees to grow in the absence of combined nitrogen. 

119) Bifidobacteriales are best characterized as Gram-positive, motile, spore-forming rods. 

120) Bacteria can act as probiotic agents, such as species of ________ added to yogurt, to help impart health effects to the intestinal tract. 

121) Snapping division occurs in bacteria with a two-layered cell wall because only the ________ layer grows inward to generate a septum. 

122) The mycolic acid outer membrane of genus Mycobacterium make the cell wall extremely ________ and impenetrable to many antibiotics.

123) The most common terminal electron acceptor for Staphylococcus species is carbon dioxide.