Exam Prep Proteobacteria Chapter 22

Prescott's Microbiology, 11e (Willey)

Chapter 22 Proteobacteria

1) Which of the following genera include bacteria with stalks?

A) Vibrio

B) Campylobacter

C) Caulobacter

D) Rhizobium

2) An appendage that is an extension of the bacterial cell wall and plasma membrane is a(n) ________.

A) flagellum

B) prostheca

C) pilus

D) mycelium

3) An organism that uses methane or methanol as its sole carbon and energy source is called a ________.

A) methanogen

B) methylotroph

C) methanotroph

D) methylogen

4) Species of the genus Hyphomicrobium are budding bacteria that attach to solid objects and are ________.

A) found in marine and freshwater environments

B) aerobic chemoheterotrophs

C) able to reproduce by budding

D) All of the choices are correct.

5) Which of the following statements is false regarding the characteristics of Rickettsias?

A) They use glucose as an energy source.

B) They are the cause of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.

C) They are obligate intracellular parasites.

D) They belong to class Alphaproteobacteria.

6) Members of the genus Rhizobium ________.

A) infect broad-leaved plants and cause crown gall disease

B) are free living soil bacteria that fix nitrogen

C) grow symbiotically in root nodules of legumes where they fix nitrogen

D) are important nitrifying bacteria that convert nitrite to nitrate

7) The process of conversion of ammonia to nitrate is referred to as ________.

A) nitrogen fixation

B) nitrification

C) ammonification

D) denitrification

8) Most of the oligotrophic proteobacteria are found in the ________.

A) alpha proteobacteria

B) beta proteobacteria

C) gamma proteobacteria

D) delta proteobacteria

9) Which of the following best describes the photosynthetic membranes of the purple nonsulfur bacteria?

A) The photosynthetic membranes are attached to the plasma membrane but not continuous with it.

B) The photosynthetic membranes are not associated with the plasma membrane.

C) The photosynthetic membranes are continuous with the plasma membrane.

D) There are no photosynthetic membranes in the purple nonsulfur bacteria.

10) Which of the following genera grow symbiotically within root nodules of legumes as nitrogen-fixing bacteroids?

A) Agrobacterium

B) Rhizobium

C) Nitrosomonas

D) Bacteroides

11) Which of the following is true of Agrobacterium tumefaciens?

A) It is capable of nitrogen fixation

B) It causes crown gall disease when it carries a tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid

C) It can enter plants through unbroken leaf tissue

D) All of the choices are correct.

12) The class of proteobacteria that may be incorporated into the gamma proteobacteria is the ________.

A) alpha proteobacteria

B) beta proteobacteria

C) delta proteobacteria

D) epsilon proteobacteria

13) The purple nonsulfur bacteria ________.

A) grow anaerobically as photoorganoheterotrophs

B) utilize organic molecules as a source of electrons for photosynthesis

C) typically can grow aerobically in the dark as chemoorganoheterotrophs

D) All of the choices are correct.

14) Rickettsia species are unable to use glucose as a carbon and energy source, but can use glutamate or succinate.

15) The stalk of Caulobacter increases in the surface area of the cell, which facilitates absorption of nutrients from nutrient poor environments.

16) Although discussed with the bacteria, Rickettsias are small obligate intracellular parasites and are therefore more properly classified as viruses.

17) Caulobacter is a genus of bacteria with a unique cell division cycle that yields two morphologically distinct cell types.

18) Rickettsias enter host cells by inducing ________.

19) Members of the genus Rhizobium, when growing symbiotically within root nodule cells, are referred to as ________.

20) A ________ is a hollow tubelike structure that surrounds a chain of cells.

21) Sheaths of the bacterium Sphaerotilus are tubelike structures that are in intimate contact with the chain of cells that they enclose.

22) Species of the genus Thiobacillus ________.

A) oxidize inorganic sulfur compounds and produce ATP

B) produce acids that leach metals out of ore

C) are ubiquitous in soil, freshwater, and marine environments

D) All of the choices are correct.

23) Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be a particular problem with ________.

A) pneumonia patients

B) decay of iron pipes under anaerobic conditions

C) myasthenia gravis patients

D) cystic fibrosis patients

24) Members of the genus Neisseria cause which of the following human diseases?

A) Gonorrhea

B) Syphilis

C) Genital herpes

D) Diarrhea gastroenteritis

25) Which of the following is/are true of the sheath of Leptothrix?

A) Attaches bacteria to surfaces

B) May contain ferric and manganic oxides

C) Helps protect against microbial predators

D) All of the choices are correct.

26) Whooping cough is caused by ________.

A) Klebsiella pneumoniae

B) Vibrio parahaemolyticus

C) Bordetella pertussis

D) Yersinia pestis

27) Coxiella burnetii is responsible for ________.

A) Q-fever

B) Rocky Mountain spotted fever

C) Lyme disease

D) Typhoid fever

28) Coxiella burnetii reproduces in the ________ of a eukaryotic host cell.

A) cytoplasm

B) phagolysosome

C) nucleus

D) endoplasmic reticulum

29) Members of the genus Pseudomonas ________.

A) are aerobes that mineralize a wide variety of organic compounds

B) are obligate intracellular parasites

C) form cysts when starved for nutrients

D) perform anaerobic photosynthesis

30) Mineralization refers to ________.

A) the breakdown of organic materials to inorganic materials

B) the release of various minerals from ores

C) the utilization of minerals as energy sources

D) the incorporation of inorganic material into organic materials

31) Bacteria that naturally exhibit bioluminescence have been found in which of the following genera?

A) Vibrio

B) Shigella

C) Pasteurella

D) Pseudomonas

32) The largest group of proteobacteria are the ________.

A) alpha proteobacteria

B) beta proteobacteria

C) gamma proteobacteria

D) delta proteobacteria

33) Which of the following is not true about Methylococcus and Methylomonas?

A) They are strict anaerobes.

B) Most species are capable of forming cysts.

C) They contain complex arrays of intracellular membranes when using methane.

D) All of the choices are correct.

34) Which of the following genera fix nitrogen nonsymbiotically?

A) Rhizobium

B) Nitrosomonas

C) Nitrobacter

D) Azotobacter

35) Members of the genus Salmonella are common causes of ________.

A) gastroenteritis

B) pneumonia

C) meningitis

D) urinary tract infections

36) Which of the following organisms causes plague?

A) Bordetella pertussis

B) Yersinia pestis

C) Helicobacter pylori

D) Campylobacter jejuni

37) Beggiatoa are ________.

A) obligate aerobes

B) facultative anaerobes

C) microaerophiles

D) obligate anaerobes

38) The causative agent of cholera in humans is a member of the genus ________.

A) Escherichia

B) Vibrio

C) Enterobacter

D) Shigella

39) Methylotrophic bacteria ________.

A) are strict anaerobes

B) use reduced one-carbon compounds as their main source of carbon

C) are members of the Archaea based on 16S rRNA sequencing

D) produce methane as a by-product of their metabolism

40) A genus in the family Enterobacteriaceae that is a major pathogen of crop plants is ________.

A) Yersinia

B) Erwinia

C) Proteus

D) Shigella

41) Methylotrophic bacteria generate ATP by oxidizing methane to methanol then to formaldehyde, which is excreted.

42) Escherichia coli is a good indicator of fecal contamination of water supplies.

43) The enterobacteria in the order Enterobacteriales are readily distinguishable from one another by morphological criteria.

44) Because of the similarity in cellular morphology among the Enterobacteriales, biochemical or genetic tests are needed for identification of particular genera and species.

45) Escherichia coli has not been found to be pathogenic in humans.

46) Members of the genus Thiothrix are sheathed bacteria that can replicate by releasing gonidia from the open end of the sheath.

47) Biochemical tests are no longer very important for the identification of enteric bacteria.

48) Haemophilus influenzae type b is a causative agent of meningitis in children.

49) Most myxobacteria ________.

A) are micropredators because they secrete digestive enzymes that lyse bacteria and yeasts

B) have the ability to aggregate and form a fruiting body under conditions of nutrient limitation

C) produce desiccation resistant dormant myxospores

D) All of the choices are correct.

50) The genus Bdellovibrio ________.

A) form long filaments called trichomes

B) prey on Gram-negative bacteria by becoming an intracellular parasite

C) use reduced sulfur compounds as a source of energy

D) are responsible for causing diarrhea in humans

51) The genus Desulfovibrio ________.

A) is a strict anaerobe

B) uses sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration

C) produces H2S

D) All of the choices are correct. 

52) Myxobacteria lyse bacteria and yeasts by secretion of digestive enzymes then use the resulting peptides and amino acids as a source of ________.

A) phosphate

B) nitrogen

C) iron

D) sodium

53) In which of the following regions in the host bacterium are you most likely to find Bdellovibrio?

A) The cytoplasm

B) The nucleoid

C) The space between the cell wall and plasma membrane

D) The cell nucleus

54) Members of the order Desulfovibrionales use which of the following as electron acceptors during anaerobic respiration?

A) Elemental sulfur or sulfate

B) O2

C) CO2

D) Organic acids and alcohols

55) Helicobacter pylori is responsible for ________.

A) pneumonia

B) cholera

C) dysentery

D) peptic ulcer disease

56) Campylobacter jejuni is the cause of ________.

A) abortion in sheep and enteritis diarrhea in humans

B) wilt disease in plants

C) fowl cholera

D) meningitis

57) Filamentous microbial mats in anoxic, sulfide-rich cave springs are dominated by members of the ________.

A) alpha proteobacteria    

B) beta proteobacteria

C) delta proteobacteria

D) epsilon proteobacteria

58) Nautiliaceae are chemolithoautotrophs from deep-sea _______ vent ecosystems

59) In the genus Caulobacter, asymmetric transverse fission produces a flagellated ________ cell that swims off but eventually settles, ejects its flagella, and forms a ________ that adheres to surfaces.

60) Which of the following could be considered an oligotrophic (growing at low nutrient levels) environment inhabited by Alphaproteobacteria? (Check all that apply.)

A) Symbiotic growth with another organism

B) Anaerobic environment

C) Remote marine environments

D) Growth in food items

61) An example of purple photosynthetic bacteria's metabolic flexibility is seen in Rhodospirillum rubrum using a "decision-making" process. When oxygen is present, the bacterium uses fermentation, photoheterotrophy, or photoautotrophy but if oxygen is absent, it switches metabolic pathways to grow chemoorganotrophically.

62) Which of the following is not correct regarding the purple photosynthetic bacteria photosynthetic apparatus?

A) Apparatus is straight to decrease surface area and contain reactions

B) Performs anoxygenic photosynthesis

C) Possesses bacteriochlorophylls a or b

D) Apparatus is continuous with the plasma membrane

E) Has intracytoplasmic membranes (ICMs) to provide space for photosynthetic units (PSUs)

63) Nitrifiers are chemolithoautotrophs that use either ________ or ________ as electron donors in a process called nitrification.

64) In nitrification, when electrons are donated to an electron transport chain from nitrite, the nitrite is oxidized to ________, with ________ serving as the terminal electron acceptor.

65) All terrestrial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria are β-proteobacteria, including Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira in the Nitrosomonadaceae family.

66) Which of the following is recognized as a microbe capable of nitrification?

A) Nitrosomonas europaea

B) Purple nonsulfur bacteria

C) Hyphomicrobium spp.

D) Red photosynthetic bacteria

67) Nitrosomonas europaea uses the enzyme ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) and hydroxylamine oxidoreductase in nitrification reactions. Place the reaction steps in the proper order from first occurring to end result.

1. NH3 + O2 + 2H+ + 2e-

2. NH3OH + H2O

3. NO2 + 5H+ + 4e-

68) Of the ________ electrons released in Nitrosomonas europaea nitrification, ________ must return to AMO to continue ammonia oxidation, while ________ can be used either as reductants for biosynthesis or be donated to the electron transport chain to reduce the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen.

69) Recently a methanotrophic proteobacterium was reported that oxidizes methane in anoxic environments by coupling methanotrophy with nitrite reduction, known as ________.  In this process of reducing nitrite (NO2-) to nitrogen gas (N2), molecular oxygen is released within the microbe, which it harnesses for methane oxidation.

70) When using ________ as a terminal electron acceptor, Thiobacillus can sequentially reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in a process called ________. Certain Thiobacillus species can also chemolithotrophically use ________ as an electron donor.

71) Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria synthesize ATP by the process of ________ using a variety of reduced, inorganic sulfur compounds as energy and electron sources.

72) Shewanella spp. show great metabolic flexibility and can use a variety of electron acceptors, including ________.

A) uranium and plutonium

B) chromium and tellurite

C) iodate and selnite

D) technetium and neptunium

73) The use of metals as terminal electron acceptors is/are known as ________ because the metals are not incorporated into biomass.

A) dissimilatory metal reduction

B) metallo-neutral

C) Fenton reactions

D) negative metallic addition

74) One strategy used by dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria that enable their use of insoluble compounds as electron acceptors is to localize cytochromes in the outer membrane, rather than the plasma membrane. This enables the direct transfer of electrons from cytochromes to the extracellular metal.

75) A strategy used by dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria that enable their use of insoluble compounds as electron acceptors is to transfer electrons to the metal via external, intermediary compounds such as ________ found in the environment, or their own ________. These compounds are collectively known as ________.

76) Species of Shewanella, Geobacter, and some cyanobacteria have evolved a strategy to enable their use of insoluble compounds as electron acceptors: the production of electrically conductive ________ that transfer electrons from the terminal point in the ETC to a metal surface.

77) Escherichia coli uses mixed acid fermentation pathways that depend on which of the following enzymes?

A) Pyruvate formate-lyase

B) Formate dehydrogenase

C) Ammonia monooxygenase

D) C-type cytochrome

78) The enzyme formate dehydrogenase (FDH) splits formic acid to H2 and CO2 and is crucial to survival during fermentation because if fermentive intermediates were allowed to accumulate within the cell, the internal pH would become far too ________ to support viability.

A) acidic

B) alkaline

C) hypertonic

D) hypotonic

79) Sulfate- or sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB) are united by their ability to reduce ________ or ________ and other oxidized sulfur compounds to ________ during anaerobic respiration.

80) In general, the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) can oxidize carbon substrates such as lactate, formate, butyrate, propionate, pyruvate, or aromatic compounds to acetate.

81) In dissimilatory sulfate reduction by Desulfovibrio, electrons are passed out of the cell, where they are used to reduce sulfide completely to sulfate.

82) In an electron transport chain capable of dissimilatory sulfate reduction, the oxidation of sulfate to sulfide requires ________ electrons and the activation of sulfate by its covalent attachment to ________ to form APS.

83) Because of their environments and physiology, there is great interest in using members of the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) Shewanella and Geobacter in bioremediation or to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells.

84) Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are very important in the cycling of sulfur within ecosystems because significant amounts of sulfate are present in almost all aquatic and terrestrial habitats, making SRB widespread and active.

85) Which two of the following bacteria that are strictly anaerobic with respiratory or fermentative metabolism are most similar in physiological function?

A) Desulfuromonaceae

B) Geobacteraceae

C) Bdellovibrionaceae

D) Enterobacteriaceae

86) Desulfuromonaceae and Geobacteraceae are strict anaerobic mesophilic bacteria and have been isolated from anoxic ________ environments.

87) In M. xanthus, ________ motility is a kind of twitching that is governed by the production of retractable type IV pili, only observed when cells are in a group.

88) M. xanthus has an alternate motility type, known as ________ motility, because it is exhibited by single cells that leave the group, perhaps scouting for prey and requires a multiprotein motility "machine."

89) Which of the following human diseases is linked to a class of Epsilonproteobacteria?

A) Guillain-Barre Syndrome

B) Stomach ulcers

C) Diarrhea

D) Gastric cancer

90) Although Epsilonproteobacteria make up the smallest of the five proteobacterial classes, species such as Helicobacter and Campylobacter are responsible for significant human disease that range from mild to severe.

91) The critical enzymatic virulence factor that aids survival of Helicobacter pylori in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach is ________, which increases the local pH by converting urea to CO2 and NH3.

92) Nitrification and denitrification differ in that ________.

A) nitrification oxidizes ammonia into a still-usable form, whereas denitrification oxidizes a usable form of nitrogen into unusable nitrogen gas

B) nitrification adds a nitrogen atom to an organic compound, whereas denitrification removes a nitrogen atom from an organic compound

C) nitrification oxidizes the nitrate ion into unusable nitrogen gas, whereas denitrification oxidizes ammonia into the nitrite ion

D) nitrification produces ammonia whereas denitrification produces the nitrite ion

93) Insoluble iron and manganese can be used as electron acceptors by certain bacteria that are able to ________.

A) embed cytochromes in their outer membrane rather than the plasma membrane, allowing them to directly transfer electrons to the metal

B) dissolve the metals using acids produced as metabolic biproducts

C) transfer the electrons from CO2

D) convert the insoluble metals into soluble ions by oxidizing them first then taking them into the cytoplasm

94) Which of the following statements is false regarding the characteristics of Deltaproteobacteria?

A) Certain species are photoheterotrophs.

B) Certain species are predators.

C) All of the choices are correct.

D) Certain species are anaerobic.