Test Bank Early Homo And H. Erectus (2.6-1 Ma) Chapter 11

a.

Homo habilis

c.

Homo erectus

b.

Australopithecus africanus

d.

Paranthropus boisei

a.

180 million

c.

1.8 million

b.

18 million

d.

18,000

a.

1 million

c.

3 million

b.

500,000

d.

10 million

a.

larger in females than in males.

b.

needed to buttress the skull against novel stresses created by an increased emphasis on tearing and biting.

c.

characteristic of australopithecines as well.

d.

smaller than those seen in australopithecines.

a.

smaller teeth with fewer roots in the upper premolars.

b.

fast life histories.

c.

a shorter skull and prognathic face.

d.

occipital torus.

a.

the teeth of Homo erectus show evidence of meat eating.

b.

sexual dimorphism is reduced in this species.

c.

Homo erectus had the same body proportions as people who live in tropical savannas today.

d.

their brain size is larger than the brains of other hominins.

a.

a chin.

c.

large browridges.

b.

a high forehead.

d.

narrow postorbital constriction.

a.

a taller skull.

c.

no chin.

b.

larger teeth.

d.

small, gracile muscles.

a.

the occipital torus.

c.

a broad, flat face.

b.

smaller jaws and teeth.

d.

less prognathism.

a.

500 cc.

c.

1,500 cc.

b.

1,000 cc.

d.

2,000 cc.

a.

twice as large as females.

c.

about the same size as females.

b.

20% to 30% larger than females.

d.

smaller than females.

a.

made Mode 1 technology only

b.

developed more slowly than the australopithecines, but more rapidly than modern humans

c.

had an apelike postcrania with longer arms than legs

d.

lived in shelters made from various materials such as adobe

a.

matured faster than australopiths.

b.

matured at the same rate as australopiths.

c.

did not have the long childhood of modern humans.

d.

had the long childhood of modern humans.

a.

H. erectus specialized in the woodland forests of East Africa.

b.

By 1.8 Ma, H. erectus had extended its range to the most northern and southern parts of Africa.

c.

H. erectus could not colonize the high-altitude plateaus of Ethiopia or use the dry edges of the Rift Valley.

d.

This species’ range encompassed almost the entire continent, which means that it was adapted to a broad range of environmental conditions.

a.

Oldowan and Acheulean

c.

Mousterian

b.

bone and wood tools but not stone

d.

the earliest metal

a.

varied randomly in size and shape.

b.

more standardized than Oldowan tools.

c.

probably used mainly for chopping.

d.

a Mode 3 technology.

a.

to dig for tubers.

b.

to scrape bark from trees.

c.

to butcher animals.

d.

as projectiles to hunt large animals (“killer Frisbees”).

a.

evolved in Africa.

c.

lived in Europe.

b.

used Oldowan tools.

d.

eaten meat.

a.

their tools were well designed for chopping.

b.

their teeth were well designed for shearing.

c.

they lived in Africa.

d.

Homo erectus lived in areas where fruits and plant food were not always available.

a.

2.8 Ma.

c.

1.8 ka.

b.

1.8 Ma.

d.

2,800 years ago.

a.

Oldowan

c.

Levallois

b.

Acheulean

d.

Mousterian

a.

vitamin A poisoning in the KNM-ER 1808 skeleton.

b.

controlled use of fire at Homo erectus sites.

c.

carnivore tooth marks on their skeletons.

d.

preserved stomach contents in some skeletons.

a.

brain size

c.

limb proportions

b.

body size

d.

growth patterns

a.

3.4

c.

4.2

b.

2.5

d.

1.3

a.

3.4

c.

4.2

b.

2.6

d.

1.3

a.

It was by australopithecine ancestors of humans.

b.

It probably precedes the divergence of humans and apes.

c.

It occurred after the evolution of bipedalism.

d.

It involved distinctly human abilities.

a.

the function for which the tools were made.

b.

the particular method used to make the tools.

c.

how toolmakers thought their tools should look.

d.

the particular raw material used to make the tools.

a.

useful for a wide range of functions, including butchering animals.

b.

primarily a waste product of making Oldowan tools.

c.

primarily used for hunting large game like elephants.

d.

accidental by-products of using round cobbles for various purposes.

a.

used as a sort of hammer to grind and process plant foods.

b.

hammer stones that were worn into a spherical shape from making tools.

c.

natural rocks that happen to appear on archaeological sites.

d.

used for holding down tents or other simple structures.

a.

original makers must have been modern humans.

b.

earliest stone tools were spheroids.

c.

original makers were probably right-handed most of the time.

d.

original makers were probably left-handed most of the time.

a.

Hunted

c.

Collected

b.

Extracted

d.

Provisioned

a.

Lomekwi; Dikika

c.

Olduvai; Dikika

b.

Dikika; Lomekwi

d.

Dikika; Olduvai

a.

coring.

c.

knapping.

b.

flaking.

d.

cracking.

a.

Men do most of the hunting and women do most of the gathering.

b.

Hunting and gathering are divided up by gender differently in each culture.

c.

Most hunting is done by a combination of men and women, while all gathering is done by women.

d.

Women do most of the hunting while men do most of the gathering.

a.

Food sharing and hunting are closely linked.

b.

Only plant foods are shared.

c.

All types of food are shared.

d.

Women share all the food they gather; men rarely share.

a.

Orangutans

c.

Chimpanzees

b.

Gorillas

d.

Gibbons

a.

extracted

c.

collected

b.

hunted

d.

provisioned

a.

raw and unprocessed

c.

scavenged

b.

hunted

d.

extracted and hunted

a.

They take years to learn to forage and are usually adults before they are proficient hunters and food extractors.

b.

They collect the majority of their food as ripe fruit or otherwise easily accessed sources.

c.

They rely more on domesticated foods from their gardens than on wild foods.

d.

They have almost identical diets as chimpanzees, plus meat.

a.

They have food sharing and a sexual division of labor.

b.

They have permanent settlements.

c.

They raise domestic livestock.

d.

They live in large groups of over 100 adults, most of the time.

a.

There is a great deal of sexual dimorphism.

b.

There is increased competition between males for females who are good at extractive foraging.

c.

Males make substantial investments in their offspring by sharing food.

d.

Females are solely responsible for the food needed to feed children.

a.

fruit

c.

meat

b.

agricultural products

d.

domestic animals

a.

Individuals of all ages contribute equally to the group’s diet.

b.

Men contribute a net surplus of food in most groups.

c.

Women contribute a net surplus of food in most groups.

d.

Children contribute nothing at all.

a.

Children can obtain enough food to feed themselves by the age of 10 years.

b.

Women do not forage enough food to feed themselves at any point and are entirely reliant on men.

c.

Men provide the majority of calories in any given group while they are adolescents, but their production drops off after the age of 20.

d.

Men frequently share the food they obtain with other group members.

a.

larger brain size and greater intelligence.

b.

a shortened juvenile period.

c.

a shorter overall life span.

d.

an improved sense of smell.

a.

Changes in human life history pattern were likely driven by humans’ emphasis on collected foods.

b.

Humans have been shaped by natural selection to be born able to carry out the most important foraging tasks.

c.

Food sharing and division of labor lead to increased competition between males and increased sexual dimorphism.

d.

Food sharing and division of labor lead to reduced competition between males and reduced sexual dimorphism.

a.

food sharing.

b.

a shorter juvenile period.

c.

increased competition between males.

d.

increased sexual dimorphism.

a.

sharing reduces the high degree of variation associated with hunting by averaging returns over time.

b.

meat is unhealthy, so sharing spreads out the negative effects of consuming it.

c.

hunting is a way of showing off.

d.

food sharing reduces levels of cooperation, and hunting is a task best done alone.

a.

tastes good.

b.

provides large amounts of nutrients in a small package, compared with vegetables.

c.

causes a sexual division of labor.

d.

attracts predators.

a.

fast development.

b.

an extended juvenile period.

c.

a wide range of built-in skills available from birth.

d.

hunting.

a.

sexual division of labor.

c.

food sharing.

b.

juvenile development.

d.

a stronger built-in hunting instinct.

a.

more dependent upon their mothers for food.

b.

apt to share food more extensively with each other.

c.

more self-sufficient at food acquisition.

d.

no different at food acquisition.

a.

increased sexual dimorphism

c.

increased male–male competition

b.

decreased sexual dimorphism

d.

smaller brains

a.

dig up plant roots and tubers.

b.

extract termites from their mounds.

c.

dig up tree roots.

d.

bury carcasses.

a.

and stone tools are found at the same archaeological site.

b.

have carnivore gnaw marks on them.

c.

have possible stone-tool cut marks on them.

d.

show evidence of having been moved by water.

a.

bones do not contain characteristic water markings.

b.

sediments surrounding the bones do not contain water markings.

c.

sediments surrounding the bones are inverted, so that the top layers are oldest.

d.

sediments surrounding the bones and tools are not graded by size and weight.

a.

mass deaths usually involve members of a single species, but the Olduvai sites contain members of different species.

b.

there is usually evidence of dehydration when mass deaths occur, but there is no such evidence at Olduvai sites.

c.

mass deaths are very rare among modern animals on the savanna.

d.

there is little mixing of bones of different species.

a.

There is definitive evidence of “home bases” at Olduvai Gorge.

b.

Paleoanthropologists are not able to distinguish between animal tooth marks and stone-tool marks on animal bones from Olduvai Gorge.

c.

Taphonomic evidence suggests that the Oldowan hominids were sometimes hunters and sometimes scavengers.

d.

There are no sites at Olduvai that are simply carnivore kill or cache sites.

a.

stone-tool marks are crooked because hominins were not skilled at using stone tools.

b.

tooth marks leave smooth grooves, and stone-tool marks leave many parallel grooves.

c.

stone-tool marks contain stone flake residue.

d.

tooth marks occur along the entire shaft of the bone, but stone-tool marks occur only at the end of the bone.

a.

They never scavenge for meat.

b.

They scavenge only when they are sick or old.

c.

They often scavenge for meat rather than hunting.

d.

They almost always scavenge for meat and vary rarely hunt.

a.

cached their kills.

c.

fed on kills.

b.

butchered animals.

d.

practiced cannibalism.

a.

Hunters usually take meat from the limbs, and scavengers eat meat from the skull and vertebrae.

b.

Hunters usually take meat from the skull and vertebrae, and scavengers eat meat from the limbs.

c.

Hunters take almost all of the meat, and scavengers eat only cartilage and bone marrow.

d.

Hunters and scavengers share all parts of carcasses.

a.

how stone tools are made.

b.

how to tell fossil plants from fossil animals.

c.

tree rings.

d.

what happens to an organism’s remains from the time of death to the time scientists find the remains.

a.

home bases, because many temporary shelters were found.

b.

home bases, because fire hearths were found.

c.

not home bases, because evidence of competition with other predators was found.

d.

not home bases, because only short-term-use fire hearths were found.

a.

little conflict.

b.

conflict, but only between members of different species.

c.

conflict, but only between members of the same species.

d.

conflict, both between members of different species and between members of the same species.

a.

The home bases found at Olduvai are now interpreted as spots where hominins ate their prey.

b.

Paleoanthropologists cannot distinguish between animal tooth marks and stone-tool marks on animal bones found at Olduvai.

c.

Taphonomic evidence suggests that the Oldowan hominins only acquired meat by scavenging.

d.

Taphonomic evidence suggests that the Oldowan hominins were sometimes hunters and sometimes scavengers.

a.

wood working and butchery.

c.

digging in termite mounds.

b.

sewing and piercing hides.

d.

ritual activities.

a.

Most carnivores went through an evolutionary phase in which they mainly scavenged.

b.

Cut marks can be found on vertebrae of prey, and sometimes overlap carnivore tooth marks.

c.

Scavenging from large carnivores such as lions by a relatively small and slow-moving primate is easy.

d.

Scavenging can only be done with advanced cognitive processing, as we see in vultures.

a.

Associations of tools and animal bones have been found.

b.

Cut marks are common on limb bones.

c.

Tooth marks are common on the shafts of limb bones.

d.

The existence of home bases has not been demonstrated.

a.

Early hominin toolmakers were most likely both left- and right-handed in equal numbers.

b.

Experimental analysis of fossil bone tools from australopithecine sites in South Africa suggests that they were used as digging sticks.

c.

It is clear that the australopithecines were not capable of making stone tools; the first stone tool makers were members of the genus Homo.

d.

Mode 2 refers to the method used to make Oldowan stone tools.

a.

Contemporary human foragers do not share meat.

b.

Chimpanzees spend most of their time feeding on extracted and hunted foods.

c.

Evidence suggests that the Oldowan hominins were both hunters and scavengers.

d.

Juveniles in contemporary human foraging groups are responsible for finding their own food each day.

a.

increased hunting of easier-to-digest mammals, such as antelopes

b.

the use of fire to process food

c.

a shift from some hunting but mostly scavenging to mostly hunting

d.

a reduction in food sharing, which also meant a reduction in food-borne diseases

a.

The best evidence for the first use of fire by humans dates to at least 1 million years before Homo erectus.

b.

The clearest evidence for the first use of fire by humans dates to at least 1 million years after Homo erectus.

c.

Homo erectus was significantly larger than earlier australopithecines, suggesting that hunting was more important than cooking.

d.

There are no changes in the diet-related physiology (teeth, gut, etc.) of Homo erectus, suggesting that something like cooking was added to the hominin toolkit.