Chapter 8: Normative Leadership Theories

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Transformational leaders act as coaches or mentors who foster personal development. This is referred to as ______.

A. inspirational motivation

B. idealized influence

C. intellectual stimulation

D. individualized consideration

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

2. Which is a caution of transformational leadership?

A. undervalues the contributions of leaders

B. ineffective

C. recognizes that leaders are born to lead

D. leader centric

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

3. For which of the following is servant leadership criticized?

A. sacrificing self-awareness

B. misplaced goals

C. being overly complex

D. ignoring altruism

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Servant Leadership: Cautions

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

4. Who is credited with sparking contemporary interest in servant leadership?

A. James MacGregor Burns

B. Margaret Wheatley

C. Robert Greenleaf

D. Scott Peck

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Servant Leadership: Put the Needs of Followers First

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

5. Authentic leaders remain objective even when receiving negative feedback. Which component of authenticity does this reflect?

A. awareness

B. relational orientation

C. unbiased (balanced) processing

D. behavior

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership: Know Yourself and to Your Own Self Be True

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

6. Which of the following is a true statement about authentic leadership?

A. Authenticity is an inherited leadership trait.

B. Authenticity improves leadership performance.

C. Authenticity is one of many sources of ethical leadership.

D. Authenticity is required of all leaders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership: Know Yourself and to Your Own Self Be True

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

7. ______ leaders focus on terminal values such as liberty, equality, and justice.

A. Transactional

B. Transformational

C. Aesthetic

D. Altruistic

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

8. For which type of leadership is stewardship one of the characteristics?

A. aesthetic

B. servant

C. relational

D. transformational

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Servant Leadership: Put the Needs of Followers First

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

9. ______ describes remaining objective when receiving information. Inauthentic responses involve denying, distorting, or ignoring feedback we don’t want to acknowledge.

A. Rational transparency

B. Internalized moral perspectives

C. Balanced processing

D. Self-awareness

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership: Know Yourself and to Your Own Self Be True

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

10. ______ means being conscious of, and trusting in, our motives, desires, feelings, and self-concept.

A. Rational transparency

B. Internalized moral perspectives

C. Balanced processing

D. Self-awareness

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership: Know Yourself and to Your Own Self Be True

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

11. ALT theorists seem to equate self-awareness with ______.

A. transparency

B. morality

C. authenticity

D. self-efficacy

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership: Know Yourself and to Your Own Self Be True

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

12. ______ allows authentic followers to feel like they “own” the organizations where they work and volunteer.

A. Psychological ownership

B. Pseudo-ownership

C. Effective ownership

D. Hierarchy ownership

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Authentic Followership

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

13. ______ leadership emphasizes the sensory and emotional dimension of organizational life.

A. Aesthetic

B. Servant

C. Relational

D. Transformational

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Aesthetic (Beautiful) Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

14. Transformational leadership has been criticized as ______ for paying too much attention to leaders.

A. leader heavy

B. leader powerful

C. leader exchange

D. leader centric

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cautions

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

15. ______ describes how transformational leaders become role models for followers.

A. Power influence

B. Idealized influence

C. Leader influence

D. Relational influence

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

16. President John F. Kennedy is an example of ______ leadership because he was youthful, energetic, and glamorous.

A. relational

B. servant

C. aesthetic

D. transformational

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Aesthetic (Beautiful) Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

17. ______ refers to acting on behalf of others.

A. Transactional

B. Servant leadership

C. Aesthetic leadership

D. Stewardship

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Servant Leadership: Put the Needs of Followers First

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

18. ______ events play an important role in the moral development of authentic leaders.

A. Social

B. Trigger

C. Halo

D. Capital

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership: Know Yourself and to Your Own Self Be True

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

19. ______ leaders take their obligations or responsibilities seriously.

A. Aesthetic

B. Servant

C. Relational

D. Transformational

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Servant Leadership: Put the Needs of Followers First

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

20. Followers are likely to emulate the example of ______ leaders who set a high ethical standard.

A. aesthetic

B. servant

C. authentic

D. transformational

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership: Know Yourself and to Your Own Self Be True

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

21. ______ leaders appeal to lower level needs of followers--that is, the need for food, shelter, and acceptance.

A. Transactional

B. Transformational

C. Aesthetic

D. Altruistic

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

22. Which of the following is not one of the key elements of servant leadership?

A. obligation

B. partnership

C. stewardship

D. emotional intelligence

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Servant Leadership: Put the Needs of Followers First

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

23. Which item is not a component of transformational leadership?

A. esteem

B. serving others

C. competency

D. self-fulfillment

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

24. ______ means being conscious of our motives, desires, feelings, and self-concepts.

A. Self-awareness

B. Self-efficacy

C. Self-confidence

D. Self-regulation

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership: Know Yourself and to Your Own Self Be True

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

25. ______ is presenting the authentic self to others, openly expressing true thoughts and feelings appropriate for the situation.

A. Self-awareness

B. Self-efficacy

C. Balanced processing

D. Relational transparency

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership: Know Yourself and to Your Own Self Be True

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

26. ______ transactional leaders engage in contingent reward and management by exception.

A. Passive

B. Active

C. Engaged

D. Open

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

27. ______ transactional leaders wait for problems to arise before taking action, or they avoid taking any action at all.

A. Passive

B. Active

C. Engaged

D. Open

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

28. ______ is integral to aesthetic leadership.

A. Self-awareness

B. Ethics

C. Morality

D. Communication

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Aesthetic (Beautiful) Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

29. What are the two underlining dimensions to leadership styles?

A. task and relationship

B. form and function

C. authentic and unauthentic

D. true and false

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What’s Ahead

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

30. ______ leaders exchange money, benefits and recognition, whereas ______ leaders utilize esteem, competency and self-fulfillment to motivate followers.

A. Menial; big

B. Transactional; transformational

C. Business; inspirational

D. Unauthentic; authentic

Cognitive Domain:

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

31. ______ leaders emphasize values such as responsibility, fairness, and honesty.

A. Transactional

B. Transformational

C. Aesthetic

D. Altruistic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

32. Which is a true statement about laissez-faire transactional leadership?

A. They discover new options.

B. They jump in and take initiative.

C. They avoid taking action.

D. They use contingent rewards.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

33. Which of the following is not an element of paternalistic leadership?

A. morality

B. authoritarianism

C. benevolence

D. mindfulness

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Benevolent Leadership: Demonstrate Concern and Compassion

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

34. A ______ leader may demonstrate concern for a follower on and off the job.

A. moral

B. authoritative

C. benevolent

D. mindful

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Benevolent Leadership: Demonstrate Concern and Compassion

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

35. ______ describes behaviors a leader demonstrates of their personal virtues.

A. Morality

B. Justice

C. Moral compass

D. Leadership

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Benevolent Leadership: Demonstrate Concern and Compassion

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

36. Which of the following was not a caution for the benevolent leadership?

A. negative connotation of paternalism

B. It’s leader centric.

C. still underdeveloped

D. It’s narrow-minded.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Benevolent Leadership: Demonstrate Concern and Compassion

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

37. What type of leadership is the “demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the promotion of such conduct to followers through two-way communication, reinforcement, and decision-making?”

A. ethical leadership

B. benevolent leadership

C. authentic leadership

D. transformational leadership

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Leadership: Moral Persons and Moral Managers

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

38. ______ enhance their moral reputation by actively promoting ethical behavior throughout the organization.

A. Pseudo-dynamic leaders

B. Employees

C. Moral managers

D. Transformers

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Leadership: Moral Persons and Moral Managers

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

39. Which of the following is not a listed component of authenticity?

A. self-awareness

B. balanced processing

C. negotiation of values

D. internalized moral perspective

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership: Know Yourself and to Your Own Self Be True

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

40. Which of the following is not an identified component of aesthetic leadership according to Donna Ladkin?

A. mastery

B. coherence

C. purpose

D. performance

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Aesthetic (Beautiful) Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

True/False

1. Servant leaders should put the needs of the followers before their own needs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Servant Leadership: Put the Needs of Followers First

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

2. Leaders are either transactional or transformational.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

3. The goal of a transformational leader is to raise the level of morality in a group or organization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

4. Simplicity is a strength of servant leadership.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Servant Leadership: Put the Needs of Followers First

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

5. Transformational leaders pursue personal goals and foster competitiveness.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

6. Both vision and honesty are attributes of servant leaders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Box 8.2: Servant Leader Attributes

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

7. One of the cautions of servant leaders is the style may not work in every context.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Servant Leadership: Put the Needs of Followers First

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

8. Operating as a servant leader means putting the focus on self rather than on others.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Servant Leadership: Put the Needs of Followers First

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

9. Skepticism about servant leadership may stem in part from a misunderstanding that equates service with weakness.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Servant Leadership: Put the Needs of Followers First

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

10. Studies have found that benevolent leadership generates more positive outcomes for an organization than authoritarian leadership.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Benevolent Leadership: Demonstrate Concern and Compassion

Difficulty Level: Easy

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

Short Answer/Essay

1. Name and describe the four key concepts of servant leadership.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Servant Leadership: Put the Needs of Followers First

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

2. Name and explain the components of transformational leadership.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

3. Name five products of pseudo-transformational leadership.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

4. Describe the positive effects that authentic leaders have on followers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership: Know Yourself and to Your Own Self Be True

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

5. Name and define the four components of authentic leadership.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership: Know Yourself and to Your Own Self Be True

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking

6. What are the three cautions of aesthetic (beautiful) leadership?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Aesthetic (Beautiful) Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking

7. Compare and contrast transactional and transformational leadership.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking

8. Which of the six normative leadership theories described in the chapter do you find most helpful? Explain your choice based on your experiences and/or on your observations of other leaders.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What’s Ahead

Difficulty Level: Hard

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

9. Do you think that authenticity is the most important source of ethical leadership? Why or why not?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership: Know Yourself and to Your Own Self Be True

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

10. What common threads or themes do you note in the five normative leadership theories described in the chapter?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What’s Ahead and multiple sections

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Reflective thinking

11. Is servant leadership unrealistic? Defend your answer.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Servant Leadership: Put the Needs of Followers First

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

12. Think about a leader you know who is an aesthetic (beautiful) leader. What qualities does this person possess that make them an aesthetic (beautiful) leader? According to the text, what are some of the characteristics of an aesthetic (beautiful) leader?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Aesthetic (Beautiful) Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

13. According to Bass and Avolio, what are the characteristics of transformational leadership?

Idealized influence. Transformational leaders become role models for followers who admire, respect, and trust them. They put followers’ needs above their own, and their behavior is consistent with the values and principles of the group.

Inspirational motivation. Transformational leaders motivate by providing meaning and challenge to the tasks of followers. They arouse team spirit, are enthusiastic and optimistic, and help followers develop desirable visions for the future.

Intellectual stimulation. Transformational leaders stimulate innovation and creativity. They do so by encouraging followers to question assumptions, reframe situations, and approach old problems from new perspectives. Transforming leaders don’t criticize mistakes but instead solicit solutions from followers.

Individualized consideration. Transformational leaders act as coaches or mentors who foster personal development. They provide learning opportunities and a supportive climate for growth. Their coaching and mentoring are tailored to the individual needs and desires of each follower.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership: Raising the Ethical Bar

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

14. Explain the three dimensions of paternalistic leadership.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Benevolent Leadership: Demonstrate Concern and Compassion

Difficulty Level: Medium

AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge