Chapter 5: Ethical Perspectives

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which philosopher is associated with utilitarianism?

A. Immanuel Kant

B. Jeremy Bentham

C. the Dalai Lama

D. John Dewey

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

2. Team building is an example of ______ type of altruistic behavior.

A. individual-focused

B. group-focused

C. organizational-focused

D. societal-focused

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

3. Which of the following is not a caution of pragmatism?

A. lacks a moral center

B. can lead to undesirable decisions

C. assures that communities will develop similar standards

D. measuring growth is difficult

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pragmatism: Ethics as Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

4. Which of the following is not an application of utilitarianism?

A. build on your prior experience

B. set personal interests aside

C. carefully examine the outcomes of your decisions

D. there may be unanticipated outcomes

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

5. Which of the following is not one of the applications of Kant’s perspective?

A. be duty-bound

B. moral obligations may conflict with one another

C. always ask yourself if you would want everyone to make the same choice

D. demonstrate respect for others

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Kant’s Categorical Imperative: Do What’s Right No Matter the Cost

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

6. ______ followers see themselves in subordinate position.

A. Active

B. Proactive

C. Passive

D. Apathetic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Constructing Ethical Followership

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

7. ______ is a central value of Confucianism.

A. Humility

B. Benevolence

C. Compassion

D. Humbleness

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

8. ______ is based on the premise that ethical choices should be based on their consequences.

A. Altruism

B. Utilitarianism

C. Functionism

D. Pragmatism

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

9. In ______, people are never a means to an end; they are the ends.

A. altruism

B. utilitarianism

C. functionism

D. pragmatism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

10. The term ______ means “without exception.”

A. altruistic

B. empathetic

C. categorical

D. self-sacrifice

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Kant’s Categorical Imperative: Do What’s Right No Matter the Cost

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

11. ______ argued that ethical dilemmas should be approached scientifically as well.

A. Immanuel Kant

B. Jeremy Bentham

C. Gandhi

D. John Dewey

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pragmatism: Ethics as Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

12. In ______, decision-makers conduct a series of imaginary thought experiments to visualize how their decisions could turn out.

A. dramatic rehearsal

B. ethical behavior

C. social relationships

D. self-sacrifice

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Pragmatism: Ethics as Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

13. From a ______ perspective, businesses and other organizations function as moral communities in which members have a significant voice in the rules and policies that govern them.

A. pluralistic

B. Kantian

C. self-sacrificing

D. pragmatic

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Kant’s Categorical Imperative: Do What’s Right No Matter The Cost

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

14. ______ followers do not wait to be asked.

A. Engaged

B. Dynamic

C. Proactive

D. Active

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Constructing Ethical Followership

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

15. ______ followers believe it is important to express their opinions and to offer input to their leaders when asked.

A. Engaged

B. Dynamic

C. Proactive

D. Active

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Constructing Ethical Followership

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

16. Concern for others promotes healthy ______.

A. social relationships

B. engaged learners

C. conversation

D. activity

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

17. ______ is integral to altruistic leadership.

A. Dramatic rehearsal

B. Ethical behavior

C. Social relationships

D. Self-sacrifice

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

18. ______ emphasized that individual growth is the ultimate goal of moral decision-making.

A. Kant

B. Gandhi

C. Dewey

D. Bentham

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pragmatism: Ethics as Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

19. ______ argued that we should never treat people as a means to an end.

A. Kant

B. Gandhi

C. Dewey

D. Bentham

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Kant’s Categorical Imperative: Do What’s Right No Matter the Cost

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

20. ______ argued that people should do what is morally right no matter the consequences.

A. Kant

B. Gandhi

C. Dewey

D. Bentham

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Kant’s Categorical Imperative: Do What’s Right No Matter the Cost

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

21. According to ______, what is right for one is right for all.

A. Rawls

B. Kant

C. Dewey

D. Bentham

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Kant’s Categorical Imperative: Do What’s Right No Matter the Cost

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

22. According to ______, each person has an equal right to the same basic liberties that are compatible with similar liberties for all.

A. Rawls

B. Kant

C. Dewey

D. Bentham

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Justice as Fairness: Guaranteeing Equal Rights and Opportunities Behind the Veil of Ignorance

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

23. ______ was the dominant philosophical movement in the United States from the Civil War through World War II.

A. Altruism

B. Utilitarianism

C. Functionism

D. Pragmatism

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Pragmatism: Ethics as Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

24. One of the cautions of pragmatism lacks a ______.

A. moral center

B. moral reason

C. moral landscape

D. moral compass

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pragmatism: Ethics as Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

25. Which of the following was not part of Virginia Held’s model?

A. focuses on the importance of noting and meeting the needs of those we are responsible for

B. values emotions

C. specific needs and relationships take priority above universal principles

D. values integrity

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Ethic of Care

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

26. ______ altruistic attitudes and actions include demonstrating commitment and loyalty, protecting organizational resources, and whistleblowing.

A. Organizational-focused

B. Individual-focused

C. Group-focused

D. Societal-focused

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

27. ______ altruistic behaviors include team building, participative group decision-making, and minority advancement programs.

A. Organizational-focused

B. Individual-focused

C. Group-focused

D. Societal-focused

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

28. ______ altruistic behaviors include providing training, technical assistance, and mentoring.

A. Organizational-focused

B. Individual-focused

C. Group-focused

D. Societal-focused

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

29. ______ altruistic behaviors include making contributions to promote social welfare, reducing pollution, ensuring product safety, and maintaining customer satisfaction.

A. Organizational-focused

B. Individual-focused

C. Group-focused

D. Societal-focused

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

30. What do utilitarianism and the categorical imperative have in common?

A. Both focus on the consequences of choices.

B. Both involve the application of universal rules to specific situations.

C. Both are growing increasingly popular among philosophers.

D. These approaches have nothing in common.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

31. Differences in status, wealth, and ability disappear behind the ______.

A. veil of ignorance

B. veil of fairness

C. veil of bliss

D. veil of prosperity

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Justice as Fairness: Guaranteeing Equal Rights and Opportunities Behind the Veil of Ignorance

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

32. ______ theory is best applied to democratic societies.

A. Altruism

B. Utilitarianism

C. Kant’s categorical imperative

D. Justice as fairness

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Justice as Fairness: Guaranteeing Equal Rights and Opportunities Behind the Veil of Ignorance

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

33. In the event of large-scale medical emergencies, a medical staff may need to make tough decisions on who should be prioritized for medical care based on a patient’s likelihood to survive. This is an example of which ethical approach?

A. altruism

B. utilitarianism

C. kant’s categorical imperative

D. justice as fairness

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

34. Which ethical approach may focus on an individual being duty bound?

A. altruism

B. pragmatism

C. Kant’s categorical imperative

D. justice as fairness

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

35. What is it called when an individual practices mental imagination of a decision for the purpose of visualizing how a decision might play out?

A. dramatic rehearsal

B. justice as fairness

C. pragmatic temperament

D. moral obligation

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pragmatism: Ethics as Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

36. ______ are compassionate individuals who absorb other’s pain, helping them confront and overcome their negative feelings to go forward.

A. Leaders

B. Enablers

C. Pragmatics

D. Toxin handlers

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

True/False

1. Altruism appears to be a universal value.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

2. Pragmatism was the dominant philosophical movement in the United States from the Civil War through World War II.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Pragmatism: Ethics as Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

3. Utilitarianism seeks to minimize harm for the greatest number of people.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

4. Jeremy Bentham is one of the theorists associated with altruism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

5. John Dewey was a spokesperson for utilitarianism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pragmatism: Ethics as Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

6. Utilitarian analysis can also be used when choosing between two negative alternatives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

7. One of the cautions of utilitarianism is that there may be unanticipated consequences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

8. Utilitarian decision makers almost always reach the same conclusions when faced with the same dilemma.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

9. Deontological ethicists argue that we ought to make choices based on our duties.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Kant’s Categorical Imperative: Do What’s Right No Matter the Cost

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

10. One caution is that Rawls’s principles can only be applied to democratic societies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Justice as Fairness: Guaranteeing Equal Rights and Opportunities Behind the Veil of Ignorance

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

11. Taking a pragmatic approach is inflexible.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pragmatism: Ethics as Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

12. One caution of altruism is that the extent of obligations is a little too clear.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

13. Caregivers can get caught up in empathy and deny their own needs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Ethic of Care

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

14. The majority of us believe that our greatest moral responsibility lies with those who are closest to us.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

Short Answer/Essay

1. List the “cautions” of Kant’s perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Kant’s Categorical Imperative: Do What’s Right No Matter the Cost

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

2. Explain why altruism is more important to leaders than followers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

3. Describe the applications of utilitarianism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

4. Describe the applications of pragmatism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pragmatism: Ethics as Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

5. Name and explain Rawls’s principles of justice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Justice as Fairness: Guaranteeing Equal Rights and Opportunities Behind the Veil of Ignorance

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

6. Describe the applications of altruism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

7. What is “the veil of ignorance?”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Justice as Fairness: Guaranteeing Equal Rights and Opportunities Behind the Veil of Ignorance

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

8. Compare utilitarianism to the categorical imperative. Identify their similarities as well as their differences.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Implications and Applications

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

9. As a state legislator, you’ve been asked to vote in favor of allowing cancer and glaucoma patients to smoke marijuana. Take a utilitarian approach to this decision by recording the potential costs and benefits of legalizing the medical use of pot. Based on your analysis, how would you vote?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

10. Do Rawls’s principles of justice provide the best way to deal with inequalities in society? Defend your position.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Justice as Fairness: Guaranteeing Equal Rights and Opportunities Behind the Veil of Ignorance

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

11. As a follower, how can you resist bad leaders?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Focus on Follower Ethics: Constructing Ethical Followership

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

12. Describe, as a leader, how you would use a pragmatic approach to leading others. What are the cautions involved with pragmatism and how would you combat these cautions?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Pragmatism: Ethics as Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

13. Discuss the four steps for conducting a utilitarian analysis of an ethical problem.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Utilitarianism: Do the Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

14. Describe the Good Samaritan in terms of altruism?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Altruism: Love Your Neighbor

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

15. Discuss Virginia Held’s five key components of the care ethic.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Box 5.1: The Ethic of Care

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge