Chapter 6: Ethical Decision Making and Behavior

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which type of thinker looks to others for guidance when deciding how to act?

A. postconventional

B. preconventional

C. conventional

D. principled

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

2. In which stage of the four-component model, does one determine the course of action to take?

A. moral judgment

B. moral character

C. moral sensitivity

D. moral motivation

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Component 2: Moral Judgment

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

3. Deceiving ourselves into thinking we are acting morally when we are not is called ______.

A. ethical reflection

B. ethical fading

C. ethical confusion

D. ethical silence

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Component 1: Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

4. Which type of emotions encourage us to comfort and help others?

A. other condemning

B. other suffering

C. self-conscious

D. other praising

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

5. According to Mary Gentile from Giving Voice to Values, all of the following are examples of pillars that help us make ethical choices EXCEPT ______.

A. treat values conflicts as normal

B. play to personal strengths

C. anticipate rationalizations for unethical behavior

D. be empathetic in your decision-making

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Box 6.1: Giving Voice to Values

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

6. The ______ model highlights the role that intuition and social norms play in moral determinations.

A. social intuitionist

B. ethical checkpoint

C. 12 questions

D. dual process

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Decision Making: A Dual Process Approach

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

7. All of the following are psychological subprocesses according to James Rest, EXCEPT ______.

A. moral sensitivity

B. moral competence

C. moral focus

D. moral character

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Components of Moral Action

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

8. Which of the following will increase your ethical sensitivity?

A. employing euphemisms when talking about unethical behavior

B. imagining other perspectives

C. ignoring emotions

D. relying on external motivation

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Component 1: Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

9. Which one is not a level in Kohlberg’s moral development?

A. conventional

B. postconceptual

C. preconventional

D. motivational

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

10. Which element is not part of ethical blind spots?

A. overestimating our ethicality

B. in-group favoritism

C. out-group favoritism

D. judging based on outcomes, not the process

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Blind Spots

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

11. ______ is a psychological state or resource made up of moral ownership, moral courage, and moral efficacy.

A. Moral reasoning

B. Moral potency

C. Moral character

D. Moral landscape

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

12. Being driven by duty to make and act on ethical decisions largely on their loyalty to the group is called ______.

A. duty orientation

B. moral orientation

C. loyalty orientation

D. primary orientation

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Component 4: Moral Character

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

13. Which one is not a step in the Lonergan/Baird method?

A. be attentive

B. be intelligent

C. be encouraging

D. be responsible

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Lonergan/Baird Method

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

14. ______ refers to making an ethical issue more visible or salient.

A. Moral sensitivity

B. Moral intensity

C. Moral focus

D. Moral character

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Component 1: Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

15. Individuals with a/an ______ locus of control believe that they can determine what happens to them.

A. internal

B. external

C. open

D. closed

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Component 4: Moral Character

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

16. ______ are networks of knowledge organized around life events.

A. Tolerance

B. Schemas

C. Moral thoughts

D. Ethical perspectives

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

17. ______ reasoning is the most advanced level of moral reasoning, according to Lawrence Kohlberg.

A. Preconventional

B. Conventional

C. Postconventional

D. Moral

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

18. In ______, organizational members want to appear moral instead of being moral.

A. moral sensitivity

B. moral hypocrisy

C. moral focus

D. moral character

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

19. In the ______ stage of the four-component model of ethical decision-making, the leader must put moral values above other considerations in order to follow through on ethical choices.

A. moral focus (motivation)

B. moral hypocrisy

C. moral rendering

D. moral character

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

20. ______ recognizes the presence of an ethical issue.

A. Moral sensitivity

B. Moral hypocrisy

C. Moral focus

D. Moral character

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Component 1: Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

21. ______ and ______ are self-conscious emotions.

A. Embarrassment; guilt

B. Shame; fear

C. Anger; disgust

D. Sympathy; compassion

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

22. ______ and ______ are other-suffering emotions.

A. Embarrassment; guilt

B. Shame; fear

C. Anger; disgust

D. Sympathy; compassion

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

23. Tolerating ______ and ambiguity occurs when managers disagree about values and courses of action.

A. moral disagreement

B. moral hypocrisy

C. moral focus

D. moral character

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Components of Moral Action

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

24. Most people are at the ______ level of moral reasoning.

A. preconventional

B. conventional

C. postconventional

D. moral

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

25. ______ ability generally increases with age and education.

A. Moral disagreement

B. Moral reasoning

C. Moral focus

D. Moral character

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

26. ______ and ______ are other-condemning emotions.

A. Embarrassment; guilt

B. Shame; fear

C. Anger; disgust

D. Sympathy; compassion

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

27. ______ and ______ are other-praising (positive) emotions.

A. Embarrassment; guilt

B. Shame; fear

C. Gratitude; awe

D. Sympathy; compassion

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

28. All of the following are examples of ethical blind spots EXCEPT ______.

A. overestimating our ethicality

B. out-group bias

C. forgiving our own unethical behavior

D. in-group favoritism

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Blind Spots

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

29. According to the Lonergan/Baird method, Step 1 is to ______ and consider what works and what doesn’t.

A. be attentive

B. be intelligent

C. be reasonable

D. be responsible

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Lonergan/Baird Method

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

30. According to the Lonergan/Baird method, Step 2 is to ______ and sort through the data.

A. be attentive

B. be intelligent

C. be reasonable

D. be responsible

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Lonergan/Baird Method

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

31. According to the Lonergan/Baird method, Step 3 is to ______ and evaluate the options.

A. be attentive

B. be intelligent

C. be reasonable

D. be responsible

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Lonergan/Baird Method

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

32. According to the Lonergan/Baird method, Step 4 is to ______ and act with courage.

A. be attentive

B. be intelligent

C. be reasonable

D. be responsible

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Lonergan/Baird Method

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

33. Psychologists report that self-interest and ______ undermine moral motivation.

A. hypocrisy

B. ethics

C. fear

D. hate

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

34. ______ is when leaders and followers have strong opinions about right or wrong but can’t explain why they feel as they do.

A. Moral dumbfounding

B. Moral obligation

C. Moral reasoning

D. Moral process

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Decision Making: A Dual Process Approach

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

35. Ethical thinking activates both cognitive and ______ areas of the brain.

A. intuition

B. rational

C. emotional

D. dual

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Decision Making: A Dual Process Approach

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

36. What is the first step for Rest’s four-component model of ethical action?

A. moral sensitivity (recognition)

B. moral judgment

C. moral focus (motivation)

D. moral character

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Component 1: Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

37. When people are focused solely on consequences, which level of moral development is this?

A. preconventional

B. conventional

C. postconventional

D. principled

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

38. Sarah wanted feedback and guidance from her peers on her ethical dilemma. Which level of ethical thinking is Sarah demonstrating?

A. preconventional

B. conventional

C. post conventional

D. process

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cognitive Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

39. John always sought to challenge his team for higher level ethical thinking. Which level of ethical thinking is John promoting?

A. preconventional

B. conventional

C. post conventional

D. process

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

40. ______ is the psychological state or resource made up of moral ownership and moral courage.

A. Moral sensitivity

B. Moral judgment

C. Moral potency

D. Moral character

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

41. What is it called when someone feels sympathy after seeing a picture of a child in need or a shelter animal that needs a home or a hungry homeless person?

A. moral sensitivity

B. moral judgment

C. moral obligation

D. moral emotions

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

True/False

1. Rewards encourage decision makers to follow through on their ethical choices.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

2. Anger, disgust, and contempt are other-suffering emotions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

3. Those who use maintaining norms moral reasoning schema are concerned with following rules and laws and making sure that regulations apply to everyone.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cognitive Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

4. Researchers in cognitive neuroscience or neuroethics are also challenging the notion that ethical thinking is devoid of emotion.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Decision Making: A Dual Process Approach

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

5. According to Rest’s model, moral character implies motivation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Component 1: Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

6. Sympathy and compassion are other-praising emotions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Component 1: Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

7. In the maintaining norms schema, people believe they have a moral obligation to maintain social order.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

8. Externally oriented people (externals) believe that life events are beyond their control and are the product of fate or luck instead.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Component 4: Moral Character

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

9. Choosing not to act is acting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Lonergan/Baird Method

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

10. One of the cons of the Lonergan/Baird method is that it is not widely used.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Lonergan/Baird Method

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

11. According to the Foursquare Protocol Element 1, you need to dig into the facts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Foursquare Protocol

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

12. Incorporating intuition into ethics training can improve ethical behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Decision Making: A Dual Process Approach

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

Short Answer/Essay

1. List the five ethical blind spots listed in the text under Component 2.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Blind Spots

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

2. Describe and briefly explain the four components of moral action.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Components of Moral Action

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

3. What is meant by ethical decision-making being a dual process approach?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Decision Making: A Dual Process Approach

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

4. How can you increase your sensitivity to ethical issues?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Component 1: Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

5. Name and describe Kohlberg’s first level of moral development.

Answer Location: Cognitive Moral Development

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

6. Why do leaders often choose the ethical course of action but then fail to follow through on their choice?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Components of Moral Action

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

7. Develop your own decision-making format. Outline each step and explain why it is important.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Decision-Making Formats

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

8. Explain the roles that emotions play in ethical decision-making and action.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Component 3: Moral Focus (Motivation)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

9. What steps can you take to improve your ability to make and follow through on ethical choices based on material from this chapter?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Decision-Making Formats

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

10. Describe the role of neuroscience in our understanding of emotions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Decision Making: A Dual Process Approach

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

11. Practicing intelligent disobedience is a four-step process. Briefly describe each step.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intelligent Disobedience

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

12. Discuss the seven pillars or foundational concepts that equip ethical choices by Giving Voice to Values.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Box 6.1: Giving Voice to Values

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

13. Briefly discuss the significance of the Lonergan/Baird method.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Lonergan/Baird Method

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

14. Describe what you learned about the Foursquare Protocol.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Foursquare Protocol

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

15. How can we build moral intensity?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Component 1: Moral Sensitivity (Recognition)

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge